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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1991

Allegheny Observatory search for planetary systems

The newly developed Multichannel Astrometric Photometer (MAP) and a rebuilt red light 0.76 meter Thaw refractor are used in an astrometric observational program to detect Jupiter-like planets in orbit about nearby stars. The program includes 15 stars and is obtaining approx. 12 good observations per year of each of them, sufficient to assure an annual normal point precision of 0.001 arcsec (1 mas) per object. The observational program will yield the first astrometric information about planetary systems in general. The astrometric technique is most sensitive to nearby planetary systems and to massive planets that have orbits that place them within the regions around a star where the temperature is sufficiently low to permit the existence of water ice grains. Thus it covers a different search space than that of radial velocity techniques. Currently the only astrometric survey program, it is complementary to other detection programs and some target stars have been included to assure overlap with them. The minimum detectable mass varies with the particular target star from objects almost twice as massive as Neptune to bodies almost twice as massive as Jupiter.

Gatewood, George D.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Interstellar Scattering Towards the Galactic Center as Probed by OH/IR Stars

Angular broadening measurements are reported of 20 OH/IR stars near the galactic center. This class of sources is known to have bright, intrinsically compact (less than or equal to 20 mas) maser components within their circumstellar shells. VLBA antennas and the VLA were used to perform a MKII spectral line VLBI experiment. The rapid drop in correlated flux with increasing baseline, especially for sources closest to the galactic center, is attributed to interstellar scattering. Angular diameters were measured for 13 of our sources. Lower limits were obtained for the remaining seven. With the data, together with additional data taken from the literature, the distribution was determined of interstellar scattering toward the galactic center. A region was found of pronounced scattering nearly centered on SgrA*. Two interpretations are considered for the enhanced scattering. One hypothesis is that the scattering is due to a clump of enhanced turbulence, such as those that lie along lines of sight to other known objects, that has no physical relationship to the galactic center. The other model considers the location of the enhanced scattering to arise in the galactic center itself. The physical implications of the models yield information on the nature of interstellar scattering.

Vanlangevelde, Huib Jan↗
NASA NTRS1992

An astrometric study of the Mira variable R Leonis and the occultation binary 19 Leonis

The Multichannel Astrometric Photometer (MAP) was used to determine parallaxes of stars in the region centered on the Mira variable R Leonis. R Leonis, with a parallax of 8.3 +/- 1.0 mas (120 +/- 15 pc), is significantly closer than most recent estimates. At visual wavelengths, its mean physical diameter is 612 +/- 96 times that of the sun. The photocentric motion of R Leonis is not suggestive of either optical or orbital companions, excluding possible secondary components over a wide range of magnitudes as well as orbital periods of up to approximately one decade. Nineteen Leonis, an occultation-speckle binary with a well-determined orbit and a reference star in the R Leonis field, has a distance of 92.6 +/- 12 pc. The 15.2 yr period binary exhibits a slight perturbation during the 4 yr of MAP observations. The similar primary and secondary of this A7 Vn system are 2.41 +/- 0.96 and 2.31 +/- 0.92 solar masses, respectively.

Gatewood, George↗
NASA NTRS1992

Preliminary results of a balloon flight of the solar disk sextant

Preliminary results of a balloon flight on October 11, 1991, of the solar disk sextant (SDS) experiment are reported. The SDS is an instrument which measures the solar diameter at different orientations with respect to the solar polar axis. Fitting straight lines through two fixed-angle data sets with time as the independent variable yields slopes of (7.1 +/ - 1.5) x 10 exp -3 and (6.7 +/- 1.6) x 10 exp -3/mas s, consistent with the value of 6.47 x 10 exp -3/mas s expected from the earth's approach to the sun due to the orbital motion toward perihelion. Upon the instrument's rotation on its axis a sinusoidal component of the diameter measurement was observed in each rotation cycle, with a variable amplitude of about 150 mas. The present result is epsilon of (5.6 +/- 6.3) x 10 exp -6, about 30 deg offset from the polar-equator position. The absolute diameter obtained by means of the FFT definition is found to be 1919.269 +/- 0.240 arcsec or 1919.131 +/- 0.240 arcsec, depending on the orientation mode of the measurement.

Maier, E.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Interstellar scattering toward the Galactic center as probed OH/IR stars

Angular broadening measurements of 20 OH/IR stars near the Galactic center are reported. VLBA antennas and the VLA were employed to perform a MkII spectral line VLBI experiment. The distribution of interstellar scattering toward the Galactic center is determined on the basis of the present data, together with additional data taken from the literature. A region of pronounced scattering (525 mas at 1.612 GHz) nearly centered on Sgr A* was found. Two interpretations for the enhanced scattering are presented. One hypothesis is that the scattering is due to a clump of enhanced turbulence, such as those that lie along lines of sight to other known objects, that has no physical relationship to the Galactic center. The other model considers the location of the enhanced scattering to arise in the Galactic center itself. The physical implications of the models provide information on the nature of the interstellar scattering.

Van Langevelde, Huib J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Analysis of space geodetic measurements for studying the dynamics of the solid Earth

During the last decade, there has been an unprecedented improvement in both the accuracy and the temporal resolution of Earth rotation measurements. Determination of the position of the Earth's rotation axis both in inertial space and with respect to the crust with accuracies of about 0.3 milliarcseconds (mas) are now routine. In recent years, there has been an emphasis on the determination of short-period (daily and less) variations in Earth rotation. Two space based geodetic systems, very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) and the global positioning system (GPS) have proved to be very successful in this endeavor. Results for the tidally coherent part of the subdaily Earth rotation variations determined from the analysis of VLBI data are discussed. The magnitude of other subdaily variations are also considered.

Herring, Thomas A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Wildfire and MAMS data from STORMFEST

Early in 1992, NASA participated in an inter-agency field program called STORMFEST. The STORM-Fronts Experiment Systems Test (STORMFEST) was designed to test various systems critical to the success of STORM 1 in a very focused experiment. The field effort focused on winter storms in order to investigate the structure and evolution of fronts and associated mesoscale phenomena in the central United States. This document describes the data collected from two instruments onboard a NASA ER2 aircraft which was deployed out of Ellington Field in Houston, Texas from February 13 through March 15, 1992, in support of this experiment. The two instruments were the Wildfire (a.k.a. the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer-nadir (MODIS-N) Airborne Simulation (MAS)) and the Multispectral Atmospheric Mapping Sensor (MAMS).

Jedlovec, Gary J.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The starburst-AGN connection - A sensitive VLBI survey of luminous IRAS galaxies

Results of an 18 cm VLBI survey of 31 luminous, radio-compact IR galaxies are presented. Over half the sample galaxies show high-brightness temperature emission, with T sub b greater than 10 exp 5 K and structure on scales of 5-150 mas. The limits for nondetected sources are similar, consistent with a picture in which most of these galaxies have compact cores at a level of a few percent of the total radio flux density. Characteristics of the extended radio structure, infrared properties, and optical excitation are not good indicators of the detectability of VLBI-scale emission. Structural information and energetic considerations rule out a single supernova interpretation of the compact emission in these galaxies, although we cannot exclude the possibility of several simultaneous extraordinarily luminous radio supernovae within the central few hundred cubic parsec. Our results instead favor the presence of an AGN obscured by starburst-related dust.

Lonsdale, Colin J.↗
NASA NTRS1993

High-resolution VLBA imaging of the radio source Sgr A* at the Galactic Centre

Images of Sgr* A with milliarcsecond resolution obtained by using five telescopes of the partially completed Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) in conjunction with a few additional telescopes are presented. The image of Sgr A* at a wavelength of 3.6 cm confirms almost exactly the elliptical Gaussian model that has been proposed on the basis of previous data. The source size at 1.34 cm wavelength is 2.4 +/- 0.2 mas, similar to previous results. At both wavelengths, the radio source is smooth, without detectable fine structure. These observations support the suggestion that the radio emission from Sgr A* is strongly scattered by electron-density fluctuations along the line of sight. On the assumption that the emission is due to a black hole accreting stellar winds from massive stars in the central 0.5 pc, the observations are consistent with a black hole mass of less than about 2 million solar masses.

Lo, K. Y.↗
NASA NTRS1993

High angular resolution measurements of Algol

Algol (Beta Per) is an extensively studied triple system which includes an eclipsing pair. Using long baseline optical interferometry, the AB-C system of Algol has had its geometric and physical parameters determined with higher resolution and accuracy than obtained with other techniques. The orbital elements are determined, without the use of spectroscopic data, as follows: P = 680.05 d +/- 0.06 d, T = JD 2,446,931.4 +/- 1.5, e = 0.225 +/- 0.005, a-double-prime = 94.61 +/- 0.22 mas, i = 83.98 deg +/- 0.09 deg, omega = 310.29 deg +/- 0.08 deg, and Omega = 312.26 deg +/- 0.13 deg. The distance to Algol is determined as 28.2 +/- 0.8 pc. The absolute magnitude of the C component is 2.86 +/- 0.46 mag, and its mass is 1.50 +/- 0.11 solar mass. The observational results indicate the difference of the inclinations between the eclipsing pair and the wide pair to be within 1.6 deg. For the first time, the eclipsing of the close pair was observed interferometrically, and the results compare well with those from photometry.

Pan, Xiaopei↗
NASA NTRS1993

Global monitoring of atmospheric properties by the EOS MODIS

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) being developed for the Earth Observing System (EOS) is well suited to the global monitoring of atmospheric properties from space. Among the atmospheric properties to be examined using MODIS observations, clouds are especially important, since they are a strong modulator of the shortwave and longwave components of the earth's radiation budget. A knowledge of cloud properties (such as optical thickness and effective radius) and their variation in space and time, which are our task objectives, is also crucial to studies of global climate change. In addition, with the use of related airborne instrumentation, such as the Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) and MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) in intensive field experiments (both national and international campaigns, see below), various types of surface and cloud properties can be derived from the measured bidirectional reflectances. These missions have provided valuable experimental data to determine the capability of narrow bandpass channels in examining the Earth's atmosphere and to aid in defining algorithms and building an understanding of the ability of MODIS to remotely sense atmospheric conditions for assessing global change. Therefore, the primary task objective is to extend and expand our algorithm for retrieving the optical thickness and effective radius of clouds from radiation measurements to be obtained from MODIS. The secondary objective is to obtain an enhanced knowledge of surface angular and spectral properties that can be inferred from airborne directional radiance measurements.

King, Michael D.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Investigation of cloud properties and atmospheric stability with MODIS

The work accomplished with the MAS (MODIS Airborne Simulator) during the TOGA-COARE (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere - Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment) from January through June 1993 included cloud investigations with longwave CO2 channels (out to 13.9 microns) that reconfigured spectral channels. The comparison data was used with HIRS (high resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder) data from FIRE (First ISSCP Regional Experiment), CEPEX, and SCAR (Smoke Clouds, Aerosol and Radiation) data for the development of a two layer cloud CO2 slicing algorithm and the development of multi-spectral cloud detection algorithms (specifically tri-spectral) for cloud identification. Regarding the latter, a clustering analysis was added to improve cloud identification within the scatter diagram of tri-spectral (8, 11, and 12 microns) brightness temperatures. Via the regressions of the 8 - 11 and the 11 - 12 micron brightness temperature differences versus precipitable water, the problem of clear sky identification in the scatter diagram was further addressed. Comparison of the tri-spectral technique and visible channel reflectance ratioing indicate the tri-spectral infrared method distinguishes cloud phase more consistently in mixed cloud scenes rather than single phase cloud scenes where visible ratioing performs best.

Menzel, Paul↗
NASA NTRS1992

Gamma ray bursts from collisions of primordial small mass black holes with comets

Recent results of BATSE (a collaborative project on independent sky surveys of gamm ray bursts and optical sky patrols) reinforce the isotropic distribution of gamm-ray bursts. Alternatively to cosmological models, collisions between small mas primordial black holes and comets in the Oort cloud are proposed. Assuming typical Oort cloud densities and velocities for comets and primordial black holes, many of the observed properties of gamma-ray bursts can be explained.

Bickert, K. F.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Inter-comparison of Wildfire and High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) data from STORM-FEST: An investigation of wildfire spectral channel discrepancies

This simultaneous collection of HIS spectral measurements aboard the ER-2 during STORM-FEST provided a means to explore calibration problems in the infrared bands of the Wildfire instrument. Large discrepancies in brightness temperatures were noted in Wildfire bands designed to sample the 'wings' of the strong ozone absorption band centered at 9.6 microns, where the atmospheric transmittance changes rapidly with wavelength. Examination of interchannel relationships in Wildfire data and subsequent comparison to Wildfire data synthesized from the HIS measurements suggests that a wavelength shift in the channel spectral response from those determined in the laboratory may have occurred. Based on comparisons from several flights, this spectral shift has been empirically determined to be about 0.15 micron. It is speculated that this problem resulted from a slight misalignment of the spectrometer grating or other optical elements, or was a result of extreme range in temperatures experienced by the instrument throughout the course of an ER-2 flight. A consequence of this temperature fluctuation may be a change in a position of the grating in the optical path and could result in the variations in channel spectral response during flight. These findings for Wildfire may have significant bearing on future use of the MAS because of the similarities to the original Wildfire configuration.

Jedlovec, G. J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

ROCKETMAS: A sounding-rocket-based remote sensing measurement of mesospheric water vapor and ozone

The ROCKETMAS rocketborne technique, based on the shuttle-borne millimeter wave atmospheric sounder (MAS), to obtain water vapor and ozone measurements with vertical resolution, is described. The concentrations of mesospheric water vapor and ozone are not well known, yet both contribute significantly to the chemical and radiative structure of that region. In situ measurements of water vapor are difficult to make because water that was absorbed on the instrument surfaces outgasses in space and contaminates the local environment of the payload. However, a remote sensing technique that uses a long pathlength through the atmosphere greatly reduces the effect of such local contamination. The 183.3 GHz line of water vapor and 184.4 GHz line of ozone are good choices for spaceborne radiometer measurements because one front-end mixer assembly can be used to simultaneously observe both gases. The design of a sounding rocket based millimeter wave radiometer for measuring water vapor and ozone with a height resolution not possible by either ground based or limb sounding techniques is described.

Croskey, C. L.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Earth orientation parameters

Since the beginning of regular space geodetic measurements, Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) has routinely provided polar motion and length of day solutions. At the present time, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) regularly produces daily polar motion solutions with 0.4 mas accuracy, equivalent to the routine 1-day VLBI experiments and SLR solutions using 3 days of Lageos-1 data. This rapid progress of the GPS technique forces a review of any resource allocations for VLBI and SLR measurements of Earth orientation.

Eanes, Richard J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Cloud properties inferred from 8-12 micron data

A trispectral combination of observations at 8-, 11-, and 12-micron bands is suggested for detecting cloud and cloud properties in the infrared. Atmospheric ice and water vapor absorption peak in opposite halves of the window region so that positive 8-minus-11-micron brightness temperature differences indicate cloud, while near-zero or negative differences indicate clear regions. The absorption coefficient for water increases more between 11 and 12 microns than between 8 and 11 microns, while for ice, the reverse is true. Cloud phases is determined by a scatter diagram of 8-minus-11-micron versus 11-minus-12-micron brightness temperature differences; ice cloud shows a slope greater than 1 and water cloud less than 1. The trispectral brightness temperature method was tested upon high-resolution interferometer data resulting in clear-cloud and cloud-phase delineation. Simulations using differing 8-micron bandwidths revealed no significant degradation of cloud property detection. Thus, the 8-micron bandwidth for future satellites can be selected based on the requirements of other applications, such as surface characterization studies. Application of the technique to current polar-orbiting High-Resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS)-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) datasets is constrained by the nonuniformity of the cloud scenes sensed within the large HIRS field of view. Analysis of MAS (MODIS Airborne Simulator) high-spatial resolution (500 m) data with all three 8-, 11-, and 12-micron bands revealed sharp delineation of differing cloud and background scenes, from which a simple automated threshold technique was developed. Cloud phase, clear-sky, and qualitative differences in cloud emissivity and cloud height were identified on a case study segment from 24 November 1991, consistent with the scene. More rigorous techniques would allow further cloud parameter clarification. The opportunities for global cloud delineation with the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) appear excellent. The spectral selection, the spatial resolution, and the global coverage are all well suited for significant advances.

Strabala, Kathleen I.↗