SEARCH · Search NASA
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
The paper presents the design, modeling, simulation, and characterization of a K-band cross-aperture coupled CP microstrip patch antenna element with a single feed for dual frequency operation. The patch element can be used as a building block for a larger planar array for SATCOM (SATellite COMmunications).
We present the temperature and polarization angular power spectra measuredby the Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter (ACTPol). We analyze night-time datacollected during 2013-14 using two detector arrays at 149 GHz, from 548 deg(exp. 2) of sky onthe celestial equator. We use these spectra, and the spectra measured with the MBAC camera on ACT from 2008-10, in combination with Planck and WMAP data to estimate cosmological parameters from the temperature, polarization, and temperature-polarization cross-correlations. We find the new ACTPol data to be consistent with the CDM model. The ACTPol temperature-polarization cross-spectrum now provides stronger constraints on multiple parameters than the ACTPol temperature spectrum, including the baryon density, the acoustic peak angular scale, and the derived Hubble constant. The new ACTPol dataprovide information on damping tail parameters. The joint uncertainty on the number of neutrino species and the primordial helium fraction is reduced by 20% when adding ACTPol to Planck temperature data alone.
On May 29, 1996, WIND observed a magnetic cloud with a large northward Bz which produced strong compression of the magnetosphere, causing POLAR to apparently cross the magnetopause. Global simulations are used to map the high-latitude magnetosphere and auroral currents relative to POLAR's position during this event. The global model is able to reproduce the signature of the magnetopause crossing observed by POLAR. It is shown that at the beginning of the crossing POLAR appears to glance the dawn flank of the high-latitude neutral region associated with northward IMG. Near the end of the magnetopause crossing POLAR is shown to cut more closely through the center of the neutral region. Substantial field-aligned current in the polar cap are seen in the latter part of the event when the IMF turns southward. These currents are seen in association with a strong theta aurora that was observed the UV Imager on POLAR.
On 15 October, 1981 Dynamics Explorer 2 crossed the polar cusp at 1015 MLT and observed three distinct ion populations as it was moving poleward. These three populations had peak-flux energy around 2.7 keV, 850 eV, and 360 eV. At the time of observation, the IMF was southward. The first step coincided with a rotation of the flow from westward to poleward and then eastward. The second and third steps showed a flow directed principally poleward. Furthermore, the magnetic and electric perturbations in the first step are well fitted by an elongated flux tube footprint model. These results suggest that three consecutive Flux Transfer Events (FTEs) have injected solar wind plasma into the ionosphere forming the polar cusp. The individual FTE signatures can only be identified by the jumps in the precipitation pattern. The newest reconnected FTE footprint was crossed near the edge of the event while the two oldest ones were crossed around the event center. The small latitudinal size of these FTE footprints (40 km) and their short recurrence rate (3, 6 min) is consistent with an intermittent reconnection taking place at the subsolar point on a short time scale.
An investigation is made into the effects of including charge separation in three-dimensional MHD wind models. Attention is focused on the energy gain experienced by particles in the wind zone of a magnetized rotator, e.g., a pulsar. An expression is defined for the energy gained by a particle emitted from the polar cap of a rotating neutron star while crossing the polar axis from the wind zone to the equatorial plane. The stellar wind is treated in terms of global electrodynamics and solutions are obtained for a neutral sheet wind, a monopole wind, and a simple wind model. The particle acceleration Lorentz factors are found to be a quadratic of those formerly predicted by MHD theory and in agreement with observations of energies around the Crab pulsar.
In the present 2D time-dependent model of polar cap arcs, the electrodynamics of the polar cap arcs are treated self-consistently in the frame of the coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere system. The focus of this work is a description of the features of the spatial structure and temporal evolution of the polar cap arcs. Results indicate that the time constant for the formation of the polar cap arcs is around 10 min; an initial single-arc precipitation pattern associated with a polar cap arc tends to split into multiple precipitation regions, yielding a multiple polar cap arc structure. Strong downward field-aligned currents can develop near the intensive upward field-aligned currents and form a pair structure of the field-aligned current in the polar cap arcs. The model predicts plasma flow crossing the polar cap arcs, but its amplitude is small and its characteristic time scale is much larger than the time constant for the formation of the polar cap arcs. While polar cap arcs are developing, the associated current system tends to become further localized.
The cup cylindrical waveguide antenna (CCWA) is a short backfire microwave antenna capable of simultaneously supporting the transmission or reception of two distinct signals having opposite circular polarizations. Short backfire antennas are widely used in mobile/satellite communications, tracking, telemetry, and wireless local area networks because of their compactness and excellent radiation characteristics. A typical prior short backfire antenna contains a half-wavelength dipole excitation element for linear polarization or crossed half-wavelength dipole elements for circular polarization. In order to achieve simultaneous dual circular polarization, it would be necessary to integrate, into the antenna feed structure, a network of hybrid components, which would introduce significant losses. The CCWA embodies an alternate approach that entails relatively low losses and affords the additional advantage of compactness. The CCWA includes a circular cylindrical cup, a circular disk subreflector, and a circular waveguide that serves as the excitation element. The components that make it possible to obtain simultaneous dual circular polarization are integrated into the circular waveguide. These components are a sixpost polarizer and an orthomode transducer (OMT) with two orthogonal coaxial ports. The overall length of the OMT and polarizer (for the nominal middle design frequency of 2.25 GHz) is about 11 in. (approximately equal to 28 cm), whereas the length of a commercially available OMT and polarizer for the same frequency is about 32 in. (approximately equal to 81 cm).
The presentation slides for the above paper are attached. The paper presents the results of an ongoing study comparing the performance of three circularly polarized microstrip patch antennas.
Capture cross sections for collisions between ions and neutral polar molecules, noting permanent dipole effects in case of HCl
Due to unprecedented extent and flexibility of the coverage that is now attainable both in space and time, stratospheric unmanned aircraft, such as the Global Hawk (GH), offers new opportunities for the study of climate changes. The capability of performing long flights at altitudes close to the boundary conditions of radiative processes, and of following the diurnal variation of chemical species and clouds, make the GH competitive with LEO and geosynchronous satellites, and even capable of new observations that are not possible from satellites. This paper discusses how the GH can be used to make relevant advancements in most of the issues that are related to climate change studies, such as: Earth Radiation Budget, Water Cycle, Ecosystems and Upper Troposphere-Lower Stratosphere, as well as to the monitoring and control of Greenhouse Gases and Air Quality . Collaboration between NASA and Italian scientific institutions, within the framework of the US.-Italy Cooperation on Climate Change, is providing the opportunity to rapidly deploy new instruments on the GH and to possibly operate the aircraft from an Italian site in the Mediterranean area. From this area, which is considered highly vulnerable to climate change, meridional transects would allow the crossing of Polar and Sub Tropical Jets, as well as a complete crossing of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, while latitudinal ones would follow the influx from Asia and North America. Regions otherwise difficult to access, such as Central Africa and the Tibetan Plateau, could be reached and better investigated. An overview of these new opportunities will be given and discussed.
This report serves as a user's manual for Version III of the Electromagnetic Surface Patch Code or ESP code. ESP is user-oriented, based on the method of moments (MM) for treating geometries consisting of an interconnection of thin wires and perfectly conducting polygonal plates. Wire/plate junctions must be about 0.1 lambda or more from any plate edge. Several plates may intersect along a common edge. Excitation may be by either a delta-gap voltage generator or by a plane wave. The thin wires may have finite conductivity and also may contain lumped loads. The code computes most of the usual quantities of interest such as current distribution, input impedance, radiation efficiency, mutual coupling, far zone gain patterns (both polarizations) and radar-cross-section (both/cross polarizations).
Explorer 33 and IMP-1 data used to determine cross section of magnetosphere tail at various intensities of polar disturbance
In late January and early February 1983, observations made by the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM II) satellite system showed that aerosol extinction profiles measured within the northern polar vortex differed significantly above 18 km from those measured outside the vortex. Values of the calculated optical depths above 18 km for February 1, 1983, are lower by approximately one order of magnitude within the polar vortex than those outside. Similar differences were found in the aerosol back-scattering profiles obtained using an airborne lidar system when crossing the polar vortex. Since potential vorticity at a constant altitude is not conserved across the polar vortex, horizontal adiabatic transport does not occur.
Theoretical curves of backscattering cross sections of rough surfaces for polarization states using statistical models
Two theoretical models were developed to characterize terrain media: a random medium with a variance, a horizontal correlation length; and a homogeneous dielectric containing discrete scatterers. The earth terrain is modelled as layers of such scattering media bounded by air above and half-space below. Matching the theoretical results with experimental data collected from vegetation and snow-ice fields shows that: (1) for observation angles near nadir, rough surface effects are important; (2) for snow-ice field the horizontal correlation length is greater than the vertical correlation length whereas for vegetation field their relative sizes depend on the types of vegetation; (3) the vertically polarized backscattering cross-section is always larger than the horizontally polarized backscattering cross-section for half-space scattering media; (4) for snow field displaying diurnal change, a three-layer model including a thin top layer caused by sunlight illumination must be used; and (5) for a random medium with equal horizontal and vertical correlation lengths, the measured data can also be matched with a corresponding discrete scatterer model.
Calculations are presented on the effect of the two-body charge and current density effects on the observables in the photodisintegration of a deuteron. The computations are performed in a cartesian coordinate system, initially for gamma rays plane-polarized in the x-direction. Unpolarized photons are treated with an incoherent superposition of transition amplitudes for gamma rays polarized in the x- and y- directions. Account is taken of recoil and interaction energies after an initial state is defined. Consideration is focused on the cross section, polarization, and asymmetry of the reaction at low and medium energy incident gamma rays.
Radiation of prescribed polarization from cross- dipole antenna on aircraft carrier
Integrated three-waveguide directional coupler functions as polarizer and splitter. Designed with transverse electric (TE) polarization in bar state (two coupling lengths) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarization in cross state (one coupling length). Intended for eventual fabrication as in mass-producible integrated optical circuit that provides advantages including low drive voltage, large-bandwidth phase modulation, preservation of polarization in transmission between devices on same substrate, and low cost.