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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

EPCAPE-PT-LANL Measurements: Single Particle Soot Photometer

Coastal cities offer a unique environment for studying aerosol-cloud interactions and the effects of urban emissions on cloud properties. As part of the Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (EPCAPE), the Partitioning Thrust by Los Alamos National Laboratory (EPCAPE-PT-LANL) was conducted. Our campaign focused on measuring the optical and chemical properties of aerosols and their interactions within marine stratocumulus clouds in La Jolla, California. EPCAPE-PT-LANL enhances the primary goals of EPCAPE through innovative observations of vapor-phase transitions between aerosols and cloud droplets, the impact of black carbon on aerosol-cloud dynamics, and the effects of cloud processing on aerosol optical properties. Instrument: Single Particle Soot Photometer (Droplet Measurements Technology) Data Notes: Contact us if you want additional data products from this instrument. Reported data is the black carbon (rBC) number and mass concentration with diagnostic flags. The SP2 measures incandescence from particles that is induced with a 1064 Nd-YAG laser. Particles that absorb the laser energy and then emit radiation is assumed to contain black carbon. The amount of intensity of radiation is related to the mass of absorbing material in the particle. Here, we calibrate the incandescence intensity to size selected Regal Black (Cabot) nebulized from solution. Data provided for the EPCAPE campaign used the combined broadband high-gain + low-gain channels (BHBL). Each channel has a lower threshold of detection equivalent to 2-s of the respective channel noise. Thresholding has been applied to select between the high-gain and low-gain channels. The detection limit is 80-540 nm (Deq) or 0.36- 55 fg. It is assumed that rBC is the only aerosol type that is in significant concentration in the sampled atmosphere that absorbs the laser energy. Particle data are integrated over 10 second windows to calculate a rBC number and mass concentration. QC/QA: • Diagnostic flags that impacted measured concentration: - Sample, Sheath, and Purge Flow Rates: Despite observing fluctuations in all flows, the rBC detection and mass quantification are generally observed to be stable, although large changes in sample flow rate did impact detection efficiency. A flag was implemented for sample flow deviations >12 cm3/min from the set point averaged over 30 seconds - Laser Power: Detection efficiency decreases with laser power and deviations in laser power also affect mass quantification. Flag for laser power is set for deviations in laser current from the set value >5 mA. - Primary Detector Threshold: Primary thresholding is the signal value which determines whether a “particle” is recorded. Thresholding errors occur when the threshold value is too HIGH and real particles are ignored. • Several periods without data: - 16-18 Nov: Ultra Zero Air generator failure, flows deviated significantly from set points. rBC # conc recovered but questionable. - 20-21 Nov: Offline for calibrations for several hours each day. - 25-27 Nov: Data is missing. - 30 Nov: Power outage 3 Dec: SP2 hard-drive full. - 3 Dec: Power Outage Header: - BHBL_NumbConc[#/cc]: Refers to the number concentration of refractory black carbon (rBC) measured from combined broadband high-gain and low-gain channels, expressed in particles per cubic centimeter. - BHBL_BCMass_Conc[ug/m3]: Refers to the mass concentration of refractory black carbon (rBC) measured from combined broadband high-gain and low-gain channels, expressed in micrograms per cubic meter. - NoData_Flag[bool]: A boolean flag that indicates whether no data was recorded during a measurement. - NoBC_Flag[bool]: A boolean flag indicating whether no black carbon particles were recorded during the measurement. - Laser_Flag[bool]: A boolean flag indicating deviations in laser current during the measurement. - SampleFlow_Flag[bool]: A boolean flag indicating deviations from the set sample flow rate during the measurement. - PrimThresh_Flag[bool]: A boolean flag indicating deviations from the set primary threshold during the measurement, potentially ignoring real particles. - Manual_Flag[bool]: A boolean flag indicating manual intervention or adjustments during the measurement. - CVI_Flag[bool]: A boolean flag indicating whether the Counterflow Virtual Impactor (CVI) was active or inactive during the measurement.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

An 802pW 93% Peak Efficiency Buck Converter with 5.5×10 6 Dynamic Range Featuring Fast DVFS and Asynchronous Load-Transient Control

Here this paper presents a buck converter with sub-nW quiescent power, high efficiency, and a wide dynamic range for ultra-low-power (ULP) IoT SoCs. To optimize the SoC power consumption, the buck converter supports fast dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) and enables fast load-transient response (FLTR) through asynchronous control. In addition, the buck converter is fully self-contained with all features integrated on chip including a proposed adaptive deadtime controller. Fabricated in 65nm CMOS, measurement results show the buck converter has an 802pW quiescent power at 1.5V input voltage and a 93% peak efficiency. The measured dynamic range is from 0.5nW to 2.75mW, which is over 6 orders of magnitude. The measured voltage droop is 54mV for a 45nA-to-1mA load current step thanks to the asynchronous load-transient detector. The buck converter achieves the highest efficiency and widest dynamic range among all the state-of-the-art sub-nW switching voltage regulators, which makes it well suited for power management in ULP SoCs.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Diamine chelates for increased stability in mixed Sn–Pb and all-perovskite tandem solar cells

Perovskite tandem solar cells show promising performance but non-radiative recombination and its progressive worsening with time, especially in the mixed Sn–Pb low-bandgap layer, limit performance and stability. Here, in this study, we find that mixed Sn–Pb perovskite thin films exhibit a compositional gradient, with an excess of Sn on the surface – and we show this gradient exacerbates oxidation and increases the recombination rate. We find that diamines preferentially chelate Sn atoms, removing them from the film surface and achieving a more balanced Sn:Pb stoichiometry, making the surface of the film resistive to the oxidation of Sn. The process forms an electrically resistive low-dimensional barrier layer, passivating defects and reducing interface recombination. Further improving the homogeneity of the barrier layer using 1,2-diaminopropane results in more uniform distribution and passivation. Tandems achieve a power conversion efficiency of 28.8%. As a result, encapsulated tandems retain 90% of initial efficiency following 1000 hours of operating at the maximum power point under simulated one-sun illumination in air without cooling.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Regiospecific N -alkyl substitution tunes the molecular packing of high-performance non-fullerene acceptors

The rapid development of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) with strong near-infrared absorption has led to remarkably enhanced short-circuit current density (J sc ) values in organic solar cells (OSCs). NFAs based on the benzotriazole (Bz) fused-ring π-core have great potential in delivering both high J sc and decent open-circuit voltage values due to their strong intramolecular charge transfer with reasonably low energy loss. Here in this work, we have designed and synthesized a series of Bz-based NFAs, PN6SBO-4F, AN6SBO-4F and EHN6SEH-4F, via regiospecific N-alkyl engineering based on the high-performance NFA mBzS-4F that was reported previously. The molecular packing of mBzS-4F, AN6SBO-4F, and EHN6SEH-4F single crystals was analyzed using X-ray crystallography in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between the molecular structure, the charge-transporting properties, and the solar cell performance. Compared with the typical honeycomb single-crystal structure of Y6 derivatives, these NFAs exhibit distinctly different molecular packing patterns. The strong interactions of terminal indanone groups in mBzS-4F and the J-aggregate-like packing in EHN6SEH-4F lead to the formation of ordered 3D networks in single-crystals with channels for efficient charge transport. Consequently, OSCs based on mBzS-4F and EHN6SEH-4F show efficient photon-to-current conversions, achieving the highest power conversion efficiency of 17.48% with a Jsc of 28.83 mA cm -2 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Robust Segmented Mixed Effect Regression Model for Baseline Electricity Consumption Forecasting

Renewable energy production has been surging around the world in recent years. To mitigate the increasing uncertainty and intermittency of the renewable generation, proactive demand response algorithms and programs are proposed and developed to further improve the utilization of load flexibility and increase the efficiency of power system operation. One of the biggest challenges to efficient control and operation of demand response resources is how to forecast the baseline electricity consumption and estimate the load impact from demand response resources accurately. In this paper, we propose a mixed effect segmented regression model and a new robust estimate for forecasting the baseline electricity consumption in Southern California, USA, by combining the ideas of random effect regression model, segmented regression model, and the least trimmed squares estimate. Since the log-likelihood of the considered model is not differentiable at breakpoints, we propose a new backfitting algorithm to estimate the unknown parameters. The estimation performance of the new estimation procedure has been demonstrated with both simulation studies and the real data application for the electric load baseline forecasting in Southern California.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Tailoring Molecular-Scale Contact at Perovskite/Polymeric Hole Transporting Material Interface for Efficient Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have delivered more than 25% of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and incorporating polymers as hole transporting layers (HTLs) can further enhance the stability of devices towards the goal of commercialization. Among various polymeric hole transporting materials, poly(triaryl amine) (PTAA) is one of the promising HTL candidates with good stability; however, the hydrophobicity of PTAA causes problematic interfacial contact with perovskite, limiting the device performance. Using molecular side-chain engineering, we successfully constructed a uniform two-dimensional (2D) perovskite interlayer with conjugated ligands, between three-dimensional (3D) perovskites and PTAA. Further, employing conjugated ligands as cohesive elements, perovskite/PTAA interfacial adhesion was significantly improved. As a result, the thin and lateral extended 2D/3D heterostructure enabled the as-fabricated PTAA-based PSCs to achieve a PCE of 23.7%, improved from the 18% of reference devices. Owing to the increased ion migration energy barrier and conformal 2D coating, unencapsulated devices with the new ligands exhibited both superior thermal stability under 60°C heating and moisture stability in ambient conditions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dielectric constant engineering of nonfullerene acceptors enables a record fill factor of 83.58% and a high efficiency of 20.80% in organic solar cells

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) surpassing 20%, but their development remains hindered by the inherently low dielectric constant (εr) of organic semiconductors, which limits charge transport and contributes to serious recombination losses. Herein, we present a comprehensive strategy to overcome the challenge by engineering the dielectric properties of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs). Two Y-series NFAs of BTP-N3F and BTP-C3F have been synthesized featuring trifluoromethyl (CF 3 ) end-capped alkyl side chains. This molecular design significantly enhances the dipole moment and ε r (up to ∼5.9) when compared to the reference acceptor Y6 (∼3), reducing the exciton binding energy (E b ) and improving charge transport. Furthermore, the incorporation of a high-εr polymer additive, poly(pentafluorostyrene) (PPFS), synergistically improves the active layer morphology and dielectric properties, enabling efficient charge extraction and reduced recombination losses. Devices based on the optimized D18-Cl/BTP-C3F system have achieved a record-high fill factor (FF) of 83.58% and an impressive PCE of 20.80%, setting a new benchmark for OSCs. Finally, our results underscore the pivotal role of ε r in enhancing device performance and establish a versatile pathway for advancing OSC efficiency and stability through molecular and morphological optimization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design and Performance Assessment of Intermediary Coils for Misalignment Tolerance Improvement in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

This paper investigates the use of intermediate coils positioned between the primary and secondary coils in Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems for electric vehicle (EV) charging, with the objective of improving power transfer efficiency and robustness under misalignment conditions. An optimized 1 kW power system that operates at 85 kHz is developed and the misalignment performance was analyzed and compared with and without intermediate coils. A preliminary increase in efficiency of 2.3% at a misalignment of 52% of the coil radius is shown to be possible for a passive intermediate coil. An experimental prototype is built for design verification.

Sivka, Gozde [ORNL]↗
DOE OSTI2020

Scalable fabrication and coating methods for perovskite solar cells and solar modules

Since the report in 2012 of a solid-state perovskite solar cell (PSC) with a power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.7% and a stability of 500 h, intensive efforts have been made to increase the certified PCE, reaching 25.2% in 2019. The PCE of PSCs now exceeds that of conventional thin-film solar-cell technologies, and the rate at which this increase has been achieved is unprecedented in the history of photovoltaics. Moreover, the development of moisture-stable and heat-stable materials has increased the stability of PSCs. Small-area devices (<1 cm2) are typically fabricated using a spin-coating method; however, this approach may not be suitable for the preparation of the large-area (>100 cm2) substrates required for commercialization. Thus, materials and methods need to be developed for coating large-area PSCs. In this Review, we discuss solution-based and vapour-phase coating methods for the fabrication of large-area perovskite films, examine the progress in performance and the parameters affecting the properties of large-area coatings, and provide an overview of the methodologies for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar modules.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effective Selective Area Doping for GaN Vertical Power Transistors Enabled by Innovative Materials Engineering

GaN vertical power transistors have emerged as promising candidates for future high efficiency high power electronic applications, with the potential to outperform conventional GaN lateral power devices in terms of power, breakdown, and avalanche characteristics. However, the development of current GaN vertical power transistors is seriously hindered by the poor materials performance of selective area doped p-n junctions. A mechanistic understanding of these fundamental materials issues is essential in order to achieve high performance selective area doped p-n junctions and consequently to advance the GaN vertical power transistor technology. To address this challenge, we carried out a comprehensive research program that advance fundamental knowledge in the selective area doping for GaN materials, and which will lead to the development of high performance GaN vertical power transistors. First, we developed innovative fabrication processes, including novel surface etching, surface passivation, and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth, which provided enhanced opportunities for solving the unique challenges of selective area doping in GaN materials. Second, we performed a fundamental materials study using powerful characterization methods including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet (UV-), x-ray and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS/XPS/ARPES), electron holography, and cathodoluminescence (CL); Third, we investigated several related issues, including Mg incorporation, polarization effects in carrier transport, and non-ideal material effects, which have rarely been explored so far. At the end of this project, we successfully demonstrated (1) fundamental understanding of selective area etching, regrowth, and doping of GaN, and associated knowledge on defects, interface, and breakdown properties. (2) Effective etch and regrowth processing recipes to achieve etch/regrowth GaN p-n diodes with very low leakage of 3.5 nA at 600 V, which meets the ARPA-E target. (2) High performance vertical GaN p-n didoes and vertical junction termination extension (JTE) devices with breakdown voltage of ~ 2 kV, and breakdown electric field of ~ 3.5 MV/cm, which are close to the performance limit of GaN. The successful outcome has resulted in new fundamental understandings in the selective area doping and regrowth process for GaN, which will lead to groundbreaking GaN vertical transistors for high performance next generation power electronics.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Modelling of a Flow-Induced Oscillation, Two-Cylinder, Hydrokinetic Energy Converter Based on Experimental Data

The VIVACE Converter consists of cylindrical oscillators in tandem subjected to transverse flow-induced oscillations (FIOs) that can be improved by varying the system parameters for a given in-flow velocity: damping, stiffness, and in-flow center-to-center spacing. Compared to a single isolated cylinder, tandem cylinders can harness more hydrokinetic energy due to synergy in FIO. Experimental and numerical methods have been utilized to analyze the FIO and energy harnessing of VIVACE. A surrogate-based model of two tandem cylinders is developed to predict the power harvesting and corresponding efficiency by introducing a backpropagation neural network. It is then utilized to reduce excessive experimental or computational testing. The effects of spacing, damping, and stiffness on harvested power and efficiency of the established prediction-model are analyzed. At each selected flow velocity, optimization results of power harvesting using the prediction-model are calculated under different combinations of damping and stiffness. The main conclusions are: (1) The surrogate model, built on extensive experimental data for tandem cylinders, can predict the cylinder oscillatory response accurately. (2) Increasing the damping ratio range from 0–0.24 to 0–0.30 is beneficial for improving power efficiency, but has no significant effect on power harvesting. (3) In galloping, a spacing ratio of 1.57 has the highest optimal harnessed power and efficiency compared with other spacing values. (4) Two tandem cylinders can harness 2.01–4.67 times the optimal power of an isolated cylinder. In addition, the former can achieve 1.46–4.01 times the efficiency of the latter. (5) The surrogate model is an efficient predictive tool defining parameters of the Converter for improved energy acquisition.

backpropagation neural network↗
DOE OSTI2020

High-efficiency solar thermophotovoltaic system using a nanostructure-based selective emitter

Herein, we present the design, fabrication, optimization, and experimental results of a high-efficiency planar solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) system utilizing a micro-textured absorber and a nanostructure multilayer metal-dielectric coated selective emitter fabricated on a tungsten (W) substrate. Light absorptance of more than 90% was achieved at visible and near-infrared wavelengths using the microtextured absorbing surface. The nanostructure selective emitter consists of two thin-film optical coatings of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and a layer of W in between to increase the surface emissivity in spectral regimes matching the quantum efficiency of the thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells. Gallium antimonide (GaSb)-based TPV cells are used in our STPV design. The experiment was conducted at different operating temperatures using a high-power continuous wave laser diode stack as a simulated source of concentrated incident radiation. Our experimental setup measured a maximum electrical output power density of 1.71 W/cm 2 at 1676 K STPV temperature, and the overall power conversion efficiency of 8.4% after normalizing the output power density to the emitter area. This is the highest STPV system efficiency reported so far for any experimental STPV device. The incident optical laser power on the absorber side was 131 W. This is equivalent to a solar concentration factor of ~2100, which is within the practical limit and readily achievable with Fresnel lens setup.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Thin-Film Solar Cells with 19% Efficiency by Thermal Evaporation of CdSe and CdTe

CdTe-based solar cells exhibiting 19% power conversion efficiency were produced using widely available thermal evaporation deposition of the absorber layers on SnO2-coated glass with or without a transparent MgZnO buffer layer. Evaporating CdSe and CdTe sequentially by thermal evaporation and subsequent CdCl2 annealing establishes efffective CdSeTe band grading as well as dense, large-grain films. These results show that high-performance II-VI photovoltaics can be made by inexpensive, commercially available evaporation systems without the need to build customized equipment, enabling CdTe photovoltaics research and manufacturing to be more accessible to the broader photovoltaics community.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Carrier control in Sn–Pb perovskites via 2D cation engineering for all-perovskite tandem solar cells with improved efficiency and stability

All-perovskite tandem solar cells are promising for achieving photovoltaics with power conversion efficiencies above the detailed balance limit of single-junction cells, while retaining the low cost, light weight and other advantages associated with metal halide perovskite photovoltaics. However, the efficiency and stability of all-perovskite tandem cells are limited by the Sn-Pb-based narrow-bandgap perovskite cells. Here we show that the formation of quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) structure (PEA) 2 GAPb 2 I 7 from additives based on mixed bulky organic cations phenethylammonium (PEA+) and guanidinium (GA+) provides critical defect control to substantially improve the structural and optoelectronic properties of the narrow-bandgap (1.25 eV) Sn-Pb perovskite thin films. Additionally, this 2D additive engineering results in Sn-Pb-based absorbers with low dark carrier density (~1.3 x 10 14 cm -3 ), long bulk carrier lifetime (~9.2 us) and low surface recombination velocity (~1.4 cm s -1 ), leading to 22.1%-efficient single-junction Sn-Pb perovskite cells and 25.5%-efficient all-perovskite two-terminal tandems with high photovoltage and long operational stability.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Non-Intrusive Optical (NIO) Method to Measure Optical Errors of in-situ Heliostats in Utility-Scale Power Tower Plants: Detecting Uncertainties in Heliostat Geometry

Heliostat optical errors can account for significant losses in efficiency of power tower concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. Accurately measuring heliostat optical errors can help to improve plant performance. A Non-Intrusive Optical (NIO) method has been developed to efficiently measure heliostat optical errors from UAS collected images of the mirror surface reflection [1]–[3]. In some cases, plant data of heliostat geometry can be incomplete or contain inaccuracies, in which case field collected data can be used to detect and correct uncertainties, which is valuable information for plant operators.

Mitchell, Rebecca↗
DOE OSTI2025

SHOTEAM: Superalloy Heat exchangers Optimized for Temperature Extremes and Additive Manufacturability (Final Technical Report)

UCLA developed an extreme-condition heat exchanger technology targeted to ultra-high efficiency hybrid aviation power cycles. The heat exchanger targeted operation at 50 kW (thermal) at supercritical CO 2 pressures of 80 and 250 bar (1160 and 3626 psi) in hot and cold streams, respectively and at a hot-stream inlet temperature of 800°C (1472°F). A metallic superalloy capable of withstanding high temperature and pressure was used to fabricate a microtube shell-and-tube-based design supplemented with 3D-printed tube augmentations. The optimized design enhanced overall heat transfer while maintaining a small overall form factor and low weight. This class of heat exchanger could dramatically improve efficiency, power density, and cost effectiveness for new hybrid aviation power cycles, thus enabling economically feasible routes to air vehicle propulsion with substantially less CO 2 emissions to the environment.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Integration of sensors through additive manufacturing leading to increased efficiencies of gas turbines for power generation and propulsion

To realize the full capability of additively manufactured components in complex energy systems, it is imperative to minimize early component failures during development phases and during operation. Traditional field feedback timelines and offline inspection protocols significantly reduce the design-manufacturing iteration times. To address this specific question, the project developed and demonstrated a method for the integration of sensors into complex components through additive manufacturing. The team used gas turbine engines as a platform, which meets the need of both power generation and propulsion and offer opportunities for cost reductions and efficiency increases. The innovation of this intelligent integration of sensors into complex components uniquely customized to address questions of integrity and durability for additively manufactured components. With real-time sensing data from additively manufactured components, turbine manufacturers will realize higher efficiencies, reduced component failures, and a 30-50% acceleration in product deployment of high efficiency gas turbine components due to a faster reduction in component risk assessment under actual operating conditions. This is a transformative shift towards a data-driven design and qualification of additively manufactured gas turbine components. To directly integrate sensors into additively manufactured components with all the complexities of actual hardware, powder bed fusion (direct metal laser sintering) and laser metal deposition technologies was developed. Validation took take place in two university laboratories both of which contain actual engine hardware and closely simulate a gas turbine prior to demonstrating the technology in a turbine development test. Indeed, two major technologies from this research cold impact turbine systems in the near future: (1) higher efficiency materials and designs enabled by additive manufacturing with 50% faster design to manufacturing cycle time, to enable faster time-to-market targets; and (2) integration of sensors into additively manufactured components enabling broad health and condition based prognostics for faster component and engine risk reduction.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermoeconomic analysis of a multigeneration system using waste heat from a triple power cycle

Multigeneration systems represent an appealing concept, due to their multiple benefits compared to standalone systems, which has motivated researchers to develop different types of multigeneration systems for several applications. Considering their significance, in this study, a novel multigeneration is proposed that uses the waste heat of a thermodynamically efficient triple power cycle with a 100 MWe capacity. The proposed system, which can generate power, freshwater, cooling, and domestic hot water concurrently, is evaluated using detailed thermodynamic and economic analyses. The triple cycle includes a simple Brayton cycle coupled with a supercritical carbon dioxide recompression cycle and a high-temperature organic Rankine cycle. The waste energy of the recompression and organic Rankine cycles is recovered by a half effect absorption chiller, a multi-effect distillation unit, and two heat exchangers. The results show that for an optimized triple cycle, up to 1,804 kW cooling and 8,472 m 3 /day of hot water can be generated from the hot supercritical carbon dioxide stream with a levelized cost of cooling and hot water of 0.0362/ton-hr and $0.6823/MWth, respectively. The integration of a multi-effect distillation unit with 7 effects can generate 4,167 m 3 /day freshwater with a levelized cost of water of $1.142/m 3 . Finally, the proposed multigeneration system offers a very promising application and a number of benefits such as a generating multiple useful products with no adverse effect on the thermodynamic efficiency of the triple power cycle.

Thermoeconomic analysis↗