Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Particle mitigation”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

High-Current Effects in the PEP-II Storage Ring

The PEP-II B-Factory operated at peak and integrated luminosity several times the original design values. Its storage rings operated at world-record beam currents with bunch lengths of about 10 mm. Correspondingly significant heat load was imposed on the vacuum system, both due to synchrotron radiation and by energy loss into higher-order modes. The latter in turn would lead to local heating or discharges wherever such energy got absorbed. Over the course of PEP-II running we experienced numerous such effects, which lead to upgrade programs of significant scope. In the following we will describe the most significant of such effects and their mitigation: (1) Upgrades and repairs of RF seals and shields in both rings; (2) Redesign of overheating stripline kicker electrodes to withstand higher powers; and (3) Redesign and replacement of BPM buttons following failure.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS2011

Space Radiation Cancer, Circulatory Disease and CNS Risks for Near Earth Asteroid and Mars Missions: Uncertainty Estimates for Never-Smokers

The uncertainties in estimating the health risks from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events (SPE) are a major limitation to the length of space missions and the evaluation of potential risk mitigation approaches. NASA limits astronaut exposures to a 3% risk of exposure induced cancer death (REID), and protects against uncertainties in risks projections using an assessment of 95% confidence intervals after propagating the error from all model factors (environment and organ exposure, risk coefficients, dose-rate modifiers, and quality factors). Because there are potentially significant late mortality risks from diseases of the circulatory system and central nervous system (CNS) which are less well defined than cancer risks, the cancer REID limit is not necessarily conservative. In this report, we discuss estimates of lifetime risks from space radiation and new estimates of model uncertainties are described. The key updates to the NASA risk projection model are: 1) Revised values for low LET risk coefficients for tissue specific cancer incidence, with incidence rates transported to an average U.S. population to estimate the probability of Risk of Exposure Induced Cancer (REIC) and REID. 2) An analysis of smoking attributable cancer risks for never-smokers that shows significantly reduced lung cancer risk as well as overall cancer risks from radiation compared to risk estimated for the average U.S. population. 3) Derivation of track structure based quality functions depends on particle fluence, charge number, Z and kinetic energy, E. 4) The assignment of a smaller maximum in quality function for leukemia than for solid cancers. 5) The use of the ICRP tissue weights is shown to over-estimate cancer risks from SPEs by a factor of 2 or more. Summing cancer risks for each tissue is recommended as a more accurate approach to estimate SPE cancer risks. 6) Additional considerations on circulatory and CNS disease risks. Our analysis shows that an individual s history of smoking exposure has a larger impact on GCR risk estimates than amounts of radiation shielding or age at exposure (amongst adults). Risks for never-smokers compared to the average U.S. population are estimated to be reduced between 30% and 60% dependent on model assumptions. Lung cancer is the major contributor to the reduction for never-smokers, with additional contributions from circulatory diseases and cancers of the stomach, liver, bladder, oral cavity and esophagus, and leukemia. The relative contribution of CNS risks to the overall space radiation detriment is potentially increased for never-smokers such as most astronauts. Problems in estimating risks for former smokers and the influence of second-hand smoke are discussed. Compared to the LET approximation, the new track structure derived radiation quality functions lead to a reduced risk for relativistic energy particles and increased risks for intermediate energy particles. Revised estimates for the number of safe days in space at solar minimum for heavy shielding conditions are described for never-smokers and the average U.S. population. Results show that missions to near Earth asteroids (NEA) or Mars violate NASA's radiation safety standards with the current levels of uncertainties. Greater improvements in risk estimates for never-smokers are possible, and would be dependent on improved understanding of risk transfer models, and elucidating the role of space radiation on the various stages of disease formation (e.g. initiation, promotion, and progression).

Cucinotta, Francis A.↗
DOE OSTI2012

Moment preserving adaptive particle weights using octree velocity distributions for PIC simulations

The ratio of computational to physical particles is of primary concern to statistical particle based simulations such as DSMC and PIC. An adaptive computational particle weight algorithm is presented that conserves mass, momentum, and energy. This algorithm is then enhanced with an octree adaptive mesh in velocity space to mitigate artificial thermalization. The new octree merge is compared to a merge that randomly selects merge partners for a bi-Maxwellian velocity distribution. Results for crossing beams in a fixed potential well along with an electrostatic PIC version with and without MCC collisions based ionizing breakdown show the advantages of the merge algorithm to both fixed particle weights and randomly selected merge partners.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2000

Discriminating Type 1a and 1b PSCs in Satellite Data

We explore the use of satellite observations in discriminating types of PSCs and their ramifications. Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), which form in the winter polar vortex, have been identified as effecting ozone loss. One major result from the recent SOLVE mission is in-situ evidence of the existence of very large particles that contain nitric acid. These particles are consistent with Type la PSCs. The significance of this finding is that these large particles will have appreciable sedimentation velocities, taking nitric acid out of the stratospheric regions, causing denitrification. Since nitric acid typically mitigates ozone loss, denitrification leads to increased ozone loss. Type lb PSCs are smaller and do not sediment to any appreciable degree. Satellite measurements are made continuously throughout the winter, and offer more global coverage than in situ measurements. Thus, it would very useful to be able to discriminate PSC types from satellite measurements. Our long-term goals are to better understand the formation mechanisms and effects of PSCs. Discriminating PSC type using satellite data will give us a very important tool in this effort. A multi-wavelength analysis of POAM aerosol extinction during SOLVE has revealed differences in the radiative characteristics of PSC events. We explore the use of POAM observations to discriminate between Type la and lb Pscs. A trajectory model is used to simulate PSC la and lb particles. Calculated radiative properties act as a guide for discriminating the satellite occultation measurements. Aircraft based PSC observations are-used as confirmation of these observations.

Strawa, Anthony W.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Dust Mitigation on Mars Using an Electrostatic Precipitator

The Martian atmosphere contains large amounts of dust, which are lofted by dust devils and dust storms. Some of this dust, particles on the order of 2-4 m, never settle and are constantly present in the atmosphere. Therefore, in order to utilize the planet's atmosphere for production of consumables, like oxygen and methane, this dust must be removed before the commodity production can begin. The electrostatic precipitator is currently being studied at Kennedy Space Center as a realistic option for removing this dust. This project covers the results, to date, of the dust flow initiation, control, and analysis inside the electrostatic precipitator, which is to be modelled after various dusty Martian atmospheric conditions.

electrostatic precipitator↗
NASA NTRS2008

Field Testing of High Current Electrokinetic Nanoparticle Treatment for Corrosion Mitigation in Reinforced Concrete

This work examines field performance of nanoscale pozzolan treatments delivered el ctrokinetically to suppress chloride induced corrosion of concrete reinforcement. The particles are 20 nm silica spheres coated with 2 nm alumina particles that carry a net positive charge. Earlier work demonstrated that the alumina particles were stripped from the silica carriers and formed a dense phase with an interparticle spacing that is small enough to inhibit the transport of solvated chlorides. A D.C. field was used to inject the particles into the pores of concrete specimens, directly toward the mild steel bars that were embedded within each 3 inch diameter by 6 inch length concrete specimen. The voltage was held constant at 25 v per inch of concrete cover for a period of 7 days. These voltages permitted current densities as high as 3 A/sq m. During the final 3 days, a 1 molar solution of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate was used to provide a source of calcium to facilitate stronger and more densified phase formation within the pores. In a departure from prior work the particle treatments were started concurrent with chloride extraction in order to determine if particle delivery would inhibit chloride transport. Following treatment the specimens were immersed in seawater for 4 weeks. After this posttreatment exposure, the specimens were tested for tensile strength and the steel reinforcement was examined for evidence of corrosion. Scanning electron microscopy was conducted to assess impact on microstructure.

Calle, Luz Marina↗
DOE OSTI2020

Rate-Dependent Aging Resulting from Fast Charging of Li-Ion Cells

The mass electrification of personal and service vehicles is reliant on the ability of battery packs to undergo extreme fast recharging. A central challenge is that the repeated exposure to high currents can trigger and/or accelerate mechanisms of performance degradation, such as lithium deposition, mechanical damage of active material particles, and impedance rise. Here, we investigate whether constraining high-rate charging to limited state-of-charge (SOC) ranges can mitigate these aging processes. Our experiments map the boundaries of lithium plating conditions, and also indicate that permanent losses of electrode capacity appear to be a function of cycle number, but not charging rate. Interestingly, we show that impedance rise appears to depend on charging rate alone, and not on the amount of charge passed at each cycle. This observation suggests that limiting fast charging to a narrow SOC range would only delay cell aging, but not fully prevent it from happening. We identify oxide-particle cracking as the likely mechanism for this impedance rise, suggesting that particle and electrode design are essential to enable fast charging. The findings of this work can inform the development of fast-charging protocols that are less damaging to cell health.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Improving Longitudinal Impedance of Inductive Inserts

In this article, we discuss methods for improving the longitudinal impedance of inductive inserts used for space charge compensation in the proton storage ring (PSR) at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) Facility. The PSR relies on inductive inserts to counteract the capacitive impedance produced by the space charge of the proton beam, which can otherwise lead to beam debunching. Existing inductive inserts, which utilize Toshiba M4C21A ferrite, have been effective but require heating to reduce resistive components that can cause instabilities at higher frequencies. This article explores the potential of alternative ferrite materials, specifically National Magnetics C2050, to enhance the performance of these inserts by reducing the need for heating and minimizing resistive impedance. Through both analytical modeling and CST Particle Studio simulations, it is demonstrated that optimized ferrite materials and geometries can significantly improve space charge compensation while mitigating instability risks, ultimately enhancing the performance of the PSR.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Perspectives and challenges of ultra-high temperature ceramics for fusion plasma-facing applications

Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) offer several potential advantages as plasma-facing components (PFCs) in fusion reactors due to their extreme melting points, tailorable thermal conductivity, and attractive unirradiated mechanical properties including fracture toughness comparable or superior to tungsten. Here, recent developments and material properties of UHTCs are briefly reviewed, along with an overview of limited studies on their responses to neutron irradiation and an evaluation of plasma-surface interactions. Five key research pathways, primarily focused on irradiation effects, for advancing UHTCs in PFC applications are discussed: (1) assessing irradiation effects on the coupled thermal–mechanical performance (2) addressing the lack of studies on irradiation, plasma-surface interactions, and their synergistic effects; (3) investigating high-temperature (>1000 °C) neutron irradiation effects critical for PFC performance; (4) optimizing multi-component UHTC compositions or composites to improve thermal or mechanical properties; (5) enhancing radiation resistance to mitigate microcracking and void swelling through strategies such as increasing sink strength by reducing grain size, introducing fine particles, and leveraging complex concentrated alloy concepts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

An experimental study on the characterization of electric charge in electrostatic dust removal

Automatic dust removal using the electrostatic forces of electrodynamic screen (EDS) is an emerging method for mitigation of energy yield losses caused by dust accumulation on solar collectors. Both electric field distribution and dust particles' charge acquired during the removal process play pivotal roles in thorough evaluation of EDS performance. Previous studies have comprehensively analyzed the electric field distribution in EDS. In this paper we have conducted a number of experiments to examine how two EDS design parameters, electrode width and inter-electrode spacing, and two operational parameters, applied voltage and relative humidity, affect dust particles' charge. Sixteen EDS prototypes in two sets were developed and tested in a laboratory environment to study the acquired charge by dust particles via charge-to-mass ratio measurements. It has been shown that the charge-to-mass ratio is directly affected by the electric field intensity on an EDS surface. Furthermore, we have shown the detrimental impact of relative humidity on EDS performance. Here, the results are advantageous in the evaluation of EDS design and its optimization to attain maximum dust removal efficiency.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Amorphous Zn₂GeO₄ Nanoparticles as Anodes with High Reversible Capacity and Long Cycling Life for Li-ion Batteries

Amorphous and crystalline Zn₂GeO₄ nanoparticles were prepared and characterized as anode materials for Li-ion batteries. A higher reversible specific capacity of 1250 mAh/g after 500 cycles and excellent rate capability were obtained for amorphous Zn₂GeO₄ nanoparticles, compared to that of crystalline Zn₂GeO₄ nanoparticles. Small particle size, amorphous phase and incorporation of zinc and oxygen contribute synergetically to the improved performance by effectively mitigating the huge volume variations during lithiation and delithiation process.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Simulated aging processes of black carbon and its impact during a severe winter haze event in the Beijing-Tianjin- Hebei region

Black carbon (BC) can mitigate or worsen air pollution through perturbing meteorological conditions. BC aging processes are important for the evolution of particle size, concentration, and optical properties of BC that determines its influence on the meteorology. Here we use the online coupled Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model to quantify the role of BC aging processes, including physical processes (PP) and absorption enhancements (AE), in exerting BC-induced meteorological changes and the associated feedback to PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter) and O3 concentrations during a severe haze event in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region during 21-27 February 2014. Our results show that, compared to the simulation without the PP treatment, the simulated near-surface BC concentration and BC mass loading in BTH region is lowered by 6.6 % and 12.1 %, respectively, during the haze event with the PP included. PP increases the proportion of large-size BC (particle diameter greater than 0.312 µm) from 28 %-33 % to 59 %-64 % below 1000 m in BTH region. Both PP and AE enhance the “dome effect” of BC. With both PP and AE considered, a reduction in PBL height due to BC-PBL interaction is 116.3 m (20.7 %), compared to 75.7 m (13.5 %) without AE and 66.6 m (11.9 %) without both PP and AE. However, during this haze event, anomalous northeasterly winds are produced by the direct radiative effect of BC, which further affects the mixing and transport of aerosols. When PBL height is decreased (from 10:00 to 21:00), combining all the impacts on multiple meteorological factors, BC effect without PP and AE, without AE, and with PP and AE, respectively, increases surface concentrations of PM2.5 by 8.3 µg m-3 (6.1 % relative to the mean value), 6.1 µg m-3 (4.5 %) and 9.6 µg m-3 (7.0 %) but decreases surface O3 concentrations by 2.8 ppbv (7.4 %), 4.0 ppbv (9.0 %) and 5.0 ppbv (10.8 %) in BTH region averaged over 21-27 February 2014. Our results highlight the importance of the aging processes and absorption enhancements of BC in simulating weather and air quality.

Chen, Donglin↗
DOE OSTI2021

Persistent and partially mobile oxygen vacancies in Li-rich layered oxides

Increasing the energy density of layered oxide battery electrodes is challenging as accessing high states of delithiation often triggers voltage degradation and oxygen release. Here we utilize transmission-based X-ray absorption spectromicroscopy and ptychography on mechanically cross-sectioned Li 1.18–x Ni 0.21 Mn 0.53 Co 0.08 O 2–δ electrodes to quantitatively profile the oxygen deficiency over cycling at the nanoscale. The oxygen deficiency penetrates into the bulk of individual primary particles (~200 nm) and is well-described by oxygen vacancy diffusion. Using an array of characterization techniques, we demonstrate that, surprisingly, bulk oxygen vacancies that persist within the native layered phase are indeed responsible for the observed spectroscopic changes. We additionally show that the arrangement of primary particles within secondary particles (~5 μm) causes considerable heterogeneity in the extent of oxygen release between primary particles. Finally, our work merges an ensemble of length-spanning characterization methods and informs promising approaches to mitigate the deleterious effects of oxygen release in lithium-ion battery electrodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2013

The enhanced ASDEX Upgrade pellet centrifuge launcher

Pellets played an important role in the program of ASDEX Upgrade serving both for investigations on efficient particle fuelling and high density scenarios but also for pioneering work on Edge Localised Mode (ELM) pacing and mitigation. Initially designed for launching fuelling pellets from the magnetic low field side, the system was converted already some time ago to inject pellets from the magnetic high field side as much higher fuelling efficiency was found using this configuration. In operation for more than 20 years, the pellet launching system had to undergo a major revision and upgrading, in particular of its control system. Furthermore, the control system installed adjacent to the launcher had to be transferred to a more distant location enforcing a complete galvanic separation from torus potential and a fully remote control solution. Changing from a hybrid system consisting of PLC S5/S7 and some hard wired relay control to a state of the art PLC system allowed the introduction of several new operational options enabling more flexibility in the pellet experiments. This article describes the new system architecture of control hardware and software, the operating procedure, and the extended operational window. First successful applications for ELM pacing and triggering studies are presented as well as utilization for the development of high density scenarios.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

High-field Q-slope mitigation due to impurity profile in superconducting radio-frequency cavities

In this study, we present new insights on the origin of the high-field Q-slope in superconducting radio-frequency cavities. Consequent hydrofluoric acid rinses are used to probe the radio-frequency performance as a function of the material removal of two superconducting bulk niobium cavities prepared with low temperature nitrogen infusion. The study reveals that nitrogen infusion affects only the first few tens of nanometers below the native oxide layer. The typical high-field Q-slope behavior of electropolished cavities is indeed completely recovered after a dozen hydrofluoric acid rinses. The reappearance of the high-field Q-slope as a function of material removal was modeled by means of London's local description of screening currents in the superconductor, returning good fitting of the experimental data and suggesting that interstitial impurities layers with diffusion length of the order to tens of nanometers can mitigate high-field Q-slope.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Unintended gas breakdowns in narrow gaps of advanced plasma sources for semiconductor fabrication industry

Occurrence of unintended gas breakdown in the narrow gaps of plasma processing chambers is one of the critical challenges in developing advanced plasma sources. Here, we present a combined experimental and theoretical study of unintended discharges in the narrow gaps of plasma processing chambers and report significant drop of the gas breakdown voltage in the presence of a background plasma facing the gap. Experimentally measured breakdown voltages decrease in subsequent breakdown events due to wall erosion caused by the discharge. Therefore, preventing and mitigating the first discharge is of paramount importance. An analysis of kinetic simulation results indicates that the charged particle influx from the background plasma in the processing chamber into the gap is responsible for the onset of early breakdown: higher charged particle density within the gap modifies the electric field profile, allowing unintended breakdowns to occur at a significantly reduced threshold voltage.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Photon-axion mixing within the jets of active galactic nuclei and prospects for detection

Very high energy γ-ray observations of distant active galactic nuclei (AGN) generally result in higher fluxes and harder spectra than expected, resulting in some tension with the level of the extragalactic background light (EBL). If hypothetical axions or axion-like particles (ALPs) were to exist, this tension could be relieved since the oscillation of photons to ALPs would mitigate the effects of EBL absorption and lead to softer inferred intrinsic AGN spectra. In this paper we consider the effect of photon-ALP mixing on observed spectra, including the photon-ALP mixing that would occur within AGN jets. We then simulate observations of three AGN with the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), a next generation γ-ray telescope, to determine its prospects for detecting the signatures of photon-ALP mixing on the spectra. We conclude that prospects for CTA detecting these signatures or else setting limits on the ALP parameter space are quite promising. We find that prospects are improved if photon-ALP mixing within the jet is properly considered and that the best target for observations is PKS 2155-304.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗