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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Corrosion testing needs and considerations for additively manufactured materials in nuclear reactors

Metal additive manufacturing holds significant promise as an enabling technology for the 21st century nuclear energy industry. Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) can allow the fabrication of novel materials and innovative component designs that are not achievable through conventional manufacturing. Due to its very different fabrication methods, as-fabricated MAM components are characteristically different from conventionally manufactured components. MAM materials exhibit very different microstructures from conventional cast or wrought materials. For example, austenitic stainless steels fabricated by laser powder bed fusion exhibit columnar grain structures, dislocation cell structures, and melt pool fingerprints. In addition, MAM fabrication may result in defects such as porosity, incomplete processing of the feedstock (e.g., lack of fusion in melt-based methods), and oxide inclusions. Heat treatments may further evolve the microstructure, microsegregation, and stresses within the component. Furthermore, MAM components have a rough surface with feature sizes on the order of the feedstock material, as opposed to smooth surfaces resulting from conventional machining and forming operations. As a result, the corrosion behavior of MAM components will likely be significantly different from that of conventionally formed components. Corrosive environments for structural materials within advanced reactor environments include molten fluoride and chloride salts, liquid sodium and lead-bismuth, and high-temperature helium. The Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies program within the Department of Nuclear Energy in the United States Department of Energy is assessing the unique concerns of MAM component corrosion and testing methodologies in advanced nuclear reactor environments. We discuss these concerns and testing strategies in this paper.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hydrogenous Content in Residues from Aqueous Chloride Pu and Am Recovery Operations

Byproduct residues generated from Aqueous Chloride Pu and Am recovery operations at Los Alamos National Laboratory have been investigated and determined to contain high weight % chloride salts and minimal hydrogen content. Hydrogen content is the result of limited surface area adsorption of ambient moisture. The assumption used in technical analysis NCS-TECH-19-029 to model potentially hydrogenous items as mixtures of polyethylene is shown to be overly conservative. Our results and literature precedent indicate that water adsorption of 1-3 % by weight is expected for hydroxide cakes and Pu oxides, and a conservative bounding assumption for these materials is 5% water by weight. LOH results for a dissolution heel stored long term showed 6.25% weight loss, which was conservatively assumed to be water. A conservative bounding assumption for dissolution heels is 8 wt.% water content. This equates to 0.55 % hydrogen by weight for hydroxide cakes, and 0.88% hydrogen by weight for dissolution heels. The bulk composition of dissolution heels reflects the composition of the original byproduct feed material, chloride salts of potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium. The bulk composition of calcined hydroxide precipitation residues is composed of potassium chloride as a result of potassium hydroxide neutralization of hydrochloric acid solutions. Metal hydroxides generated during the hydroxide precipitation process are decomposed under the conditions of calcination to metal oxide forms.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Impact of Laboratory-Accelerated Aging Methods to Study Alkali–Silica Reaction and Reinforcement Corrosion on the Properties of Concrete

This study focuses on two separate investigations of the main aging mechanisms: alkali–silica reactivity (ASR) and the corrosion of reinforcing steel (rebar) concrete, both of which may result in a premature failure to meet the serviceability or strength requirements of a concrete structure. However, these processes occur very slowly, spanning decades. The impact of direct chemical additives to fresh concrete to accelerate ASR and the corrosion of reinforcing steel on the fresh and hardened properties of the ensuing material are investigated to inform the potential use of chemicals in large-scale studies. The deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) is determined by means of expansion, cracking, bulk diffusivity and surface resistivity measurements, and compressive, split tensile and flexural strength tests. The results indicate that the addition of sodium hydroxide and calcium chloride can effectively accelerate the crack formation and propagation in concrete due to ASR and the corrosion of rebar, respectively. The ASR-induced cracks maintained a constant crack width from 0.05 mm to 0.1 mm over the measurement period regardless of the intensity of aging acceleration. Adding 4% chloride by weight of cement for accelerating rebar corrosion resulted in an average crack that was 82% larger than in the case of ASR accelerated with the addition of sodium hydroxide. The addition of alkali resulted in an increase in early-age (7-day) strength. At a total alkali loading of 2.98 kg/m3, 3.84 kg/m3 and 5.57 kg/m3, the 28-day compressive strength of concrete decreased by 3%, 10% and 24%, respectively. Similarly, a higher early-age strength and a lower later-age strength was observed for the concrete in the presence of corrosive calcium chloride. The results from this research are expected to inform future studies on the long-term performance of RC structures under accelerated ASR and corrosion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1969

Zone purification of potassium chloride

Procedure for removal of sodium and bromine from KCl involves zone refining in dilute halogen atmosphere. Distribution of Na and Br at concentrations of parts per million is followed by neutron-activation analyses.

Susman, S.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Low temperature sodium battery comprising an electrochemically active molten inorganic catholyte

A high-performance electrochemically active sodium molten salt catholyte enables a dramatic reduction in molten sodium battery operating temperature from near 300° C. to less than 120° C. As an example, stable electrochemical cycling was demonstrated in a high voltage (3.65 V) sodium battery comprising a sodium iodide-gallium chloride (NaI—GaCl 3 ) molten salt catholyte for over 8 months at 110° C. The combination of high voltage, stable cycling behavior, and practical current densities supported by a molten catholyte enables a new generation of transformative high performance, low temperature molten sodium batteries.

Spoerke, Erik D.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Copper chloride cathode for a secondary battery

Higher energy and power densities are achieved in a secondary battery based on molten sodium and a solid, ceramic separator such as a beta alumina and a molten catholyte such as sodium tetrachloroaluminate and a copper chloride cathode. The higher cell voltage of copper chloride provides higher energy densities and the higher power density results from increased conductivity resulting from formation of copper as discharge proceeds.

Bugga, Ratnakumar V.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Performance of a hybrid chemical/mechanical heat pump

The authors present the design and preliminary results of the performance of a hybrid chemical/mechanical, low-lift (20 C) heat pump. Studies have indicated that this heat pump has several advantages over the traditional single fluid vapor compression (reverse Rankine) heat pump. Included in these benefits are: 1) increased COPc due to the approximation of the cycle to the Lorenz cycle and due to the availability of the heat of solution, along with the heat of vaporization, to provide cooling; and 2) ease of variation in system cooling capacity by changing the fluid composition. The system performance is predicted for a variety of refrigerant-absorbent pairs. Cooling capacity is determined for systems operating with ammonia as the refrigerant and lithium nitrate and sodium thiocyanate as the absorbents and also with water as the refrigerant and magnesium chloride, potassium hydroxide, lithium bromide, sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid as the absorbents. Early indications have shown that the systems operating with water as the refrigerant operate at 2-4 times the capacity of the ammonia-refrigerant-based systems. Using existing working fluids in the proposed innovative design, a coefficient-of-performance improvement of 21 percent is possible when compared to the best vapor compression systems analyzed.

Silvestri, John J.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Potential Evaporite Biomarkers from the Dead Sea

The Dead Sea is located on the northern branch of the African-Levant Rift systems. The rift system, according to one model, was formed by a series of strike slip faults, initially forming approximately two million years ago. The Dead Sea is an evaporite basin that receives freshwater from springs and from the Jordan River. The Dead Sea is different from other evaporite basins, such as the Great Salt Lake, in that it possesses high concentrations of magnesium and has an average pH of 6.1. The dominant cation in the Great Salt Lake is sodium, and the pH is 7.7. Calcium concentrations are also higher in the Dead Sea than in the Great Salt Lake. Both basins are similar in that the dominant anion is chlorine and the salinity levels are approximately 20 %. Other common cations that have been identified from the waters of the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake include sodium and potassium. A variety of Archea, Bacteria, and a single genus of a green algal, Dunaliella, has been described from the Dead Sea. Earlier studies concentrated on microbial identification and analysis of their unique physiology that allows them to survive in this type of extreme environment. Potential microbial fossilization processes, microbial fossils, and the metallic ions associated with fossilization have not been studied thoroughly. The present study is restricted to identifying probable microbial morphologies and associated metallic ions. XRD (X Ray Diffraction) analysis indicates the presence of halite, quartz, and orthoclase feldspar. In addition to these minerals, other workers have reported potassium chloride, magnesium bromide, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and calcium sulfate. Halite, calcium sulfate, and orthoclase were examined in this report for the presence of microbes, microbially induced deposits or microbial alteration. Neither the gypsum nor the orthoclase surfaces possesses any obvious indications of microbial life or fossilization. The sand-sized orthoclase particles are weathered with 122 extensive fan-shaped mineral deposits. The gypsum deposits are associated with halite minerals and also exhibit extensive weathering. Halite minerals represent the only substrates that have probable rod-shaped microbial structures with long, filamentous, apical extensions. EDS (energy dispersive x-ray) analysis of the putative microbes indicates elevated calcium levels that are enriched with magnesium. The rod-shaped structures exhibit possible fossilization stages. Rhombohedralshaped minerals of magnesium-enriched calcium carbonate are deposited on the microbial surfaces, and eventually coat the entire microbial surface. The sodium chloride continues to crystallize on nearby halite surface and even crystallizes on the fossilized microbial remains. The putative fossils are found exclusively on halite surfaces, and all contained elevated levels of calcium magnesium cations. Both of these metallic cations are associated with microbial activity and fossilization. Their morphological diversity is low in comparison with the reported living Dead Sea microbial population. If we examine the fossil record for multicellular organisms, fossilization rates are lower for soft-bodied organisms than for those possessing hard parts, i.e. shells, bones. For example, smaller, single celled organisms would have a smaller chance of fossilization; their fossilized shapes could be mistaken for abiotic products. Another consideration is that dead organisms in the water column are probably utilized as a food source by other microbes before fossilization processes are completed. This may be an important consideration as we attempt to model and interpret ancient microbial environments either on Earth or on Mars.

Morris, Penny A.↗
DOE OSTI2025

An evaporite sequence from ancient brine recorded in Bennu samples

Evaporation or freezing of water-rich fluids with dilute concentrations of dissolved salts can produce brines, as observed in closed basins on Earth and detected by remote sensing on icy bodies in the outer Solar System. The mineralogical evolution of these brines is well understood in regard to terrestrial environments, but poorly constrained for extraterrestrial systems owing to a lack of direct sampling. Here we report the occurrence of salt minerals in samples of the asteroid (101955) Bennu returned by the OSIRIS-REx mission. These include sodium-bearing phosphates and sodium-rich carbonates, sulfates, chlorides and fluorides formed during evaporation of a late-stage brine that existed early in the history of Bennu’s parent body. Discovery of diverse salts would not be possible without mission sample return and careful curation and storage, because these decompose with prolonged exposure to Earth’s atmosphere. Similar brines probably still occur in the interior of icy bodies Ceres and Enceladus, as indicated by spectra or measurement of sodium carbonate on the surface or in plumes.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Identification of a Na + -Binding Site near the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Spinach Photosystem II

The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II (PSII) is an oxomanganese cluster composed of four redox-active Mn ions, and one redox-inactive Ca 2+ ion, with two nearby bound Cl – ions. Sodium is a common counter-ion of both chloride and hydroxide anions, and a sodium-specific binding site has not been identified near the OEC. Furthermore, we find that the oxygen-evolution activity of spinach PSII increases with [Na + ], particularly at high pH. A Na + -specific binding site next to the OEC, upon deprotonation of the D1-H337 amino-acid residue, is suggested by the analysis of two recently published PSII cryo-EM maps in combination with quantum mechanical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Defect Repair of Polyelectrolyte Bilayers Using SDS: The Action of Micelles Versus Monomers

Defects within single, double, and triple polyelectrolyte bilayers derived from poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(diallyldimethyammonium chloride) (PDDA) have been repaired using aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), as evidenced by a reduction in their permeability and an increase in their permeation selectivity. In contrast to the use of monomer solutions of SDS, which were moderately effective in repairing only double and triple bilayers, micellar solutions proved highly effective for all three assemblies. Here, evidence for intact micelles or micellar fragments being deposited on the surface of single bilayers of PSS/PDDA has been obtained from a combination of atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and contact angle measurements. Observed CO 2 permeances of ca. 200 GPU and CO 2 /N 2 selectivities of ca. 30 for SDS-repaired, single bilayers of PSS/PDDA suggest that further development of such assemblies could have the practical potential for the separation of CO 2 from N 2 in the flue gas.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Efficient Removal of Lead Ions from Aqueous Media Using Sustainable Sources Based on Marine Algae

The goal of this project is to explore a new method to efficiently remove Pb(II) ions from water by processing Undaria pinnatifida into immobilized beads using sodium alginate and calcium chloride. The resulting biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Using immobilized U. pinnatifida, we investigated the effect of various factors on Pb(II) ion removal efficiency such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, time, and underlying biosorption mechanisms. For Pb(II) ion biosorption studies, Pb(II) ion biosorption data were obtained and analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. It is found that the maximum Pb(II) ion adsorption capacity (X m ) of U. pinnatifida was estimated to be ~5 times greater than that of activated carbon, indicating the superior Pb(II) ion removal capability of U. pinnatifida compared to activated carbon. In addition, a thermodynamic study indicates that biosorption processes are found to be endothermic and an increase in the Pb(II) ion solution temperature provides a more preferential reaction toward Pb(II) ion biosorption.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effect of additives on carbon dioxide uptake and compressive strength of dry-cast concrete

The main thrust of the work reported herein is to study the effect of chemical additives to make beneficial use of carbon dioxide in enhancing the compressive strength of dry-cast concrete. The additives used in this investigation were calcium and magnesium oxides and silicates, nickel oxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate and strontium chloride. The experimental results showed that both the carbonation reactions and the compressive strength of dry-cast concrete mixtures were improved when using chemical additives. Experimental investigations for optimisation were also undertaken with selected additives to further increase the carbon dioxide uptake and improve the compressive strength. The best results were obtained when using calcium silicate in combination with calcium oxide. The early-age compressive strength of specimens made from the optimised mixture increased from 9·82 MPa to 13·32 MPa, and the specimens’ carbon dioxide uptake increased from 8·76% to 10·62% of cement weight.

Construction & Building Technology↗
DOE OSTI2023

Mo-99 Concentration and processing by Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange

Normally derived from its transient-equilibrium parent molybdenum-99 ( 99 Mo) (t½ = 66 h), the short-lived isotope technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) (t ½ = 6.0 h) is the most widely used medical isotope in diagnostic imaging today. The National Nuclear Security Administration’s (NNSA’s) Material Management and Minimization (M3) program—established under the auspices of the American Medical Isotope Production Act—has been tasked with facilitating the work of domestic 99 Mo suppliers that do not use highly enriched uranium (HEU). Superconducting electron linear accelerators that employ high-Z converter targets can generate bremsstrahlung photons and neutron fluxes that can induce photonuclear reactions and uranium (U) fission. Argonne, in collaboration with industrial partners, has been developing the process chemistry for superconducting linear accelerator (LINAC)-irradiated triuranium octoxide (U 3 O 8 ) targets to produce 99 Mo. In short, the process involves dissolving the irradiated targets in nitric acid, which simultaneously releases valuable fission products (xenon and iodine). After adjusting the acid concentration, producers process the feed using tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), then mix the raffinate derived from this extraction cycle with a phosphinic acid such as Cyanex 272 or di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP), which is selective for Mo (molybdenum liquid liquid extraction [MoLLE]). In the next step, a concentration column comprising an anion exchange platform is used to decontaminate the remaining fission products, generating a pure 99 Mo stream in sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/sodium chloride (NaCl).

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles

With the recent rapid increase in demand for reliable, long-cycle life, and safe battery technologies for large-scale energy-storage applications, a battery module based on ZEBRA battery chemistry is extensively evaluated for its application in peak shaving duty cycles. First, this module is tested with a full capacity cycle consisting of a charging process (factory default) and a discharging process with a current of 40 A. The battery energy efficiency (discharge vs. charge) is about 90%, and the overall energy efficiency is 80.9%, which includes the auxiliary power used to run the battery management system electronics and self-heating to maintain the module operating temperature (265 °C). Generally, because of the increased self-heating during the holding times that exist for the peak shaving duty cycles, the overall module efficiency decreases slightly for the peak-shaving duty cycles (70.7–71.8%) compared to the full-capacity duty cycle. With a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle, the overall energy efficiency increases from 71.8% for 7.5 kWh energy utilization to 74.1% for 8.5 kWh. We conducted long-term cycling tests of the module at a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle with 7.5 kWh energy utilization, and the module exhibited a capacity degradation rate of 0.0046%/cycle over 150 cycles (>150 days).

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

PDADMAC/PSS Oligoelectrolyte Multilayers: Internal Structure and Hydration Properties at Early Growth Stages from Atomistic Simulations

We analyze the internal structure and hydration properties of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)/poly(styrene sulfonate sodium salt) oligoelectrolyte multilayers at early stages of their layer-by-layer growth process. Our study is based on large-scale molecular dynamics simulations with atomistic resolution that we presented recently [Sánchez et al., Soft Matter 2019, 15, 9437], in which we produced the first four deposition cycles of a multilayer obtained by alternate exposure of a flat silica substrate to aqueous electrolyte solutions of such polymers at 0.1M of NaCl. In contrast to any previous work, here we perform a local structural analysis that allows us to determine the dependence of the multilayer properties on the distance to the substrate. We prove that the large accumulation of water and ions next to the substrate observed in previous overall measurements actually decreases the degree of intrinsic charge compensation, but this remains as the main mechanism within the interface region. We show that the range of influence of the substrate reaches approximately 3 nm, whereas the structure of the outer region is rather independent from the position. This detailed characterization is essential for the development of accurate mesoscale models able to reach length and time scales of technological interest.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1985

Condensation of anhydrides or dicarboxylic acids with compounds containing active methylene groups. Part 1: Condensation of phthalic anhydride with acetoacetic and malonic ester

Phthalic anhydride was condensed with acetoacetic ester in acetic anhydride and triethylamine solution, and when phthalyl chloride was reacted with sodium acetoacetic ester compounds were formed of the phthalide and indandione series: phthalylacetoacetic ester and a derivative of indan-1,3-dione which after boiling with hydrochloric acid yielded indan-1,3-dione. Phthalylmalonic ester was obtained from phthalic anhydride and malonic ester in the presence of triethylamine.

Oshkaya, V. P.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Aerosol measurements over the Pacific Ocean in support of the IR aerosol backscatter program

The major efforts under NASA contract NAG8-841 included: (1) final analyses of the samples collected during the first GLOBE survey flight that occurred in November 1989 and collections and analysis of aerosol samples during the second GLOBE survey flight in May and June 1990. During the first GLOBE survey flight, daily samples were collected at four stations (Midway, Rarotonga, American Samoa, and Norfolk Island) throughout the month of November 1989. Weekly samples were collected at Shemya, Alaska, and at Karamea, New Zealand. During the second GLOBE survey flight, daily samples were collected at Midway, Oahu, American Samoa, Rarotonga, and Norfolk Island; weekly samples were collected at Shemya. These samples were all analyzed for sodium (sea-salt), chloride, nitrate, sulfate, and methanesulfonate at the University of Miami and for aluminum at the University of Rhode Island (under a subcontract). (2) Samples continued to be collected on a weekly basis at all stations during the periods between and after the survey flights. These weekly samples were also analyzed at the University of Miami for the suite of water-soluble species. (3) In August 1990, the results obtained from the above studies were submitted to the appropriate personnel at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center to become part of the GLOBE data base for comparison with data from instruments used aboard the aircraft. In addition, the data will be compared with data previously obtained at these stations as part of the Sea-Air Exchange (SEAREX) Program. This comparison will provide valuable information on the representativeness of the periods in terms of the longer term aerosol climatology over the Pacific Ocean. (4) Several publications have been written using data from this grant. The data will continue to be used in the future as part of a continuing investigation of the long-term trends and interannual variations in aerosol species concentrations over the Pacific Ocean.

Prospero, Joseph M.↗