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At least 361 records · Page 20

Microstructural variations induced by gravity level during directional solidification of near-eutectic iron-carbon type alloys

The effects of gravity on the microstructure of directionally solidified near-eutectic cast irons are studied, using a Bridgman-type automatic directional solidification furnace aboard a NASA KC-135 aircraft which flies parabolic arcs and generates alternating periods of low-g (0.01 to 0.001 g, 30 seconds long) and high-g (1.8 g, 1.5 minutes long). Results show a refinement of the interlamellar spacing of the eutectic during low-g processing of metastable Fe-C eutectic alloys. Low-g processing of stable Fe-C-Si eutectic alloys (lamellar or spheroidal graphic) results in a coarsening of the eutectic grain structure. Secondary dendrite arm spacing of austenite increases in low-g and decreases in high-g. The effectiveness of low-gravity in the removal of buoyancy-driven graphite phase segregation is demonstrated.

Stefanescu, Doru M.↗

Dendritic microstructure in argon atomized superalloy powders

The dendritic microstructure of atomized nickel base superalloy powders (Ni-20 pct Cr, NIMONIC-80A, ASTROALOY, and ZHS6-K) was studied. Prealloyed vacuum induction melted ingots were argon-atomized, the powders were cooled to room temperature, and various powder-size fractions were examined by optical metallography. Linear correlations were obtained for the powder size dependence of the secondary dendrite arm spacing, following the expected d-alpha (R) to the m power dependence on the particle size for all four superalloy compositions. However, the Ni-20 pct Cr alloy, which had much coarser arm spacing as compared to the other three alloys, had a much larger value of m.

Tewari, S. N.↗

Microstructures of undercooled germanium droplets

Undercoolings at crystal nucleation onset of liquid Ge droplets are measured and the microstructures of the droplets are examined. Undercooling values ranging from 150-415 + or 20 C were obtained. It is observed that for the samples undercooled less than 300 C prior to solidification the grain size was greater than 100 microns; for samples undercooled between 300-400 C the grain size was between 50-100 microns; and for samples undercooled greater than 400 C the grain size was 10-20 microns. Consideration is given to dendritic growth and interfacial undercooling. It is noted that there is a correlation between undercooling and as-crystallized grain structure.

Devaud, G.↗

Microstructure-derived macroscopic residual resistance of brominated graphite fibers

The microscopic bromine distribution in pitch-based brominated graphite fibers has been measured with a scanning transmission electron microscope by monitoring the Br K alpha1 X-ray intensity. An imhomogeneous distribution of Br along the fiber is found with two distinct cross-sectional distributions, namely, a uniform distribution in Br-rich regions and a Gaussian-like distribution in Br-poor regions. A model based on these Br distribution measurements is proposed to understand the relation between the Br microstructure and the macroscopic residual resistance of the fiber. This model yields semiquantitative agreement with experimental results.

Qian, X. W.↗

Microstructures in rapidly solidified Ni-Mo alloys

Ni-Mo alloys of compositions ranging from pure Ni to Ni-40 at. percent Mo were rapidly solidified by Chill Block Melt Spinning in vacuum and were examined by optical metallography, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Rapid solidification resulted in an extension of molybdenum solubility in nickel from 28 to 37.5 at. percent. A number of different phases and microstructures were seen at different depths (solidification conditions) from the quenched surface of the melt spun ribbons.

Jayaraman, N.↗

Microstructure And Weld Cracking In Inconel 718(R)

Theories on relationship between metallurgy and microfissuring confirmed. Report describes research on effects of microstructure on cracking of heat-affected zones of welds in Inconel 718(R) alloy. In experimental studies, specimens subjected to various combinations of time-varying thermal and mechanical stresses to simulate welding conditions and to identify physical and chemical effects causing microfissuring.

Thompson, R. G.↗

Effect of high-temperature annealing on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties of GaP doped SiGe

Annealing of GaP doped SiGe will significantly alter the thermoelectric properties of the material resulting in increased performance as measured by the figure of merit Z and the power factor P. The microstructures and corresponding thermoelectric properties after annealing in the 1100 to 1300 C temperature range have been examined to correlate performance improvement with annealing history. The figure of merit and power factor were both improved by homogenizing the material and limiting the amount of cross-doping. Annealing at 1215 C for 100 hr resulted in the best combination of thermoelectric properties with a resultant figure of merit exceeding 1x10 to the -3 deg C to the -1 and a power factor of 44 microW/cm/deg C sq for the temperature range of interest for space power: 400 to 1000 C.

Draper, Susan L.↗

Self-modulational formation of pulsar microstructures

A nonlinear plasma theory for self modulation of pulsar radio pulses is discussed. A nonlinear Schroedinger equation is derived for strong electromagnetic waves propagating in an electron positron plasma. The nonlinearities arising from wave intensity induced particle mass variation may excite the modulational instability of circularly and linearly polarized pulsar radiation. The resulting wave envelopes can take the form of periodic wave trains or solitons. These nonlinear stationary waveforms may account for the formation of pulsar microstructures.

Chian, A. C.-L.↗

Fractographic and microstructural evaluation of 3500-hour durability specimens

Long term durability testing of candidate ceramic materials for advanced gas turbine applications was performed. Specimens of the materials were exposed to combustion atmospheres under temperature cyclic conditions for times up to 3500 hours and at peak temperatures of 1200 and 1370 C. The specimen strengths after exposure were measured at room temperature and at 1200 C. In addition, a number of physical measurements were taken; however, no microstructural examination of the specimens was performed. Materials examined include: sintered alpha silicon carbide, sintered silicon nitride, and reaction bonded silicon nitride. Sample preparation techniques were developed to provide high quality thin-section specimens which can be examined by transmitted light or thinned using an ion mill for subsequent transmission electron microscopic examination. Specimen preparation techniques and the results of optical and electron microscopic examination of the reaction interfaces of the selected specimens are presented.

Miller, A. D.↗

As-received microstructure of a SiC/Ti-15-3 composite

A silicon carbide fiber reinforced titanium (Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al) composite is metallographically examined. Several methods for examining composite materials are investigated and documented. Polishing techniques for this material are described. An interference layering method is developed to reveal the structure of the fiber, the reaction zone, and various phases within the matrix. Microprobe and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses are performed on the fiber/matrix interface. A detailed description of the fiber distribution as well as the microstructure of the fiber and matrix are presented.

Lerch, Bradley A.↗

Weak-field magnetization of superconducting Y1Ba2Cu3O(x) - Relationship to microstructure

The granular magnetization model of Finnemore et al. (1987) has been tested on a well-characterized sample of Y1Ba2Cu3Ox. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility is in excellent agreement with the model. In addition, the grain size deduced from the magnetization data (1-2 microns) is in reasonable agreement with direct scanning-electron-microscopy measurements of the microstructure.

Farrell, D. E.↗

The microstructure and tensile properties of extruded melt-spun ribbons of iron-rich B2 FeAl

The microstructure of extruded rods of iron-rich FeAl(B2-structure), as characterized by TEM, SEM, optical microscopy and x-ray diffractometry, consisted of elongated grains with a 111-line fibre texture containing a high dislocation density. Numerous oxide particles were found, mostly in lines which reflected the matrix flow during extrusion. In addition, some large inclusions were present. Tensile testing of annealed, relatively dislocation-free specimens as a function of increasing temperature found increasing ductility up to 900K, above which a ductility drop occurred accompanied by a change in fracture mode, from transgranular cleavage to intergranular fracture. The yield strength, which was independent of temperature up to 800K (at about 500MPa), also decreased rapidly as diffusion became more important. The predominant slip vector changed from 111-line to 100-line around 700K.

Baker, I.↗

Gravitational contributions to microstructural coarsening in liquid phase sintering

Preliminary experiments for determining the role of gravity in liquid phase sintering have been carried out. Tungsten heavy alloys were selected for this investigation because of the large density difference between solid and liquid, extensive interest in the alloys and considerable data on these alloys. By identifying and isolating the role that gravity plays in shape distortion and microstructural coarsening, further insight into the mechanisms of coarsening kinetics may be realized. Improvements in mechanical properties, shape complexity, and dimensional stability may be realized in the future from low gravity sintering.

Kipphut, C. M.↗

Alloy chemistry and microstructural control to meet the demands of the automotive Stirling engine

The automotive Stirling engine now under development by DOE/NASA as an alternative to the internal combustion engine, imposes severe materials requirements for the hot portion of the engine. Materials selected must be low cost and contain a minimum of strategic elements so that availability is not a problem. Heater head tubes contain high pressure hydrogen on the inside and are exposed to hot combustion gases on the outside surface. The cylinders and regenerator housings must be readily castable into complex shapes having varying wall thicknesses and be amenable to brazing and welding operations. Also, high strength, oxidation resistance, resistance to hydrogen permeation, cyclic operation, and long-life are required. A research program conducted by NASA Lewis focused on alloy chemistry and microstructural control to achieve the desired properties over the life of the engine. Results of alloy selection, characterization, evaluation, and actual engine testing of selected materials are presented.

Stephens, Joseph R.↗

Effect of the microstructure on the thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline lanthanum chalcogenides

Small amounts of second phase materials can have important effects on the thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline gamma-La(3-x)X4 (X-S, Te; X in the range of 0 to 1/3). Microscopic examination by SEM of hot pressed La(3-x)Te4 samples has revealed from 1-5 vol. pct of La2O2Te, an amount which is not detected by X-ray powder diffraction measurements. This amount of La2O2Te resulting from oxygen contamination can reduce the concentration of electrons by as much as 10 to 75 percent below the electron concentration calculated for single phase La(3-x)Te4 in the composition range of greatest interest. Small amounts of second phase materials can also lower the lattice thermal conductivity by scattering low frequency phonons. These results indicate that microstructural effects should be considered when electrical and thermal properties of polycrystalline materials are analyzed.

Lockwood, A.↗

A study of microstructural characteristics of Ni-based superalloys at high temperatures

The microstructural characteristics of the Ni-based superalloy MAR-M246(Hf) which is used in manufacturing the components of the Space Shuttle's main engine have been studied. These superalloys need optimal heat treatment to get the best results. To find the optimum heat treatment the technique of differential thermal analysis and the optical photomicrographs are being planned to be utilized. In the first phase, the existing experimental equipment like cutting, grinding/polishing machines and metallurgical microscope have been set up to cut/polish and take the photomicrographs. In the beginning of this year an order was placed for the Leitz Mettalux-3 microscope with a hot stage for in-situ observation of the superalloy samples. The hot stage was tested for the first time, alloying the thermocouple with the Tantulum heating element and has not been installed finally by the supplier. A Perkin Elmer Differential Thermal Analyzer (DTA 1700) was procured in the first year of the project. Samples of MAR-M246(Hf), MAR-M247, Waspaloy, Udimet-41, CMSX-2 and CMSX-3 (polycrystalline and single crystals) have been studied using differential thermal analyzer.

Lal, R. B.↗

The role of microstructure and phase distribution in the failure mechanisms and life prediction model for PSZ coatings

Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) may become widely used for Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC). Failure of these coatings can occur due to thermal fatigue in oxidizing atmospheres. The failure is due to the strains that develop due to thermal gradients, differences in thermal expansion coefficients, and oxidation of the bond coating. The role of microstructure and the cubic, tetragonal, and monoclinic phase distribution in the strain development and subsequent failure will be discussed. An X-ray diffraction technique for accurate determination of the fraction of each phase in PSZ will be applied to understanding the phase transformations and strain development. These results will be discussed in terms of developing a model for life prediction in PSZ coatings during thermal cycling.

Sisson, R. D., Jr.↗

Nonlinear mesomechanics of composites with periodic microstructure

This work is concerned with modeling the mechanical deformation or constitutive behavior of composites comprised of a periodic microstructure under small displacement conditions at elevated temperature. A mesomechanics approach is adopted which relates the microimechanical behavior of the heterogeneous composite with its in-service macroscopic behavior. Two different methods, one based on a Fourier series approach and the other on a Green's function approach, are used in modeling the micromechanical behavior of the composite material. Although the constitutive formulations are based on a micromechanical approach, it should be stressed that the resulting equations are volume averaged to produce overall effective constitutive relations which relate the bulk, volume averaged, stress increment to the bulk, volume averaged, strain increment. As such, they are macromodels which can be used directly in nonlinear finite element programs such as MARC, ANSYS and ABAQUS or in boundary element programs such as BEST3D. In developing the volume averaged or efective macromodels from the micromechanical models, both approaches will require the evaluation of volume integrals containing the spatially varying strain distributions throughout the composite material. By assuming that the strain distributions are spatially constant within each constituent phase-or within a given subvolume within each constituent phase-of the composite material, the volume integrals can be obtained in closed form. This simplified micromodel can then be volume averaged to obtain an effective macromodel suitable for use in the MARC, ANSYS and ABAQUS nonlinear finite element programs via user constitutive subroutines such as HYPELA and CMUSER. This effective macromodel can be used in a nonlinear finite element structural analysis to obtain the strain-temperature history at those points in the structure where thermomechanical cracking and damage are expected to occur, the so called damage critical points of the structure.

Walker, Kevin P.↗