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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1985

Rate constant for the reaction Cl + HO2NO2 yielding products

The rates for the reaction of Cl atoms iwth HO2NO2 were calculated from data obtained by the use of the discharge flow/resonance fluorescence (DF/RF) and the discharge flow/mass spectrometric (DF/MS) techniques. The total rate constant, k1, for the overall reaction: 1a (Cl + HO2NO2 yielding HCl + NO2 +O2), 1b (yielding HO2 + ClNO2), and the two possible additional channels was found to be less than 1.0 x 10 to the -13th cu cm/s at 296 K. The value of (k1a + k1b) was found to be 3.4 + or - 1.4) x 10 to the -14th cu cm/s. Thus, the reaction of Cl with peroxynitric acid is too slow, by a factor of 100, to contribute significantly to the hydrogen abstraction by Cl in the stratosphere.

Simonaitis, R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Laboratory studies on the reactions between chlorine, sulfur dioxide, and oxygen - Implications for the Venus stratosphere

Fourier transform IR spectrophotometry is used to monitor the reactants and products in a Venus stratosphere simulation study involving the photolysis of mixtures of Cl2 and SO2, with and without O2 present in an atmosphere of N2. When several speculative reactions inferred from these experiments are incorporated by the Yung and DeMore (1982) model of Venus stratospheric chemistry, it emerges that SO2Cl2 is a key reservoir species for chlorine, and that the reaction between Cl and SO2 furnishes an important cycle for the destruction of O2 and the conversion of SO2 to H2SO4, thereby providing a possible solution to the photochemistry of the Venus stratosphere.

Demore, W. B.↗
NASA NTRS1985

An upper limit for the absorption cross section of the oxygen C 3 Delta u - a 1 Delta g transition

Frederick and Cicerone (1985) have proposed that photodissociation of O2 (a 1 Delta g) by the process O2 (a 1 Delta g) + h-nu + O2 (C 3 Delta u) to O(3 P) + O(3 P) may be a major source of odd oxygen in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. They argued that, since the process is forbidden only by change in the spin multiplicity, it might have been a cross section intermediate between a fully allowed and a strictly forbidden transition, i.e., 10 to the -20th to 10 to the -19th sq cm near 250 nm. In order to test this proposal, absorption by O2 (a 1 Delta g) has been measured in the 190-290 nm wavelength region. No absorption above the detection limit could be observed for O2 (a 1 Delta g) concentrations of (4-7) x 10 to the 15th/cu cm. An upper limit of 8 x 10 to the -22 sq cm was calculated for the cross section.

Simonaitis, R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Carbon isotopic fractionation in heterotrophic microbial metabolism

Differences in the natural-abundance carbon stable isotopic compositions between products from aerobic cultures of Escherichia coli K-12 were measured. Respired CO2 was 3.4 percent depleted in C-13 relative to the glucose used as the carbon source, whereas the acetate was 12.3 percent enriched in C-13. The acetate C-13 enrichment was solely in the carboxyl group. Even though the total cellular carbon was only 0.6 percent depleted in C-13, intracellular components exhibited a significant isotopic heterogeneity. The protein and lipid fractions were -1.1 and -2.7 percent, respectively. Aspartic and glutamic acids were -1.6 and +2.7 percent, respectively, yet citrate was isotopically identical to the glucose. Probable sites of carbon isotopic fractionation include the enzyme, phosphotransacetylase, and the Krebs cycle.

Blair, N.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Yields of O2(b 1 Sigma g +) from reactions of HO2

The production of O2(b 1 Sigma g +) has been monitored for several reactions of the HO2 radical at 300 K using a discharge-flow apparatus with resonance fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection. In all cases, the resulting quantum efficiencies were found to be less than 0.03. O2(b) was observed when F atoms were added to H2O2 in the gas phase. The signal strengths of O2(b) were proportional to initial concentrations of HO2 formed by the F + H2O2 reaction. Observed /O2(b)/, /HO2/, and /OH/ vs /F/0 were analyzed using a simple three-step mechanism and a more complete computer simulation with 22 reaction steps. The results indicate that the F + HO2 reaction yields O2(b) with an efficiency of (3.6 + or - 1.4) x 10 to the -3rd. Yields from the O + OH2 reaction were less than 0.02, indicating that this reaction cannot be a major source of the O2(b) emission observed in the earth's nightglow.

Keyser, L. F.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Reactions of chlorine nitrate with HCl and H2O

The kinetics of the reactions of chlorine nitrate with HCl and H2O are characterized using a static photolysis/Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer apparatus. For the homogeneous gas-phase reaction with HCl, an upper limit for the rate constant of less than 8.4 x 10 to the -21st, and for the reaction with H2O, a limit of less than 3.4 x 10 to the -21st cu cm/molecule per s, were obtained at 296 + or - 2 K. The yield of HNO3 is almost unity in both cases, and no synergistic effect is noted between HCl and H2O. The kinetic behavior of the reaction with H2O is well described by simple first-order kinetics, while the behavior of the reaction with HCl is described in terms of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Hatakeyama, Shiro↗
NASA NTRS1987

Determination of O2(a1Delta g) and O2(b1Sigma + g) yields in the reaction O + ClO yields Cl + O2 - Implications for photochemistry in the atmosphere of Venus

A discharge flow apparatus with a chemiluminescence detector was used to investigate the reaction O + ClO yields Cl + O2(asterisk), where O2(asterisk) = O2(a1Delta g) or O2(b1Sigma + g). It is found that the observed O2(a1Delta g) airglow of Venus cannot be explained in the framework of standard photochemistry using the experimental results obtained here and those reported in the recent literature. The possibility of an alternative source of O atoms derived from SO2 photolysis in the Venus mesosphere is suggested.

Leu, Ming-Taun↗
NASA NTRS1988

Laboratory studies of sticking coefficients and heterogeneous reactions important in the Antarctic stratosphere

Laboratory studies of sticking coefficients of H2O, HCl, Cl2, and HNO3 on ice and heterogeneous reactions of ClONO2 with ice or HCl/ice have been performed in a fast flow reactor. A quadrupole mass spectrometer with electron impact ionization was used as a detector. Measured sticking coefficients are: 0.3 (+0.7, -0.1) for H2O, 0.4 (+0.6, -0.2) for HCL, less than 0.0001 for Cl2, and 0.3 (+0.7, -0.1) for HNO3 at 200 K. The reaction probability of ClONO2 on ice was found to be 0.06 (+ or - 0.03) while HOCl was observed as a sole product in the gas phase. With HCl present in ice, the reaction probability of ClONO2 is greatly enhanced, approaching 0.27 (+0.73, -0.13) while molecular chlorine was found to be the major product in the gas phase. Another reaction product was nitric acid which remained in the solid phase. Since the polar stratospheric clouds contain ice particles or possibly HCl/ice particles on the surface, the present results should be a major factor in producing the observed springtime ozone depletion in the Antarctic stratosphere.

Leu, Ming-Taun↗
NASA NTRS1988

Heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 with H2O and HCl on ice surfaces - Implications for Antarctic ozone depletion

This paper reports on the measurements of reaction probabilities for heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with H2O and HCl on ice surfaces at 195 K, using a fast-flow reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The reaction probability for N2O5 on pure-water ice was found to be 0.028 + or - 0.011, with nitric acid in the solid phase as the sole product. In the presence of HCl in ice, the probability of N2O5 reaction was enhanced (to 0.037); the reaction produced, besides solid-phase nitric acid, ClNO2 and ClONO which were released into the gas phase within a few milliseconds. The latter two compounds can be readily photolyzed in the austral spring to form active chlorine which would remove stratospheric ozone. It is suggested that, since the polar stratospheric clouds are believed to contain HCl-ice mixture on the surface, the reactions of N2O5 on H2O/HCl particles is a major factor in the Antarctic springtime ozone depletion.

Leu, Ming-Taun↗
NASA NTRS1988

Laboratory studies of sticking coefficients and heterogeneous reactions important in the stratosphere

The discovery of ozone depletion during spring in the Antarctic stratosphere has received wide spread attention. Both meteorological and chemical mechanisms have been used in attempts to explain this observation. The chemical theory focused on the chlorofluoromethanes released into the atmosphere. However, gas-phase, homogeneous reactions alone in the model can not adequately explain such a depletion. Heterogeneous reactions on ice surfaces could be important in the Antarctic stratosphere. These reactions are thought to convert ClONO2 and N2O5 into HNO3 in the solid phase while Cl2, HOCl, and ClNO2 are released into the stratosphere as gas-phase products. The photolysis of Cl2, HOCl, and ClNO2, then produces active chlorine which subsequently removes ozone through several catalytic cycles, including the Cl2O2 mechanism. The polar stratospheric clouds are thought to consist of mixtures of water ice, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid. Condensation of HCl onto the PSC's could provide active surfaces for heterogeneous reactions.

Leu, Ming-Taun↗
NASA NTRS1989

Modeling techniques in a parallelizing compiler for the B-HIVE multiprocessor system

The parallelizing compiler for the B-HIVE loosely-coupled multiprocessor system uses a medium grain model to minimize the communication overhead. A medium grain model is shown to be an optimum way of merging fine grain operations into parallel tasks such that the parallelism obtained at the grain level is retained and communication overhead is decreased. A new communication model is introduced in this paper, allowing additional overlap between computation and communication. Simulation results indicate that the medium grain communication model shows promise for automatic parallelization for a loosely-coupled multiprocessor system.

Kim, Sukil↗
NASA NTRS1990

Heterogeneous reactions on nitric acid trihydrate

The first direct measurements are reported of the reaction probabilities at stratospheric temperatures for two important heterogeneous reactions on nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), the compound which makes up the predominant, type I form of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC). Sticking coefficients and solubilities of HCl and NAT, which are important in modeling physicochemical processes in the stratosphere, are also reported. The results show that the conversion of the chlorine reservoir species in the stratosphere to photochemically active forms can occur within a few days of the first appearance of type I PSCs during the polar winter.

Moore, S. B.↗
NASA NTRS1992

The impact of temperature dependent CO2 cross section measurements: A role for heterogeneous chemistry in the atmosphere of Mars?

Carbon dioxide comprises over 95 percent of the Mars atmosphere, despite continuous photolysis of CO2 by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Since the direct recombination of CO and O is spinforbidden, the chemical stability of CO2 in the Martian atmosphere is thought to be the result of a HO(x)-catalyzed recombination scheme. Thus the rate of CO oxidation is sensitive to the abundance and altitude distribution of OH, H, and HO2. Most Martian atmospheric models assume that HO(x) abundances are governed purely by gas phase chemistry. However, it is well established that reactive HO(x) radical are adsorbed by a wide variety of surfaces. The authors have combined laboratory studies of H, OH, and HO2 adsorption on inorganic surfaces, observational data of aerosol distributions, and an updated photochemical model to demonstrate that adsorption on either dust or ice aerosols is capable of reducing HO(x) abundances significantly, thereby retarding the rate of CO oxidation.

Anbar, A. D.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Infrared spectra of solid films formed from vapors containing water and nitric acid

The paper presents infrared spectra recorded at 188 K for crystalline mono- and trihydrates of nitric acid formed by vapor deposition, along with spectra of fully deuterated forms of these compounds. The spectra are interpreted in terms of the known ionic structures of the hydrates and the known spectra of oxonium and nitrate ions. Two additional species were identified: a molecular hydrogen-bonded HNO3-H2O complex, stable only at temperatures below 120 or 150 K, and a substance considered to be a crystalline mixtgure of trihydrate and ice. The relevance of these findings to the stratospheric ozone hole problem is discussed.

Smith, Roland H.↗