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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Stability Frontiers in the AM 6 X 6 Kagome Metals: The Ln Nb 6 Sn 6 ( Ln :Ce–Lu,Y) Family and Density-Wave Transition in LuNb 6 Sn 6

The kagome motif is a versatile platform for condensed matter physics, hosting rich interactions between magnetic, electronic, and structural degrees of freedom. In recent years, the discovery of a charge density wave (CDW) in the AV 3 Sb 5 superconductors and structurally-derived bond density waves (BDW) in FeGe and ScV 6 Sn 6 have stoked the search for new kagome platforms broadly exhibiting density wave (DW) transitions. Here, in this work, we evaluate the known AM 6 X 6 chemistries and construct a stability diagram that summarizes the structural relationships among the >125 member family. Subsequently, we introduce our discovery of the broader LnNb 6 Sn 6 (Ln:Ce–Nd,Sm,Gd–Tm,Lu,Y) family of kagome metals and an analogous DW transition in LuNb 6 Sn 6 . Our X-ray scattering measurements clearly indicate a (1/3, 1/3, 1/3) ordering wave vector (√$\bar{3}$ x √$\bar{3}$ x $3$ superlattice) and diffuse scattering on half-integer L-planes. Our analysis of the structural data supports the “rattling mode” DW model proposed for ScV 6 Sn 6 and paints a detailed picture of the steric interactions between the rare-earth filler element and the host Nb–Sn kagome scaffolding. We also provide a broad survey of the magnetic properties within the HfFe 6 Ge 6 -type LnNb 6 Sn 6 members, revealing a number of complex antiferromagnetic and metamagnetic transitions throughout the family. This work integrates our new LnNb 6 Sn 6 series of compounds into the broader AM 6 X 6 family, providing new material platforms and forging a new route forward at the frontier of kagome metal research.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Turbidity and suspended sediment data for Gwynns Falls, Baisman Run, and Pond Branch, Baltimore County and Baltimore City, MD, USA

This resource includes turbidity and suspended sediment data collected at two sampling stations located on Gwynns Falls in Baltimore County, MD, USA. In addition, two forested reference sites, Baisman Run and Pond Branch at Oregon Ridge, and two urban sites, Dead Run and Maiden's Choice Run (tributaries to Gwynns Falls), were sampled in Baltimore County and Baltimore City, MD, USA. Turbidity sensor data were collected at a 5-minute frequency using YSI EXO2 sondes. Suspended sediment was collected using ISCO samplers for the purpose of establishing correlations between turbidity and suspended sediment concentration. The six sites are co-located with USGS stream gages. This resource is part of the Baltimore Social-Environmental Collaborative Urban Integrated Field Laboratory supported by Department of Energy as well as the Critical Zone Collaborative Network supported by National Science Foundation. This resource includes a technical report summarizing the findings.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of the weak mixing angle at 13 TeV with the CMS detector

This document summarizes work in experimental high-energy physics completed as part of the author’s doctoral studies. The central piece of this thesis is the precision measurement of the effective weak mixing angle at the CMS detector. The effective weak mixing angle is a key parameter in the standard model of particle physics and is sensitive to radiative corrections from beyond standard model physics. The measurement is made by using the forward backwards asymmetry of Drell-Yan dilepton pairs. The data is from proton proton collisions at √s =13 TeV collected in Run 2 of the LHC from 2016-2018. The measurement uses dimuon and dielectron pairs and includes a special class of forward electrons developed for this measurement that do not rely on the tracking subdetector. Using the CT18Z parton distribution function set the weak mixing angle was determined to be [equation did not render] The largest contribution to the uncertainty comes from the parton distribution functions.

Taus, Rhys [Rochester U.]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Bridging 20 Years of Soil Organic Matter Frameworks: Empirical Support, Model Representation, and Next Steps

Abstract In the past few decades, there has been an evolution in our understanding of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics from one of inherent biochemical recalcitrance to one deriving from plant‐microbe‐mineral interactions. This shift in understanding has been driven, in part, by influential conceptual frameworks which put forth hypotheses about SOM dynamics. Here, we summarize several focal conceptual frameworks and derive from them six controls related to SOM formation, (de)stabilization, and loss. These include: (a) physical inaccessibility; (b) organo‐mineral and ‐metal stabilization; (c) biodegradability of plant inputs; (d) abiotic environmental factors; (e) biochemical reactivity and diversity; and (f) microbial physiology and morphology. We then review the empirical evidence for these controls, their model representation, and outstanding knowledge gaps. We find relatively strong empirical support and model representation of abiotic environmental factors but disparities between data and models for biochemical reactivity and diversity, organo‐mineral and ‐metal stabilization, and biodegradability of plant inputs, particularly with respect to SOM destabilization for the latter two controls. More empirical research on physical inaccessibility and microbial physiology and morphology is needed to deepen our understanding of these critical SOM controls and improve their model representation. The SOM controls are highly interactive and also present some inconsistencies which may be reconciled by considering methodological limitations or temporal and spatial variation. Future conceptual frameworks must simultaneously refine our understanding of these six SOM controls at various spatial and temporal scales and within a hierarchical structure, while incorporating emerging insights. This will advance our ability to accurately predict SOM dynamics.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

M3SF-24LL010301052-Summary of SUPCRTNE testing and Rev0 database

This progress report (Level 3 Milestone Number M3SF-24LL010301052) summarizes research conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) within the Argillite Disposal R&D work package SF-24LL01030105. SUPCRTNE is being developed as the primary engine for thermodynamic database development in support of geologic disposal of high-level nuclear waste. As used here, “SUPCRT” refers to both a computer program and its supporting database. Additional letters or numbers refer to specific variants (SUPCRT92, (Johnson et al., 1992); SUPCRTBL, (Zimmer et al., 2016); and SUPCRTNE). A SUPCRT database contains the data required to calculate the thermodynamic properties of solid, gas, and aqueous species over a wide range of temperature and pressure. Normally, SUPCRT is used to create a higher-level database that directly supports modeling and simulation codes such as EQ3/6, GWB, PHREEQC, and PFLOTRAN.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Advanced Mooring Lines for Marine Energy Workshop – Summary Report

This report summarizes the outcomes of the virtual Advanced Mooring Lines for Marine Energy Workshop. The workshop convened experts from industry, academia, and national laboratories to identify key challenges associated with the deployment of synthetic mooring lines for marine energy applications. Discussions focused on four technical areas—materials, failure and degradation, testing, and modeling. Despite the significant promise of leveraging synthetic mooring systems for marine energy applications, discussion highlighted broader research and development needed to address the lack of validated long-term performance data, insufficient structural health monitoring frameworks, limited large-scale testing capabilities, and gaps in predictive modeling. Overall, the workshop emphasized the importance of coordinated research and development efforts to advance reliable, durable, and cost-effective synthetic mooring solutions for marine energy applications.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2026

Specimen sizing and remaining life sample calculations for high temperature reactor material surveillance

Advanced high-temperature nuclear reactors rely on structural components that will operate for decades under combined mechanical, thermal, and environmental loading. Materials surveillance programs are a promising strategy for managing the resulting uncertainty in long-term structural integrity by monitoring degradation in service using passively actuated mechanical test articles. Previous reports have developed a simplified, spreadsheetimplementable framework for sizing these test articles and for inferring accumulated creep damage and remaining life from ex-situ test data. This report advances that work toward practical deployment by providing a sample-problem book: a collection of worked, end-toend examples in which the ASME Section III, Division 5 design analysis of a representative high-temperature reactor component is carried through to a sized surveillance article, verified with detailed finite-element analysis, and concluded with a remaining-life assessment based on an assumed ex-situ creep-rate measurement on the retrieved specimen. The report also summarizes ongoing ANL engagement with ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applications toward drafting a standard covering surveillance procedures for advanced reactors.

Barua, Bipul (ORCID:0000000247184113)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Pivotal trial characteristics and types of endpoints used to support Food and Drug Administration rare disease drug approvals between 2013 and 2022

Background/aims Rare disease drug development faces unique challenges, such as genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity within small patient populations and a lack of established outcome measures for conditions without previously successful drug development programs. These challenges complicate the process of selecting the appropriate trial endpoints and conducting clinical trials in rare diseases. In this descriptive study, we examined novel drug approvals for non-oncologic rare diseases by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research over the past decade and characterized key regulatory and trial design elements with a focus on the primary efficacy endpoint utilized as the basis of approval. Methods Using the Food and Drug Administration’s Data Analysis Search Host database, we identified novel new drug applications and biologics license applications with orphan drug designation that were approved between 2013 and 2022 for non-oncologic indications. From Food and Drug Administration review documents and other external databases, we examined characteristics of pivotal trials for the included drugs, such as therapeutic area, trial design, and type of primary efficacy endpoints. Differences in trial design elements associated with primary efficacy endpoint type were assessed such as randomization and blinding. Then, we summarized the primary efficacy endpoint types utilized in pivotal trials by therapeutic area, approval pathway, and whether the disease etiology is well defined. Results One hundred and seven drugs that met our inclusion criteria were approved between 2013 and 2022. Assessment of the 107 drug development programs identified 150 pivotal trials that were subsequently analyzed. The pivotal trials were mostly randomized (80%) and blinded (69.3%). Biomarkers (41.1%) and clinical outcomes (42.1%) were commonly utilized as primary efficacy endpoints. Analysis of the use of clinical trial design elements across trials that utilized biomarkers, clinical outcomes, or composite endpoints did not reveal statistically significant differences. The choice of primary efficacy endpoint varied by the drug’s therapeutic area, approval pathway, and whether the indicated disease etiology was well defined. For example, biomarkers were commonly selected as primary efficacy endpoints in hematology drug approvals (70.6%), whereas clinical outcomes were commonly selected in neurology drug approvals (69.6%). Further, if the disease etiology was well defined, biomarkers were more commonly used as primary efficacy endpoints in pivotal trials (44.7%) than if the disease etiology was not well defined (27.3%). Discussion In the past 10 years, numerous novel drugs have been approved to treat non-oncologic rare diseases in various therapeutic areas. To demonstrate their efficacy for regulatory approval, biomarkers and clinical outcomes were commonly utilized as primary efficacy endpoints. Biomarkers were not only frequently used as surrogate efficacy endpoints in accelerated approvals, but also in traditionally approved rare disease drugs. The choice of primary efficacy endpoints varied by therapeutic area, approval pathway, and understanding of disease etiology.

Hong, Kyungwan [Rare Diseases Team, Office of New ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Commissioning of the Mu2e tracker DAQ, planning for the Vertical Slice Test and pre-pattern recognition studies

The primary objective of the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab is to search for the neutrino-less coherent $\mu \rightarrow e$ conversion in the field of an aluminum nucleus ($\mu^- \text{Al} \rightarrow e^- \text{Al}$). The signature of this process is a monochromatic Conversion Electron (CE) with an energy of approximately 104.97 MeV \cite{bartoszek2015mu2e}. Within the Standard Model (SM), the branching ratio for this process, including neutrino masses and oscillation, is expected to be less than $\mathcal{O}(10^{-50})$. This value is far beyond current experimental capabilities. However, models of physics beyond the SM predict much higher relative rates, approaching an observable level. The SINDRUM II experiment set an upper limit on muon conversion at $7 \times 10^{-13}$ (90\% CL) on Au target \cite{SINDRUMII:2006dvw}, and the Mu2e collaboration aims to improve this limit by four orders of magnitude. Observing this process would provide a clear evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. A brief discussion of the theoretical and experimental aspects is provided in Chapter \ref{intr}. Mu2e adopts a sophisticated experimental setup to achieve its goals, further described in Chapter \ref{mu2echapter}. The central part of the Mu2e detector is the tracker, that consists of 18 tracking stations. The tracker must provide excellent momentum resolution, approximately 1 MeV/c, to distinguish the monochromatic CE signal from the background. To minimize the energy losses, a straw tube tracker will be used \cite{bobbb}. Chapter \ref{chaptertrk} provides an overview of the straw tracker design and its working principles. This Thesis presents a comprehensive study of the Mu2e tracker, covering complementary aspects from initial commissioning to optimization and first steps of the calibration processes. My work at Fermilab has been focused on the complete Data Acquisition (DAQ) testing from both hardware and software perspectives. I was involved in the commissioning of the Mu2e DAQ system and the Vertical Slice Test (VST) of the tracker. The VST encompasses the entire testing chain, from the straws to the readout, and to processed data on disk. I was also focused on the offline analysis, especially on pre-pattern recognition studies, to explore the best methods for identifying $\delta$-electrons during the data taking. Chapter \ref{commissioning} details the commissioning of the tracker DAQ system, emphasizing the importance of understanding of the readout process before the data acquisition. This includes validating the readout logic and firmware through Monte Carlo simulations to confirm functionality and buffering, monitoring the quality of the data from the tracker preamplifiers and front-end electronics, and assessing overall DAQ performance to ensure reliability during future calibration and data-taking. Chapter \ref{planning} discusses the initial steps towards the tracker calibration. The ultimate goal is to perform a time calibration of the first assembled station of the tracker using cosmic muons, aiming for a longitudinal hit position resolution better than 4 cm. This involves determining the signal propagation times and channel-to-channel delays. I performed a Monte Carlo study to determine the impact of the station orientation on the quality of the calibration, in particular on the cosmic track reconstruction, focusing on potential biases that could arise. These studies provide essential insights into the operation, optimization, and calibration of the Mu2e tracker system. Given the high data volume expected during Mu2e operations, estimated at approximately 7 PBytes per year, optimizing memory usage and minimizing CPU consumption are critical. A significant challenge lies in effectively flagging $\delta$-electron hits, which are the primary source of hits in the tracker, without compromising the efficiency of CE hit detection and track reconstruction. A detailed study of pre-pattern recognition and a thorough comparison of two $\delta$-electron flagging algorithms is provided in Chapter \ref{delta}. In Chapter \ref{conclusions}, the findings are concisely summarized, offering a comprehensive synthesis of the research and emphasizing the key insights derived from this study.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Plastic additives in the ocean: Use of a comprehensive dataset for meta-analysis and method development

In excess of 13,000 chemicals are added to plastics (‘additives’) to improve performance, durability, and production of plastic products. They are categorized into numerous chemical classes including flame retardants, light stabilizers, antioxidants, and plasticizers. While research on plastic additives in the marine environment has increased over the past decade, there is a lack of methodological standardization. To direct future measurement of plastic additives, we compiled a first-of-its-kind dataset of literature assessing plastic additives in marine environments, delineated by sample type (plastic debris, seawater, sediment, biota). Using this dataset, we performed a meta-analysis to summarize the state of the science. Currently, our dataset includes 217 publications published between 1978 and May 2023. The majority of publications analyzed plastic additives in biota collected from Europe and Asia. Analyses concentrated on plasticizers, brominated flame retardants, and bisphenols. Common sample preparation techniques included Solvent - Agitation extraction for plastic, sediment, and biota samples, and Solid Phase Extraction for seawater samples with dichloromethane and solvent mixtures including dichloromethane as the organic extraction solvent. Finally, most analyses were performed utilizing gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. There are a variety of data gaps illuminated by this meta-analysis, most notably the small number of compounds that have been targeted for detection compared to the large number of additives used in plastic production. The provided dataset facilitates future investigation of trends in plastic additive concentration data in the marine environment (allowing for comparison to toxicity thresholds) and acts as a starting point for optimizing and harmonizing plastic additive analytical methods.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Evaluation of In-Situ AM Process Monitoring Techniques and Potential for Detecting Process Anomalies and Undesirable Microstructures

The US Department of Energy’s Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies (AMMT) program is pursuing rapid qualification of new materials for fabrication of nuclear relevant components using advanced manufacturing techniques. Particular interest is placed on code-qualifying stainless steel (SS) 316H processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing. A paradigm that incorporates data from in-situ sensing during the printing, ex-situ characterization, and advanced artificial intelligence–based models was established under the Transformation Challenge Reactor (TCR) program to develop a pedigree for each fabricated component that could be tracked from the feedstock to the component’s release for application. Under the TCR program, the Peregrine software was developed as a tool for incorporating the vast amounts of in-situ and ex-situ characterization data collected; all data stored on a rapidly growing digital platform. The digital platform allows for users to link site-specific process anomalies to the macro- and microstructure. The platform will eventually be able to predict component performance, which will be crucial to qualifying materials and components in risk-averse industries such as those supporting and building nuclear reactors. Current in-situ process monitoring techniques that are already integrated with software like Peregrine are advantageous for identifying process anomalies including powder spatter, component edge swelling, recoating-build interactions, and so on. However, additional data are required to fully predict the resulting microstructures needed for identifying relationships to component performance. The rapid cooling rates observed in LPBF are some of the highest of any bulk manufacturing process, resulting in heterogenous microstructures and typically causing anisotropy in mechanical properties. Moreover, evolved residual thermal stresses are high, which can cause severe defects such as delamination or cracking. Therefore, other in-situ monitoring methods are warranted for exploration to measure and map the thermal history, and potentially the stress state, of each build. This report summarizes different in-situ monitoring strategies proposed for LPBF with a focus on the more developed sensor systems. Novel capabilities for measuring melt pool temperatures are also addressed to better inform modeling efforts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Integrated Methane Monitoring Platform Design (Final Report)

As the urgency for understanding methane emissions and the number of methane monitoring technologies being deployed have increased in the last two decades, there is an opportunity and a need to integrate the numerous disparate data sources to enable the detection, quantification, contextualization, and reporting of methane emissions along the oil and gas supply chain. Such an integration would enable emissions reductions through early detection of super emitters, data-driven mitigation strategies, and improved greenhouse gas inventories. The GTI Energy (“GTI”) project team (“the team”) worked with a multitude of industry experts, stakeholders, and subject matter experts (SMEs) to collect guidance, insights, and information to inform the requirements and subsequent engineering, design, deployment, and operations of an integrated methane monitoring platform (IMMP). This final report describes the results of the team’s effort to execute the Integrated Methane Monitoring Platform Design project, ultimately providing an engineering, design, deployment, and operating plan (EDDOP) for the IMMP. This final report summarizes and integrates the project tasks' results and outputs.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Verification and Demonstration of One-Dimensional Freezing Model in SAM for Salt-Cooled Reactor Analysis Applications

This work presented the development and implementation of the one-dimensional freezing model in system analysis code, SAM, as well as code verification, and code demonstration during a postulated overcooling transient, for fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor (FHR) system and safety analysis applications. The paper at first summarized the freezing model, finite element numerical method, and special numerical treatment for handling phase appearance/disappearance. Analytical solutions were derived for two cases (with and without solid walls) for code verifications purpose. As expected, numerical results predicted by the SAM code agreed very well with the analytical solution. A code demonstration was then performed on a postulated protected overcooling event transient of a generic reference PB-FHR design. The code was found to successfully predict salt freezing during such a postulated event. However, due to lack of salt freezing testing data, code validation has not been performed in this work, which will be pursued in later studies when such data becomes available.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Design of a robot-automated flat plate/reflection geometry x-ray diffraction setup for accelerated materials discovery and structural screening

Here, we report the design, construction, and automation of a flat plate sample loading, alignment, and data acquisition system for X-ray diffraction measurements in reflection geometry implemented at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. The system is built onto a single platform, enabling facile transferability, and is compartmentalized into sample storage, sample transfer, and sample position/alignment segments. The core feature of this system is a six-axis robotic arm that offers a large range of highly reproducible and programable movements. The degrees of freedom of the robot arm enable adaptability in which movements can be modified to fit various beamline environments and sample configurations. Samples are housed on 3D printed sample mounts, which are arranged onto a 6 × 2 array of sample cassettes capable of holding 7 samples. Using sample mounts designed for solid oxide electrolysis button cells (SOECs), the maximum tray capacity is 84 samples, which can be aligned and run in ~ 24 hours with long exposure scans. The sample array is additionally capable of accommodating a range of sample sizes and geometries due to the rapid 3D printed fabrication. The components of the setup will be described in detail and performance will be demonstrated with a set of representative SOEC and XRD standard samples. Opportunities for future developments and integration with the automated setup are summarized.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advancing the Frontiers of Deep Learning for Low-Dose 3D Cone-Beam CT Reconstruction

X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an important noninvasive medical imaging modality for studying the structural details of internal organs. Image reconstruction in CT is an inverse problem of recovering an object's internal structure from the absorption profile of X-ray beams (sinogram) measured using a detector. The classical variational approach for CT reconstruction minimizes an energy functional using an appropriate iterative algorithm. Motivated by the success of deep learning (DL), researchers have begun to leverage training data and enhanced computing capabilities in recent years to produce high-fidelity reconstructed images. Nonetheless, much of the academic research in DL algorithms for CT has focused primarily on the two-dimensional setting (with simplified forward operators and noise model) for proofs-of-concept, and a comprehensive benchmarking of various classical and data-driven CT reconstruction approaches has not beenundertaken. The key objective of our CT reconstruction grand challenge was to promote methodological advancements for both classical and DL-based approaches for clinical CT with a reasonably accurately simulated 3D CT forward operator and noise model. We have utilized the publicly available LIDC-IDRI dataset and simulated sinograms and FDK images corresponding to two dose levels (clinical- and low-dose, constituting two tracks of the challenge) starting from the normal-dose images as the ground truth. In this paper, we summarize the motivation, context, and results of our challenge, and highlight the future research directions in DL for clinical CT.

X-ray tomography↗
DOE OSTI2025

LAMP Emittance Budget, Rev. 1

This report summarizes the performance limits of the LANSCE Coupled-Cavity Linac (CCL). These results are captured or summarized directly from the references cited. This report was written in support of the LANSCE Modernization Project (LAMP). This brief report summarizes the emittance budget for the LANSCE Modernization Project (LAMP). While the project Key Performance Parameters (KPPs) specify threshold and objective requirements for charge delivered to each experimental area, no upper limits on beam emittances are specified. To maintain low losses in the high-energy section of the LANSCE linac and hands-on maintenance, some upper limits on beam emittance need to be specified for the new LAMP front-end performance. The scope of the LAMP project replaces the injector section and drift-tube linac (DTL) up to 100 MeV of the existing LANSCE linac. This new design replacement will be integrated with the remaining coupled cavity linac (CCL) which makes up most of the accelerator at LANSCE and accelerates the beam to a final energy of 800 MeV. The initial approach that has been used to define an emittance budget for the new LAMP front end is based on recent and historical measured beam emittances at 100 MeV for the three beam types accelerated at LANSCE: H+ (protons for isotope production), LBEG (H- beam for delivery to proton radiography and to the Lujan neutron spallation target, and MPEG (H- beam for delivery to the Weapons Neutron Research facility). The emittance budget (upper limit) for each beam type has been selected to maintain the losses in the CCL to a level approximately equivalent to those observed in present operations to first order. However, the goal of the LAMP project is to improve the quality of the beams injected into the CCL, if possible, thus allowing for higher average current operation while also lowering beam losses and activation at high beam energies. The table below summarizes the beam measurements evaluated and used to establish a conservative emittance budget for LAMP based on known historical beam losses and activation. However, based on estimates of the CCL admittance and the Isotope Production Facility (IPF) beamline acceptance, a more relaxed transverse emittance upper limit of 0.095 π-cm-mrad, rms, normalized may be acceptable at 100 MeV while still meeting the LAMP performance requirements for charge delivery to each LANSCE experimental area and maintaining hands-on maintenance. This upper limit is supported by a recent analysis of operational data. Additionally, the present conceptual LAMP front-end design meets this requirement.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Investigating biological nitrogen fixation via single-cell transcriptomics

The extensive use of nitrogen fertilizers has detrimental environmental consequences, and it is essential for society to explore sustainable alternatives. One promising avenue is engineering root nodule symbiosis, a naturally occurring process in certain plant species within the nitrogen-fixing clade, into non-leguminous crops. Advancements in single-cell transcriptomics provide unprecedented opportunities to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying root nodule symbiosis at the cellular level. This review summarizes key findings from single-cell studies in Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, and Glycine max. We highlight how these studies address fundamental questions about the development of root nodule symbiosis, including the following findings: (i) single-cell transcriptomics has revealed a conserved transcriptional program in root hair and cortical cells during rhizobial infection, suggesting a common infection pathway across legume species; (ii) characterization of determinate and indeterminate nodules using single-cell technologies supports the compartmentalization of nitrogen fixation, assimilation, and transport into distinct cell populations; (iii) single-cell transcriptomics data have enabled the identification of novel root nodule symbiosis genes and provided new approaches for prioritizing candidate genes for functional characterization; and (iv) trajectory inference and RNA velocity analyses of single-cell transcriptomics data have allowed the reconstruction of cellular lineages and dynamic transcriptional states during root nodule symbiosis.

Lotus japonicus↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sand Thermal Energy Storage Pilot Design (Final Report)

This report summarizes work done on developing a 10-MWhe pilot of the sand-based thermal energy storage (SandTES) technology at Alabama Power’s Plant Gaston Unit 5, an operating, supercritical coal power unit. The system will be integrated to the unit, obtaining steam to heat the sand through an air-blown fluidized-bed heat exchanger, then storing the water to be reused during discharging to produce steam that will then be vented. An electrical particle heater will also be included to provide part of the heat to the sand to provide data and learnings for commercial systems that will be fully electrically heated. Hot sand is contained in one bunker, while cold sand is housed in the other bunker, and standard solids handling equipment moves the sand around. This pilot would advance the SandTES technology to Technology Readiness Level 6 and position it for commercial readiness by 2030. This work was done in two phases: Phase I performed a conceptual study that provided Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering (AACE) Class 5 costs and estimated performance, and then Phase II, which also involved a design update, performed a more detailed pre-front-end engineering and design study that elicited AACE Class 4 costs. Work was also done to provide estimated costs for commercial applications of the technology, assess its gaps, create its technology maturation and commercialization plans, and finally perform an Environmental Information Volume for the pilot site as a first step in the National Environmental Policy Act process.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗