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NASA NTRS1984

Simulator evaluation of a remotely piloted vehicle lateral landing task using a visual display

A simulator evaluation of a remotely piloted research vehicle was conducted at NASA Ames Research Center's Dryden Flight Research Facility to determine the utility of a visual display when studying the influence of changes in the lateral-stick gearing gains during landing approaches. The test vehicle used in this study was a highly maneuverable aircraft technology (HiMAT) aircraft, which is a 0.44-scale version of an envisioned small, single-seat fighter airplane. Handling qualities ratings and comments obtained from pilots using a simulated visual display of a runway scene and a simulated instrument landing system (ILS) display were compared with the results of actual flight tests. The visual display was found to provide an adequate representation of the test vehicle in a visual landing approach, and it improved the roll response cues provided to the pilot. The handling qualities ratings and comments for flight and simulation visual landing approaches correlated well. The ILS simulation results showed reduced correlation compared with the flight results for ILS approaches. Handling qualities criteria for remotely piloted research vehicles are also discussed in this paper.

Sarrafian, S. K.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The Impact of Pictorial Display on Operator Learning and Performance

The effects of pictorially displayed information on human learning and performance of a simple control task were investigated. The controlled system was a harmonic oscillator and the system response was displayed to subjects as either an animated pendulum or a horizontally moving dot. Results indicated that the pendulum display did not effect performance scores but did significantly effect the learning processes of individual operators. The subjects with the pendulum display demonstrated more vertical internal models early in the experiment and the manner in which their internal models were tuned with practice showed increased variability between subjects.

Miller, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Does Mckuer's Law Hold for Heart Rate Control via Biofeedback Display?

Some persons can control their pulse rate with the aid of a biofeedback display. If the biofeedback display is modified to show the error between a command pulse-rate and the measured rate, a compensatory (error correcting) heart rate tracking control loop can be created. The dynamic response characteristics of this control loop when subjected to step and quasi-random disturbances were measured. The control loop includes a beat-to-beat cardiotachmeter differenced with a forcing function from a quasi-random input generator; the resulting error pulse-rate is displayed as feedback. The subject acts to null the displayed pulse-rate error, thereby closing a compensatory control loop. McRuer's Law should hold for this case. A few subjects already skilled in voluntary pulse-rate control were tested for heart-rate control response. Control-law properties are derived, such as: crossover frequency, stability margins, and closed-loop bandwidth. These are evaluated for a range of forcing functions and for step as well as random disturbances.

Courter, B. J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Modernizing engine displays

The introduction of electronic fuel control to modern turbine engines has a number of advantages, which are related to an increase in engine performance and to a reduction or elimination of the problems associated with high angle of attack engine operation from the surface to 50,000 feet. If the appropriate engine display devices are available to the pilot, the fuel control system can provide a great amount of information. Some of the wealth of information available from modern fuel controls are discussed in this paper. The considered electronic engine control systems in their most recent forms are known as the Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) and the Digital Electronic Engine Control (DEEC). Attention is given to some details regarding the control systems, typical engine problems, the solution of problems with the aid of displays, engine displays in normal operation, an example display format, a multipage format, flight strategies, and hardware considerations.

Schneider, E. T.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Interface of the transport systems research vehicle monochrome display system to the digital autonomous terminal access communication data bus

An upgrade of the transport systems research vehicle (TSRV) experimental flight system retained the original monochrome display system. The original host computer was replaced with a Norden 11/70, a new digital autonomous terminal access communication (DATAC) data bus was installed for data transfer between display system and host, while a new data interface method was required. The new display data interface uses four split phase bipolar (SPBP) serial busses. The DATAC bus uses a shared interface ram (SIR) for intermediate storage of its data transfer. A display interface unit (DIU) was designed and configured to read from and write to the SIR to properly convert the data from parallel to SPBP serial and vice versa. It is found that separation of data for use by each SPBP bus and synchronization of data tranfer throughout the entire experimental flight system are major problems which require solution in DIU design. The techniques used to accomplish these new data interface requirements are described.

Easley, W. C.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Optimal cooperative control synthesis of active displays

A technique is developed that is intended to provide a systematic approach to synthesizing display augmentation for optimal manual control in complex, closed-loop tasks. A cooperative control synthesis technique, previously developed to design pilot-optimal control augmentation for the plant, is extended to incorporate the simultaneous design of performance enhancing displays. The technique utilizes an optimal control model of the man in the loop. It is applied to the design of a quickening control law for a display and a simple K/s(2) plant, and then to an F-15 type aircraft in a multi-channel task. Utilizing the closed loop modeling and analysis procedures, the results from the display design algorithm are evaluated and an analytical validation is performed. Experimental validation is recommended for future efforts.

Garg, S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Virtual space and 2-dimensional effects in perspective displays

When interpreting three dimensional spatial relationships presented on a two dimensional display surface, the viewer is required to mentally reconstruct the original information. This reconstruction is influenced by both the perspective geometry of the displayed image and the viewer's eye position relative to the display. In a study which manipulated these variables, subjects judged the azimuth direction of a target object relative to a reference object fixed in the center of a perspective display. The results support a previously developed model which predicted that the azimuth judgement error would be a sinusoidal function of stimulus azimuth. The amplitude of this function was correctly predicted to be systematically modulated by both the perspective geometry of the image and the viewer's eye position relative to the screen. Interaction of the two components of the model, the virtual space effect and the 3D-to-2D projection effect, predicted the relative amplitudes of the sinusoidal azimuth error functions for the various conditions of the experiment. Mean azimuth judgements in some directions differed by as much as 25 degrees as a result of different combinations of eye position and image geometry. The results illustrate the need to consider the effects of perspective geometry when designing spatial information instruments, and show the model to be a reliable predictor of average performance.

Mcgreevy, M. W.↗
NASA NTRS1984

A device-independent interface for interactive image display

NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has developed a Transportable Applications Executive (TAE) for use in implementing portable applications software that can be shared by different research projects. Since many of the supported disciplines require the interactive display and manipulation of remotely sensed images, a device independent Display Management Subsystem (DMS) was written as a TAE extension. The DMS attempts to abstract and standardize the device dependent functions that are used in the display and manipulation of image data on image analysis terminals. This paper explores the concept of DMS and the interface routines that are available to the applications programmer for use in developing a set of portable image display utility programs.

Perkins, D. C.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The utility of Head-Up Displays - Eye-focus vs decision times

Instrument-panel information is presented by a Head-Up Display (HUD) to pilots in such a way that the symbols appear far away (at optical infinity) superimposed upon the landscape. The use of a HUD makes it, therefore, unnecessary for the pilot to take his eyes off the changing scene in order to look down and refocus on the instrument panel. It is pointed out that the HUD has proved superior to the conventional instrument-panel display. An experiment was conducted with the objective to help to determine which of the differences between HUD and conventional instrument-panel display are mainly responsible for the superiority of the HUD. Important features of this experiment are that the format of each virtual-image display, its luminance, and its angle subtended at the eye, remained the same as the optical distance and location were varied. It was found that the HUD symbology at optical infinity does reduce decision times compared to the same format at the location of a conventional instrument panel.

Weintraub, D. J.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Testing Instrument for Flight-Simulator Displays

Displays for flight-training simulators rapidly aligned with aid of integrated optical instrument. Calibrations and tests such as aligning boresight of display with respect to user's eyes, checking and adjusting display horizon, checking image sharpness, measuring illuminance of displayed scenes, and measuring distance of optical focus of scene performed with single unit. New instrument combines all measurement devices in single, compact, integrated unit. Requires just one initial setup. Employs laser and produces narrow, collimated beam for greater measurement accuracy. Uses only one moving part, double right prism, to position laser beam.

Haines, Richard F.↗
NASA NTRS1987

The effects of display and autopilot functions on pilot workload for Single Pilot Instrument Flight Rule (SPIFR) operations

An analytical and experimental research program was conducted to develop criteria for pilot interaction with advanced controls and displays in single pilot instrument flight rules (SPIFR) operations. The analytic phase reviewed fundamental considerations for pilot workload taking into account existing data, and using that data to develop a divided attention SPIFR pilot workload model. The pilot model was utilized to interpret the two experimental phases. The first experimental phase was a flight test program that evaluated pilot workload in the presence of current and near-term displays and autopilot functions. The second experiment was conducted on a King Air simulator, investigating the effects of co-pilot functions in the presence of very high SPIFR workload. The results indicate that the simplest displays tested were marginal for SPIFR operations. A moving map display aided the most in mental orientation, but had inherent deficiencies as a stand alone replacement for an HSI. Autopilot functions were highly effective for reducing pilot workload. The simulator tests showed that extremely high workload situations can be adequately handled when co-pilot functions are provided.

Hoh, Roger H.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Optimal cooperative control synthesis of active displays

A technique is developed that is intended to provide a systematic approach to synthesizing display augmentation for optimal manual control in complex, closed-loop tasks. A cooperative control synthesis technique, previously developed to design pilot-optimal control augmentation for the plant, is extended to incorporate the simultaneous design of performance enhancing displays. The technique utilizes an optimal control model of the man in the loop. It is applied to the design of a quickening control law for a display and a simple K/(s squared) plant, and then to an F-15 type aircraft in a multichannel task. Utilizing the closed-loop modeling and analysis procedures, the results from the display design algorithm are evaluated and an analytical validation is performed. Experimental validation is recommended for future efforts.

Gary, Sanjay↗
NASA NTRS1986

Jet transport flight operations using cockpit display of traffic information during instrument meteorological conditions: Simulation evaluation

A simulation study was undertaken to evaluate flight operations using cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) in a conventional jet transport aircraft. Eight two-person airline flight crews participated as test subjects flying simulated terminal area approach and departure operations under instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). A fixed-base cockpit simulator configured with a full complement of conventional electromechanical instrumentation to permit full workload operations was utilized. Traffic information was displayed on a color cathode-ray tube (CRT) mounted above the throttle quadrant in the typical weather radar location. A transparent touchpanel overlay was utilized for pilot interface with the display. Air traffic control (ATC) simulation included an experienced controller and full partyline radio environment for evaluation of pilot-controlled self-separation and traffic situation monitoring tasks. Results of the study revealed the CDTI to be well received by the test subjects as a useful system which could be incorporated into an existing jet transport cockpit. Crew coordination and consistent operating procedures were identified as important considerations in operational implementation of traffic displays. Cockpit workload was increased with active CDTI tasks. However, all test subjects rated the increase to be acceptable.

Williams, David H.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Force-Balance Dynamic Display

Balance dynamic display unit (BDDU) is compact system conditioning six dynamic analog signals so they are monitored simultaneously in real time on single-trace oscilloscope. Typical BDDU oscilloscope display in scan mode shows each channel occupying one-sixth of total trace. System features two display modes usable with conventional, single-channel oscilloscope: multiplexed six-channel "bar-graph" format and single-channel display. Two-stage visual and audible limit alarm provided for each channel.

Ferris, Alice T.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Two-dimensional graphics tools for a transputer based display board

A package of 2-D graphics routines has been developed in an effort to standardize and simplify the user interface for a transputer based graphics display board. The routines available take advantage of the graphic board's capabilities while also presenting an intuitive approach for generating drawings. The routines allow a user to perform graphics rendering in a 2-D real-coordinate space without regard to the actual screen coordinates. Multiple windows, which can be placed arbitrarily on the screen as well as the ability to use double-buffering techniques for smooth animations are also supported. The routines are designed to be run on a transputer other than the graphics display board. The window and screen parameters are maintained locally. The conversion to device coordinates is also performed locally. The only data sent to the display board are control and device coordinate display commands. The routines available include: rotation translation, and scaling commands; absolute and relative point and line commands; circle, rectangle and polygon commands; and window and viewpoint definition commands.

Ellis, Graham K.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Comparison of workload measures on computer-generated primary flight displays

Four Air Force pilots were used as subjects to assess a battery of subjective and physiological workload measures in a flight simulation environment in which two computer-generated primary flight display configurations were evaluated. A high- and low-workload task was created by manipulating flight path complexity. Both SWAT and the NASA-TLX were shown to be effective in differentiating the high and low workload path conditions. Physiological measures were inconclusive. A battery of workload measures continues to be necessary for an understanding of the data. Based on workload, opinion, and performance data, it is fruitful to pursue research with a primary flight display and a horizontal situation display integrated into a single display.

Nataupsky, Mark↗
NASA NTRS1988

The PC/AT compatible computer as a mission control center display processor at Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility

The NASA Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility's Western Aeronautical Test Range will assign the flight test data display processing function to Mission Control Centers in order to allow research engineers to flexibly configure their own display-processing system to optimize performance during a flight research mission. This will leave the Telemetry Radar Acquisition and Processing System more time to acquire data. One of the processors chosen to handle the display-processing function is an IBM PC/AT-compatible, rack-mounted PC giving engineers a personalized set of analytic and display tools, developed on the basis of off-the-shelf PC/AT-compatible engineering hardware and software items.

Hammons, Kevin R.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Program For A Pushbutton Display

Programmable Display Pushbutton (PDP) is pushbutton device available from Micro Switch having programmable 16X35 matrix of light-emitting diodes on pushbutton surface. Any desired legends display on PDP's, producing user-friendly applications reducing need for dedicated manual controls. Interacts with operator, calls for correct response before transmitting next message. Both simple manual control and sophisticated programmable link between operator and host system. Programmable Display Pushbutton Legend Editor (PDPE) computer program used to create light-emitting-diode (LED) displays for pushbuttons. Written in FORTRAN.

Busquets, Anthony M.↗