Injector development - Investigation of propellant sheets
Formation and properties of liquid propellant sheets from fuel injectors on curved deflector surfaces
FLOW VELOCITY↗
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Results for “FLUID INJECTION”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Thrust vector control apparatus Patent
Thrust vector control by secondary injection of fluid into rocket nozzle flow field to separate exhaust flow
Conrad, E. W.↗
Control system for rocket vehicles Patent
System for aerodynamic control of rocket vehicles by secondary injection of fluid into nozzle exhaust stream
Crabill, N. L.↗
Method of igniting solid propellants Patent
Method for igniting solid propellant rocket motors by injecting hypergolic fluids
Allen, H., Jr.↗
Geological assessment probe
A probe is described which can be installed in a side hole that extends from a bore hole in the Earth, to assess the permeability of the strata surrounding the borehole. The probe is elongated and has a plurality of seals spaced therealong and sealed to the walls of the side hole to form a plurality of chambers sealed from one another. A tracer fluid injector on the probe can inject a tracer fluid into one of the chambers, while a tracer fluid detector located in another chamber can detect the tracer fluid, to thereby sense the permeability of the strata surrounding the side hole. The probe can include a train of modules, with each module having an inflatable packer which is inflated by the difference between the borehole pressure and the strata pressure.
Collins, E. R.↗
Artificial Boundary Conditions for Computation of Oscillating External Flows
In this paper, we propose a new technique for the numerical treatment of external flow problems with oscillatory behavior of the solution in time. Specifically, we consider the case of unbounded compressible viscous plane flow past a finite body (airfoil). Oscillations of the flow in time may be caused by the time-periodic injection of fluid into the boundary layer, which in accordance with experimental data, may essentially increase the performance of the airfoil. To conduct the actual computations, we have to somehow restrict the original unbounded domain, that is, to introduce an artificial (external) boundary and to further consider only a finite computational domain. Consequently, we will need to formulate some artificial boundary conditions (ABC's) at the introduced external boundary. The ABC's we are aiming to obtain must meet a fundamental requirement. One should be able to uniquely complement the solution calculated inside the finite computational domain to its infinite exterior so that the original problem is solved within the desired accuracy. Our construction of such ABC's for oscillating flows is based on an essential assumption: the Navier-Stokes equations can be linearized in the far field against the free-stream back- ground. To actually compute the ABC's, we represent the far-field solution as a Fourier series in time and then apply the Difference Potentials Method (DPM) of V. S. Ryaben'kii. This paper contains a general theoretical description of the algorithm for setting the DPM-based ABC's for time-periodic external flows. Based on our experience in implementing analogous ABC's for steady-state problems (a simpler case), we expect that these boundary conditions will become an effective tool for constructing robust numerical methods to calculate oscillatory flows.
Tsynkov, S. V.↗
Jupiter System Data Analysis Program: Mechanisms, Manifestation, and Implications of Cryomagmatism on Europa
The objectives of the work completed under NASA Grant NAG5-8898 were (i) to document and characterize the low-albedo diffuse surfaces associated with triple bands and lenticulae, (ii) to determine their mechanisms of formation, and (iii) to assess the implications of these features for the resurfacing (in space and time) of the Europa and the nature of the Europan interior. The approach involved a combination of processing and analysis of Solid State Imaging data returned by the Galileo spacecraft during the primary and extended mission phases, together with numerical modeling of the physical processes interpreted to the observed features. We have modeled the formation of Europan triple explosive venting of cryoclastic material from bands and lenticulae halos by two processes: (i) a liquid layer in the Europan interior, and (ii) lag deposit formation by the thermal influence of subsurface cryomagmatic intrusions. We favor the latter hypothesis for explaining these features, and further suggest that a liquid water or brine intrusion is required to provide sufficient lateral heating of surface ice to explain the 25 km size of the largest features. (Solid ice diapirs, even under the most favorable conditions, become thermally exhausted before they heat significant lateral distances). We argue that water circulating in open fractures, or repeated cryomagmatic 'diking' events would provide sufficient thermal input to produce the observed features. Thus our work argues for the existence of a liquid beneath Europa's surface. Our results might most easily be explained by the presence of a continuous liquid layer (the putative Europan ocean); this would concur with the findings of the Galileo magnetometer team. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that discrete liquid pockets provide injections of fluid closer to the surface.
Fagents, Sarah A.↗
Performance Impact of Fast Flow Paths Through Grout Monoliths Used for Radioactive Waste Disposal - 13224
Empty HLW handling and storage tanks at SRS and INL contain residual radioactivity; these tanks are being stabilized with cementitious grout during closure operations. The US NRC directed the Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses (CNWRA{sup R}) to develop physical analogs of cementitious grout monoliths to investigate their potential to form fast flow pathways such as macro-cracks, separations between grout lifts, and annuli around pipes, supports, and along tank walls. CNWRA developed and tested 15 55-gal-drum-scale specimens and 2 larger specimens of tank-filling cementitious grout, and 9 specimens of pipe-filling grout. These experiments demonstrated that the size of fast flow pathways that develop and the peak temperatures attained during hydration are proportional to the scale of the specimen, and that annular apertures and bulk grout permeability generally increased with time post-placement. Cracks developed overnight following placement of each grout lift in the largest specimen, but developed more slowly in smaller specimens, perhaps due to a ∼20 deg. C difference in peak temperatures, which influence the thermal gradients that can induce cracking. Plastic and drying shrinkage commonly led to poor grout-to-metal and grout-to-grout bonding. Cracks, annular gaps, and grout flow lobe seams transmitted fluids during injection testing. Macro-scale flow pathways such as these are not readily observed in bench-scale specimens of cementitious tank grout. (authors)
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Model-assisted decision analyses related to a chromium plume at Los Alamos national Laboratory - 15449
?he chromium plume at Los Alamos National Laboratory is a complex contaminant-remediation site with spatial extent of several square kilometers. It is located in a regional aquifer near water-supply wells and other points of compliance. The plume originated on the ground surface and the contaminant migrated along complex pathways through a thick vadose zone (∼300 m) that includes intermediate lateral zones of saturation and vertical preferential flow paths. Here we discuss the development of a modeling computational framework for the site. The framework work incorporates data assimilation and model-results analysis tools including decision support techniques. The decision tools are demonstrated using synthetic problems consistent with the interpretation of existing site data and site modeling results. The analyses aim at robust and efficient environmental management of the plume and explore a series of alternative remedial options. The remedial options include natural attenuation (NA), enhanced attenuation (EA), contaminant source removal (in the vadose zone), contaminant extraction (in the regional aquifer at the plume centroid and peripheries), biogeochemical remediation (injection of fluids stimulating growth of organisms in the aquifer impacting chromium concentrations), as wells as hydraulic controls on the groundwater flow and transport in the vadose zone and the regional aquifer. The applied model analyses and decision-support algorithms are implemented in code MADS (Model Analyses for Decision Support; http://mads.lanl.gov). MADS is an open-source framework for model-based decision support employing system and physics simulation models. (authors)
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Flow assisted anti-fouling geometries for compact heat exchangers
A header for a heat exchanger and method for cleaning a heat exchanger in a loop without disconnecting loop components is provided. The header is in flow communication with the heat exchanger for distributing fluid through a plurality of adjacent channels. The header is connected between a main heat exchanger inlet nozzle and a channel flow distributor. A filter element is disposed within the header between the nozzle and channel flow distributor. Under normal operation, the filter element removes particulates and fouling material from the main flow stream before it enters the heat exchanger channels. During the cleaning process, fluid is injected on or through the filter element to remove particulates and fouling material through at least one outlet port. The header arrangement allows the filter element to be ‘cleaned in place’ without draining the system and disconnecting the heat exchanger or other components from the flow loop.
Carlson, Matthew David↗
Focal mechanisms of microseismicity at the Decatur, Illinois, CCS site inverted from borehole seismic arrays
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Earth Sciences↗
Impact of Concurrent Solubilization and Fines Migration on Fracture Aperture Growth in Shales during Acidized Brine Injection
Acidic hydraulic fracturing fluid chemically and physically alters shale rock fabric during injection and shut-in, creating a “reaction-altered zone” along the fracture faces. To better characterize the variable thickness and composition of this reaction-altered zone under advective flow, we take a coupled experimental and modeling approach. A fluidic cell, with six fiducial markers, is first fabricated to keep the rock sample in place during the core floods and to allow image alignment of acquired images. Then, we conduct a series of reactive core floods in a clay-rich siliceous Wolfcamp shale sample with 10 wt % carbonate, using a synthetic fracturing fluid under no confining stress and at room temperature. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) scans are periodically conducted to observe the spatial alteration of the fracture network. We then perform scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) on the two orthogonal surfaces (fracture surface and freshly cut profile face) to generate high-resolution elemental maps that show the change in mineralogy, both with distance along a given flow path along a fracture surface and with depth from the fracture surface into the shale matrix. These results are contrasted against a two-dimensional (2D) advection-diffusion reaction model developed previously for batch reactions between shale and synthetic fracturing fluids. The model simulates the geochemical interaction occurring at the fracture/matrix interface and penetrating into the shale matrix during the reactive core flood. Both model and experimental results show that the acidic brine is neutralized during the core flood, corresponding to an increase in fracture aperture as a function of fluid volume injected with the greatest change near the inlet. SEM-EDS scans reveal significant dissolution of carbonates on the fracture surface without pyrite oxidation. The reactive transport model indicates that carbonate depletion into the shale interior should be observable, yet SEM-EDS shows no discernible loss of carbonate in the orthogonal profile face. The combination of these observations suggests an additional fracture evolution mechanism in the reactive system, i.e., fines migration. We show that fines migration enhances the access of fracturing fluid to the matrix resulting in a more pronounced fracture widening. Finally, we conclude that coupled mineral dissolution and fines migration govern fracture aperture growth during acidized brine injection. In this work, we effectively show the underlying risk of relying solely on models that do not include an important (transport) process that can alter the system significantly and propose a combined chemomechanical mechanism for fracture evolution appropriate for this shale mineralogy.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Coanda injection system for axially staged low emission combustors
The low emission combustor includes a combustor housing defining a combustion chamber having a plurality of combustion zones. A liner sleeve is disposed in the combustion housing with a gap formed between the liner sleeve and the combustor housing. A secondary nozzle is disposed along a centerline of the combustion chamber and configured to inject a first fluid comprising air, at least one diluent, fuel, or combinations thereof to a downstream side of a first combustion zone among the plurality of combustion zones. A plurality of primary fuel nozzles is disposed proximate to an upstream side of the combustion chamber and located around the secondary nozzle and configured to inject a second fluid comprising air and fuel to an upstream side of the first combustion zone. The combustor also includes a plurality of tertiary coanda nozzles. Each tertiary coanda nozzle is coupled to a respective dilution hole. The tertiary coanda nozzles are configured to inject a third fluid comprising air, at least one other diluent, fuel, or combinations thereof to one or more remaining combustion zones among the plurality of combustion zones.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Numerical Simulation Applications in the Design of EGS Collab Experiment 1
The United States Department of Energy, Geothermal Technologies Office (GTO) is funding a collaborative investigation of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) processes at the meso-scale. This study, referred to as the EGS Collab project, is a unique opportunity for scientists and engineers to investigate the creation of fracture networks and circulation of fluids across those networks under in-situ stress conditions. The EGS Collab project is envisioned to comprise three experiments and the site for the first experiment is on the 4850 Level (4,850 feet below ground surface) in phyllite of the Precambrian Poorman formation, at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, located at the former Homestake Gold Mine, in Lead, South Dakota. Principal objectives of the project are to develop a number of intermediate-scale field sites and to conduct well-controlled in situ experiments focused on rock fracture behavior and permeability enhancement. Data generated during these experiments will be compared against predictions of a suite of computer codes specifically designed to solve problems involving coupled thermal, hydrological, geomechanical, and geochemical processes. Comparisons between experimental and numerical simulation results will provide code developers with direction for improvements and verification of process models, build confidence in the suite of available numerical tools, and ultimately identify critical future development needs for the geothermal modeling community. Moreover, conducting thorough comparisons of models, modelling approaches, measurement approaches and measured data, via the EGS Collab project, will serve to identify techniques that are most likely to succeed at the Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE), the GTO's flagship EGS research effort. As noted, outcomes from the EGS Collab project experiments will serve as benchmarks for computer code verification, but numerical simulation additionally plays an essential role in designing these meso-scale experiments. This paper describes specific numerical simulations supporting the design of Experiment 1, a field test involving hydraulic stimulation of two fractures from notched sections of the injection borehole and fluid circulation between sub-horizontal injection and production boreholes in each fracture individually and collectively, including the circulation of chilled water. Whereas the mine drift allows for accurate and close placement of monitoring instrumentation to the developed fractures, active ventilation in the drift cooled the rock mass within the experimental volume. Numerical simulations were executed to predict seismic events and magnitudes during stimulation, initial fracture orientations for smooth horizontal wellbores, pressure requirements for fracture initiation from notched wellbores, fracture propagation during stimulation between the injection and production boreholes, tracer travel times between the injection and production boreholes, produced fluid temperatures with chilled water injections, pressure limits on fluid circulation to avoid fracture growth, temperature environment surrounding the 4850 Level drift, and fracture propagation within a stress field altered by drift excavation, ventilation cooling, and dewatering.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Fluid mixing apparatus using liquid fuel and high- and low-pressure fluid streams
A fluid mixing apparatus includes mixing conduits that extend through a fluid plenum. The fluid plenum, which surrounds a first wall defining a main passage fluidly coupled to a low-pressure fluid source, is surrounded itself by a second wall defining a high-pressure plenum fluidly coupled to a high-pressure fluid source. An insulated tube disposed at the inlet of the first wall delivers a third fluid. The mixing conduits fluidly couple the high-pressure plenum to the main passage, where the high-pressure fluid is mixed with low-pressure fluid and the third fluid. Optionally, the fluid plenum may house a fourth fluid that is injected through injection holes in the mixing conduits. The fluid mixing apparatus may be used to mix one or more fuels with high- and low-pressure air in a gas turbine combustor. Alternately, the fluid mixing apparatus may mix a fluid with high- and low-pressure water streams.
Berry, Joseph Jonathan↗
Numerical Simulation Applications in the Design of EGS Collab Experiment 1
The United States Department of Energy, Geothermal Technologies Office (GTO) is funding a collaborative investigation of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) processes at the meso-scale. This study, referred to as the EGS Collab project, is a unique opportunity for scientists and engineers to investigate the creation of fracture networks and circulation of fluids across those networks under in-situ stress conditions. The EGS Collab project is envisioned to comprise three experiments and the site for the first experiment is on the 4850 Level in phyllite of the Precambrian Poorman formation, at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, located at the former Homestake Gold Mine, in Lead, South Dakota. Principal objectives of the project are to develop a number of intermediate-scale field sites and to conduct well-controlled in situ experiments focused on rock fracture behavior and permeability enhancement. Data generated during these experiments will be compared against predictions of a suite of computer codes specifically designed to solve problems involving coupled thermal, hydrological, geomechanical, and geochemical processes. Comparisons between experimental and numerical simulation results will provide code developers with direction for improvements and verification of process models, build confidence in the suite of available numerical tools, and ultimately identify critical future development needs for the geothermal modeling community. Moreover, conducting thorough comparisons of models, modelling approaches, measurement approaches and measured data, via the EGS Collab project, will serve to identify techniques that are most likely to succeed at the Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE), the GTO’s flagship EGS research effort. As noted, outcomes from the EGS Collab project experiments will serve as benchmarks for computer code verification, but numerical simulation additionally plays an essential role in designing these meso-scale experiments. This paper describes specific numerical simulations supporting the design of Experiment 1, a field test involving hydraulic stimulation of two fractures from notched sections of the injection borehole and fluid circulation between sub-horizontal injection and production boreholes in each fracture individually and collectively, including the circulation of chilled water. Whereas the mine drift allows for accurate and close placement of monitoring instrumentation to the developed fractures, active ventilation in the drift cooled the rock mass within the experimental volume. Numerical simulations were executed to predict seismic events and magnitudes during stimulation, initial fracture orientations for smooth horizontal wellbores, pressure requirements for fracture initiation from notched wellbores, fracture propagation during stimulation between the injection and production boreholes, tracer travel times between the injection and production boreholes, and produced fluid temperatures with chilled water injections, and pressure limits on fluid circulation to avoid fracture growth.
Numerical Simulation, EGS Collab, EGS, Sanford Und↗
Characterizing mineralization on low carbon steel exposed to aerated and degassed synthetic hydraulic fracture fluids
This study investigates the mineralization occurring at the interface between injected hydraulic fracturing fluids and steel production casing during the shut-in period of unconventional shale wells. Mild steel coupons were reacted with synthetic hydraulic fracturing fluids with varying base fluid and dissolved gas concentrations. Experiments were carried out in an autoclave system set at 50 °C and 2000 PSI for 2 and 14 days. Physical and mineralogical changes to the steel coupons’ surface were characterized using an FEI Quanta 600 field emission gun (FEG) scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a PANalytical XPert Pro diffractometer. Barite precipitation occurred ubiquitously during the first 48 hours in all experimental scenarios. Sulfate radicals created from degradation and reduction of ammonium persulfate breakers facilitate barite formation. Concomitant barite and corrosion related precipitates on the sample surfaces suggest iron hydroxy salts act as nucleation sites for mineral scale growth. These results suggest hydraulic fracturing fluids may have deleterious effects on the wellbore before production of the well begins.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗