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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
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NASA NTRS1972

Photogrammetry and photo interpretation applied to analyses of cloud cover, cloud type, and cloud motion

A determination was made of the areal extent of terrain obscured by clouds and cloud shadows on a portion of an Apollo 9 photograph at the instant of exposure. This photogrammetrically determined area was then compared to the cloud coverage reported by surface weather observers at approximately the same time and location, as a check on result quality. Stereograms prepared from Apollo 9 vertical photographs, illustrating various percentages of cloud coverage, are presented to help provide a quantitative appreciation of the degradation of terrain photography by clouds and their attendant shadows. A scheme, developed for the U.S. Navy, utilizing pattern recognition techniques for determining cloud motion from sequences of satellite photographs, is summarized. Clouds, turbulence, haze, and solar altitude, four elements of our natural environment which affect aerial photographic missions, are each discussed in terms of their effects on imagery obtained by aerial photography. Data of a type useful to aerial photographic mission planners, expressing photographic ground coverage in terms of flying height above terrain and camera focal length, for a standard aerial photograph format, are provided. Two oblique orbital photographs taken during the Apollo 9 flight are shown, and photo-interpretations, discussing the cloud types imaged and certain visible geographical features, are provided.

Larsen, P. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Preparation of urban land use inventories by machine-processing of ERTS MSS data

Spectral classes of urban phenomena identified from ERTS multispectral scanner data in Milwaukee included Surburban, Inner City, Industry, Grassy (open area), Road, Wooded Suburb, Water, Cloud, and Shadow. The Milwaukee spectral class statistics were used to classify the Chicago area, within the same ERTS frame, and similar results were achieved. In another ERTS frame, Marion County (Indianapolis) data were classified into similar classes. The Marion County ERTS study was supported by a land use classification of an area near downtown Indianapolis that utilized 12-band MSS data collected by aircraft from 3000 feet. The results of the ERTS analyses suggest that satellite data will be a useful tool for the urban planner for monitoring urban land use.

Todd, W.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Earth orbital experiment program and requirements study, volume 1, sections 1 - 6

A reference manual for planners of manned earth-orbital research activity is presented. The manual serves as a systems approach to experiment and mission planning based on an integrated consideration of candidate research programs and the appropriate vehicle, mission, and technology development requirements. Long range goals and objectives for NASA activities during the 1970 to 1980 time period are analyzed. The useful and proper roles of manned and automated spacecraft for implementing NASA experiments are described. An integrated consideration of NASA long range goals and objectives, the system and mission requirements, and the alternative implementation plans are developed. Specific areas of investigation are: (1) manned space flight requirements, (2) space biology, (3) spaceborne astronomy, (4) space communications and navigation, (5) earth observation, (6) supporting technology development requirements, (7) data management system matrices, (8) instrumentation matrices, and (9) biotechnology laboratory experiments.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1973

Application of EVA guidelines and design criteria. Volume 1: EVA selection/systems design considerations

Parameters that require consideration by the planners and designers when planning for man to perform functions outside the vehicle are presented in terms of the impact the extravehicular crewmen and major EV equipment items have on the mission, vehicle, and payload. Summary data on man's performance capabilities in the weightless space environment are also provided. The performance data are based on orbital and transearth EVA from previous space flight programs and earthbound simulations, such as water immersion and zero-g aircraft.

Brown, N. E.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Utilization of ERTS-1 data in North Carolina

The author has identified the following significant results. A wide range of potential uses for ERTS-1 imagery is described. Special emphasis has been placed upon studies in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Soil groups, water quality, and suspended sediment patterns in estuaries and offshore have been studied. A phytoplankton bloom has possibly been detected. The usefulness of the imagery in coastal landform surveys has been demonstrated as has its usefulness in monitoring developmental activity in the forests. Planners appear hesitant to use the imagery because of its small scale, but it is felt that as they become familiar with the imagery they will find it useful and time-saving for many purposes.

Welby, C. W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Cost analysis of life support systems

A methodology was developed to predict realistic relative cost of Life Support Systems (LSS) and to define areas of major cost impacts in the development cycle. Emphasis was given to tailoring the cost data for usage by program planners and designers. The equipment classifications used based on the degree of refinement were as follows: (1) Working model; (2) low-fidelity prototype; (3) high-fidelity prototype; and (4) flight-qualified system. The major advanced LSS evaluated included the following: (1) Carbon dioxide removal; (2) oxygen recovery systems; (3) water recovery systems; (4) atmosphere analysis system.

Yakut, M. M.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Cost analysis of atmosphere monitoring systems

A methodology was developed to predict realistic relative cost of life support systems and to define areas of major cost impacts in the development cycle. Emphasis was given to tailoring the cost data for usage by program planners and designers. Cost estimates can be completed using the developed equations for varying degrees of equipment refinement, as well as comparative costs between different functional methods. Cost analysis of two leading atmosphere monitoring systems, namely the mass spectrometer and the gas chromatograph, is discussed. A summary of the approach used in developing the cost estimating techniques is presented. Included are the cost estimating techniques, the development of cost estimating relationships, and the atmosphere monitoring system cost estimates.

Yakut, M. M.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Interactive experimenters' planning procedures and mission control

The computerized mission control and planning system routinely generates a 24-hour schedule in one hour of operator time by including time dimensions into experimental planning procedures. Planning is validated interactively as it is being generated segment by segment in the frame of specific event times. The planner simply points a light pen at the time mark of interest on the time line for entering specific event times into the schedule.

Desjardins, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

ERTS regional scale overview linking land use and environmental processes in CARETS

A mosaic of ERTS images of the CARETS region has been used to partition the region into zones on the basis of similarity of tones and textures visible at a regional-scale overview. The resulting patterns were compared with existing small scale maps of the region representing relief, land surface forms, geology, soils, vegetation, forest types, and land use. The ERTS-derived zones most closely resemble the patterns on the small scale land use map, suggesting that, at least in a highly developed region such as CARETS, land use is an indicator or resultant surface expression of several interacting environmental processes. These results lend support to the CARETS model of interdisciplinary regional analysis, whereby remote sensor-derived data sets on land use and land use change become the basic data entry into a regional information system to serve regional planners and land managers.

Alexander, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Preparation of urban land use inventories by machine processing of ERTS MSS data

Spectral classes of urban phenomena identified from Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) multispectral scanner data in Milwaukee included suburban inner city, industry, grassy (open area), road, wooded suburb, water cloud, and shadow. The Milwaukee spectral class statistics were used to classify the Chicago area, within the same ERTS frame, and similar results were achieved. In another ERTS frame, Marion County (Indianapolis) data were classified into similar classes. The Marion County ERTS study was supported by a land use classification of an area near downtown Indianapolis that utilized 12-band MSS data collected by aircraft from 3000 feet. The results of the ERTS analyses suggest that satellite data will be a useful tool for the urban planner for monitoring urban land use.

Todd, W.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Simulation studies and the design of the First GARP Global Experiment

Simulation studies have played an increasingly important role in planning for the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) during the last two years by providing information on the meteorological impact of various untested or incompletely tested elements of the GARP observing system. The studies are intended to provide information to FGGE planners on the capabilities of alternature systems for meeting a specific FGGE requirement. The simulation studies also provide a valuable input to cost-effectiveness studies by indicating tradeoffs of one possible type of observing platform against another, such as constant-level balloons vs buoys. These tradeoffs can lead to major gains in research yield per dollar of expenditure on the observing system.

Jastrow, R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Automatic photointerpretation for land use management in Minnesota

The author has identified the following significant results. Progress is being made in the areas of sun angle and atmospheric effects on the data and its interpretation. The effort is aimed at correction using only navigation and calendar data needed for satellite operation and derivations from the MSS data. Water estimation of value to land planners and conservationists has been demonstrated with verification of performance by comparison with a concurrent study involving map planimetry, aerial photos, and field-checking. The satellite will provide seasonal and annual coverage with timely information in a way not now feasible by conventional methods. For example, the reference data were obtained using the most recent files, which date back to 1949, and from most recent photography taken in 1968. The calendar time involved was three to four months, which is a reflection on priority pressure on trained manpower available. ERTS-1 data can help relieve this problem by providing the needed information while freeing trained manpower for more appropriate parts of the effort.

Swanlund, G. D.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Simulation studies and the design of the First Garp Global Experiment.

Review of the simulation studies intended to provide information to planners of the First Garp Global Experiment (FGGE) on the capabilities of alternative systems for meeting specific FGGE requirements. Following a description of the method and of the FGGE observing system the objectives of, and the limitations on, the FGGE simulation studies are defined. A discussion of data insertion procedures, specific experiments, and recent and future studies concludes the review.

Jastrow, R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Space Shuttle orbiter and subsystems.

Considerable progress has been made in designing the Space Shuttle orbiter and defining its subsystems since the development contract was awarded by NASA to Rockwell International in August 1972. This paper describes the orbiter's current design characteristics and its major assemblies. The aerothermodynamic and other considerations involved in defining the configuration are discussed, and the orbiter flight characteristics are summarized. Arrangement of the crew cabin, crew provisions, accommodations for payloads, and descriptions of the major subsystems are presented, providing design highlights of interest to space mission planners and to the aerospace technical community.

Smith, E. P.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Remote sensing in Iowa agriculture

The author has identified the following significant results. Analysis of 1972 single-date coverage indicated that a complete crop classification was not attainable at the test sites. Good multi-date coverage during 1973 indicates that many of the problems encountered in 1972 will be minimized. In addition, the compilation of springtime imagery covering the entire state of Iowa has added a new dimension to interpretation of Iowa's natural resources. ERTS-1 has provided data necessary to achieve the broad synoptic view not attainable through other means. This should provide soils and crop researchers and land use planners a base map of Iowa. Granted and due to the resolution of ERTS-1, not all details are observable for many land use planning needs, but this gives a general and current view of Iowa.

Mahlstede, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1973

The Greater New Orleans STAR Project

A description is given of STAR a computer project designed to provide urban planners with needed information rapidly and accurately. Particular attention was given to planning for the New Orleans area. Attempts were also made to analyze interactive effects of urban problems and predict their effects on each other.

Smollen, J. W., III↗
NASA NTRS1974

Evaluation of the application of ERTS-1 data to the regional land use planning process

The author has identified the following significant results. Investigators have concentrated on efforts toward assessing the achievements of the current ERTS-1 research so that significant results could be incorporated into the updated version of their ERTS-B research proposal. Significant progress was made in the development of operational mechanisms, linking the research community at the University and the operation agencies of the State of Wisconsin. Efforts have been made to finalize a report which is being prepared for the State of Wisconsin Department of Administration, evaluating the applicability of ERTS-1 to the planning needs of the State of Wisconsin. This document is intended to assess the degree of utility of the satellite for providing information which has been designated by state planners as essential to their needs. This effort is considered highly significant to the overall research program since a situation has been created in which a prime potential user of ERTS type data has been given the opportunity to determine the direction of the research.

Clapp, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Energetic solar proton versus terrestrially trapped proton fluxes for the active years 1977 - 1983

Ratios of solar to trapped proton fluences were computed for circular-orbit, geocentric space missions to be flown during the active phase of the next solar cycle (1977-1983). The ratios are presented as functions of orbit altitude and inclination, mission duration, proton energy threshold, and the chance the mission planner is willing to take that the actually encountered solar proton fluence will exceed the design fluence provided by the statistical solar proton model. It is shown that the ratio is most sensitively dependent on orbit altitude and inclination, with trapped protons dominant for low inclination, low and mid altitude orbits and for high inclination, mid altitude orbits. Conversely, solar protons are dominant for high inclination, low altitude orbits, and for low and high inclination, high altitude orbits.

King, J. H.↗