Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Spectroscopy experiment”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

A Scalable & Non-Destructive Characterization Strategy to Study Semiconductor/Dielectric Interfaces and Predict Wafer-Level Device Performance

The defect density present at the dielectric-semiconductor interface in an MOS structure directly influences the channel carrier characteristics in semiconductor devices, especially in wide bandgap material systems used in power devices. While these trap defects are typically quantified through electrical characterization of MOS-capacitor test structures, this treatment offers very little insight into the physical nature of interface defects. Such shortcomings demand a physical characterization strategy to guide fabrication optimization. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is suggested as a viable technique to determine chemical data for dielectric interfaces formed using atomic layer deposition (ALD) on GaN substrates. Previously, 1-D XPS characterization has confirmed the presence of a Ga x O y interlayer between ALD dielectrics and the GaN substrate. In this work, XPS data is serially collected to form 2-D images of an ALD-Al 2 O 3 /GaN interface as a proof-of-concept experiment for in-situ XPS quality monitoring during ALD processing. The information provided by this work reveals some of the challenges for incorporating XPS characterization as an in-situ strategy during fabrication of GaN-based devices. Separately, electrical mapping of a 2-D array of ALD-Al 2 O 3 /GaN MOS-capacitor devices provide a means to quantify the spatial variations in interface quality across a single wafer. Physical characterization techniques, such as time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, provide additional chemical information about the Al 2 O 3 /Ga x O y /GaN structure that complement the electrical mapping results. This analysis shows that a higher Ga x O y content correlates with higher interface state defects for trap energies deep in the band gap.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Investigation of coverage dependence of the stretching frequency of CO adsorbed on Pd surfaces at low coverage limits

The stretching frequency of the C—O bond is a sensitive probe of the local environment of a surface-bound CO molecule, including the adorption site and density, i.e. surface coverage. In this work, we extend our analysis beyond the frequency shift due to differences in adsorption configurations. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we directly explore the correlations between surface coverage and the stretching frequency of adsorbed CO on Pd surfaces. Here we also perform constant pressure infrared reflection absorption measurements of CO on Pd(111) and use existing relations between pressure and coverage to derive coverage dependency. Both results are compared to previously reported experimental data. Our derived correlations of peak frequency and area with surface coverage can help interpret experimental IR spectra in real time and extract time-dependent concentration data from transient kinetic experiments.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Early Career: First-Principles Tools for Nonadiabatic Attosecond Dynamics in Materials

The overarching goal of this project was to develop computer tools for predicting how electrons move in molecules and solids at the attosecond (billionth-of-a-billionth of a second) time scale, during and after interaction with intense and/or high energy laser light. An associated goal was to also determine how X-ray spectroscopy could be used as a probe of these dynamics. The project resulted in multiple methodology developments that allow for these processes to be simulated from first-principles, most notably the use of small bulk-mimicking clusters to model solids and fixes for a deficiency in a commonly used method (time-dependent density functional theory). Additionally, the simulations showed that X-ray absorption peaks can be directly related to the electron density above the absorbing atom, and can thus be used as an intuitive probe of "where the electrons are" at a given time in the system. Collectively, these tools and results expected to be valuable for predicting and interpreting future attosecond experiments, especially for X-ray pump/probe studies at free-electron laser facilities.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multinuclear PFGSTE NMR description of 39 K, 23 Na, 7 Li, and 1 H specific activation energies governing diffusion in alkali nitrite solutions

While pulsed field gradient stimulated echo nuclear magnetic resonance (PFGSTE NMR) spectroscopy has found widespread use in the quantification of self-diffusivity for many NMR-active nuclei, extending this technique to uncommon nuclei with unfavorable NMR properties remains an active area of research. Potassium-39 ( 39 K) is an archetypical NMR nucleus exhibiting an unfavorable gyromagnetic ratio combined with a very low Larmor frequency. Despite these unfavorable properties, this work demonstrates that 39 K PFGSTE NMR experiments are possible in aqueous solutions of concentrated potassium nitrite. Further, analysis of the results indicates that 39 K NMR diffusometry is feasible when the nuclei exhibit spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation coefficients on the order of 60–100 ms and 50–100 ms, respectively. The diffusivity of 39 K followed Arrhenius behavior, and comparative 23 Na, 7 Li, and 1 H PFGSTE NMR studies of equimolal sodium nitrite and lithium nitrite solutions led to correlations between the enthalpy of hydration with the activation energy governing self-diffusion of the cations and also of water. Realizing the feasibility of 39 K PFGSTE NMR spectroscopy has a widespread impact across energy sciences because potassium is a common alkali element in energy storage materials and other applications.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Signatures of Thermoreversible Associations in X-ray and Neutron Scattering from Dilute Polyzwitterion Solutions

In aqueous solutions of polyzwitterions (PZs), an interplay between dipole–dipole interactions and hydration of zwitterionic groups can lead to thermoreversible associations, which have been difficult to detect in experiments. Here, in this study, we investigated dilute aqueous solutions of poly(1-(3-sulphonatopropyl)-2-vinylpyridinium) (P2VPPS) using small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) to probe the structure and neutron spin-echo (NSE) spectroscopy to probe dynamics. The SAXS and SANS data show that the correlation length increases with an increase in the concentration of P2VPPS for three different molecular weights. The addition of 0.1 M NaCl to one of the solutions led to almost no dependence of the correlation length on the concentration. Such a concentration dependence of the correlation length suggests the formation of clusters driven by thermoreversible associations in the solutions. The NSE measurements show that the solutions with a larger correlation length display slower relaxation, reflecting the reduced mobility of larger clusters. These results should be considered as signatures of thermoreversible associations in the solutions of P2VPPS. To establish a quantitative link between local structure (clusters) and dynamics in dilute solutions of P2VPPS, we combined a thermoreversible gelation theory for the structure of PZ solutions (Li, S.-F.; Muthukumar, M. Theory of Thermoreversible Gelation and Anomalous Concentration Fluctuations in Polyzwitterion Solutions. J. Chem. Phys. 2024, 161, 024903) with a model for the dynamics of the clusters (generalized Zimm model), developed in this work. Using such a theoretical framework, we have predicted the distribution of clusters in the solutions probed with SANS and SAXS. With the distributions, the generalized Zimm model has been used to extract the diffusion constant of the clusters and their characteristic size from the NSE data, where the latter agrees with the values estimated from the SAXS/SANS data. These findings confirm the presence of thermoreversible associations and establish a quantitative link between local structure (clusters) and dynamics in dilute solutions of P2VPPS. Furthermore, with growing interest in technological applications, this work can provide useful insights into the structural and dynamical properties of other PZ solutions.

field theory↗
DOE OSTI2025

WO 3 /CuWO 4 Ratio Controls Open-Circuit Photovoltage and Photocurrent in Type II Heterojunction Solar Fuel Photoelectrodes

WO 3 /CuWO 4 photoelectrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction benefit from a type II heterojunction for charge separation. However, the impact of the WO 3 /CuWO 4 ratio on the photocurrent and the photovoltage is not clear. To probe the effect of composition, Cu x W 1-x O y thin films with variable W:Cu ratio were prepared on FTO by reactive magnetron co-sputtering of W and Cu, followed by air annealing at 500ºC. EDS, XRD, Rietveld refinement, and Raman spectroscopy confirm the presence of crystalline WO 3 and CuWO 4 in the W rich films and increasing amounts of amorphous copper oxides in the Cu rich films. Bandgaps were determined by optical absorption spectroscopy, surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS), and photoaction spectra and are found to decrease from 2.7 eV to 1.2 eV with increasing copper oxide content. SPS reveals n-type semiconductor photoanode behavior for WO 3 /CuWO 4 samples and p-type photocathode behavior for CuO x rich films. Photoelectrochemical experiments confirm stable water oxidation with Faraday efficiency near unity for all W rich films and photocurrents that are increasing with CuWO 4 content. Optimal performance is seen for WO 3 /CuWO 4 mixed phases containing 47-75 mass% CuWO 4 . These compositions maximize charge separation at the type II heterojunction interface between the two materials. Additionally, according to incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) data, the WO 3 improves photon conversion below 350 nm, while CuWO 4 improves conversion at 450-525 nm. Overall, this work shows for the first time how the WO 3 /CuWO 4 ratio controls the photovoltage and the photocurrent in type II heterojunction solar fuel photoelectrodes, and how copper oxides in the copper rich films severely degrade the performance. Furthermore, these results are useful in the context of bulk-heterojunction electrodes for the conversion of solar energy into fuels.

CuWO4↗
DOE OSTI2026

Quantifying the Influences of Epoxide Binding in Epoxide/CO 2 Ring Opening Copolymerization Catalysis

Understanding and predicting the effect of epoxide structure on the rate of polymerization in epoxide/CO 2 ring opening copolymerization catalysis is a long-standing challenge. Here, a known highly active Co(III)K(I) catalyst is used to investigate the influences of six different epoxides' binding strengths on their rates of copolymerization. Since calculations and experiments indicate that studying the catalytically relevant Co(III)−epoxide adduct directly is experimentally challenging, epoxide−catalyst binding interactions are quantified using a Co(II)K(I) complex to model the key catalytic intermediate. Epoxide−catalyst coordination is investigated using UV−vis spectroscopy titrations which provide fast and effective determination of association or binding constants. The epoxide−catalyst equilibrium constants show a clear exponential correlation with copolymerization rates and a new catalyst performance linear free energy relationship is revealed. Epoxides exhibiting stronger catalyst binding constants show higher copolymerization rates. The structure−activity correlation is consistent with the polymerization kinetics, mechanism and DFT calculations. Both the methods to investigate epoxide−catalyst coordination and the linear free energy relationship are shown to apply to the series of six epoxides and a second Co(III)K(I) catalyst. These structure− performance relationships are likely applicable to other transition metal catalysts and should expedite future epoxide and catalyst selection to make useful poly(carbonate) materials.

catalysts↗
DOE OSTI2025

Supporting Data for "Constraints on magnetism and correlations in RuO2 from lattice dynamics and Mössbauer spectroscopy"

Contents of this DOI are data for the research paper "Constraints on magnetism and correlations in RuO2 from lattice dynamics and Mossbauer spectroscopy" by the authors: George Yumnam, et. al. The dataset contains data from inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of RuO2 single crystals performed at the Advanced Photon Source in Argonne National Lab. This dataset also contains data from inelastic neutron scattering experiments of RuO2 powder performed at the ARCS spectrometer at Spallation Neutron Source at ORNL. Supporting theoretical calculations based on density functional theory with r2SCAN and DFT+U methods is also included in this dataset. Please see the README.txt files for more information of the dataset and file contents. For comments and questions, please contact: George Yumnam (yumnamg@ornl.gov) and/or Raphael P Hermann (hermannrp@ornl.gov)

density functional theory↗
DOE OSTI2024

Bubble Mass Transport Measurement in the Large-Scale Test Loops at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Molten salts are complex fluids that incorporate multi-phase behavior depending on the chemistry and the physical properties of the entrained components. These components include the carrier salt, the actinide fuel, and fission, activation, and corrosion products, the concentrations of which depends on the burnup history of the salt. Radionuclide transport from the salt into the cover gas / off-gas system depends on volatility as predicted by thermochemistry, but data from the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) conducted in the late 1960s suggest that bubble formation and transport are also important. Anomalously high fractions of noble metals were found in the off-gas system and were attributed to transportation with parent salt aerosols and their association with rising noble gas bubbles. The prediction of such phenomena requires coupled neutronic, thermal hydraulic, and chemical equilibrium calculations, the framework of which is being developed within the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Nuclear Energy (NE). However, separate effects tests and models of experiments using tools such as SAM and Thermochimica can guide model developers through important processes. Conversely, model development guides the choice of experiments and systems to provide data that are relevant for validation. This report describes several experiments that tracked gas transport in molten salts, ranging from small-scale systems to large-scale loops. Gas transportation in a molten salt, LiCl-KCl, has been studied using the shadowgraph technique. Sensors such as residual gas analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy have been tested for off-gas measurements. These data were used to interpret how the gases move through the upstream salt / cover gas and the interface between them. Differential pressure measurements were able to detect individual gas bubbles as they popped at the liquid–gas interface. Salt aerosols were collected on a cascade impactor. Their formation was also observed directly via the shadowgraph method, and most of these aerosols were launched ballistically into the cover gas. Fine mists could also be observed. Convection currents through the salt were visualized and can be used to calculate the thermophysical properties of the salt itself. The apparatuses described in this report and in a previous work (McFarlane et al. 2023) have been commissioned and are available for use in making further measurements of salt/surrogate fission product behavior. Novel approaches using neutron imaging are planned for the study of fluoride salts, which cannot be contained in quartz, so shadowgraph visualization is not available. Bubble transport in convective flow and in a slow-moving salt column are planned. The mobile laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system is available for several applications, including iodine capture in a molten hydroxide scrubber, H2 transport though molten salts to complement Raman analysis, and online tracking of salt aerosol generation, transport, and deposition. This report summarizes the findings from FY24 and the plans for FY25. The work completes milestone M2AT-24OR0702013 of the DOE-NE Advanced Reactor Technology, Molten Salt Reactor Campaign, DOE-NE-5.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Specific iron binding to natural sphingomyelin membrane induced by non-specific co-solutes

Sphingomyelin (SPM), a crucial phospholipid in the myelin sheath, plays a vital role in insulating nerve fibers. We hypothesize that iron ions selectively bind to the phosphatidylcholine (PC) template within the SPM membrane under near-physiological conditions, resulting in disruptions to membrane organization. These interactions could potentially contribute to the degradation of the myelin sheath, thereby playing a role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. We utilized synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction techniques to study the interaction of iron ions with a bovine spinal-cord SPM monolayer (ML) at the liquid-vapor interface under physiological conditions. The SPM ML serves as a model system, representing localized patches of lipids within a more complex membrane structure. The experiments assessed iron binding to the SPM membrane both in the presence of salts and with additional evaluation of the effects of various ion species on membrane behavior. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze the impact of iron binding on the structural integrity of the SPM membrane. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that iron ions in dilute solution selectively bind to the PC template of the SPM membrane exclusively at near-physiological salt concentrations (e.g., NaCl, KCl, KI, or CaCl 2 ) and are pH-dependent. In-significant binding was detected in the absence of these salts or at near-neutral pH with salts. The surface adsorption of iron ions is correlated with salt concentration, reaching saturation at physiological levels. In contrast, multivalent ions such as La 3+ and Ca 2+ do not bind to SPM under similar conditions. Notably, iron binding to the SPM membrane disrupts its in-plane organization, suggesting that these interactions may compromise membrane integrity and contribute to myelin sheath damage associated with neurological disorders.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Kramers nodal line in the charge density wave state of YTe 3 and the influence of twin domains

Recent studies have focused on the relationship between charge density wave (CDW) collective electronic ground states and nontrivial topological states. YTe 3 , a nonmagnetic quasi-two-dimensional chalcogenide, has been reported to exhibit a CDW state below 334 K. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and density functional theory (DFT), we establish that YTe 3 is a CDW-induced Kramers nodal line (KNL) metal, a recently proposed topological state of matter. Scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction reveal two orthogonal domains, each with a unidirectional CDW and a similar wave vector (𝐪 CDW ). When the influence of twin domains is considered, the effective band structure (EBS) computations that utilize DFT-calculated bands using a noncentrosymmetric structure determined by x-ray crystallography, show excellent agreement with ARPES. The noncentrosymmetry of YTe 3 is established by Raman spectroscopy. The Fermi surface and ARPES intensity plots show weak shadow bands displaced by 𝐪 CDW from the main bands. Furthermore, these are linked to CDW modulation, as the EBS calculation confirms. Bilayer split main and shadow bands suggest the existence of crossings, according to theory and experiment. DFT bands, including spin-orbit coupling, indicate existence of a KNL along the Σ direction from multiple crossings of bands dispersing perpendicular to it. Additionally, doubly degenerate bands are only found along the KNL at all energies, with some bands dispersing through the Fermi level.

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy↗
DOE OSTI2025

Selective Adsorption of Thiol-Containing Molecules on Copper Sulfide Surfaces via Molecule–Surface Disulfide Bridges

Recent results in the fields of nanoenhanced agriculture and expanding interest in prebiotic chemistry have placed increased emphasis on understanding the chemically selective interaction of small molecules with the surfaces of metal sulfides. Here, we present an integrated experimental and computational study of the interaction of thiol-containing molecules with copper sulfide (covellite) surfaces in aqueous media. In situ Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) measurements and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements show that molecules bearing free thiol groups, including glutathione and cysteine, bind strongly to CuS (covellite) nanoparticles and to CuS (001) single crystals, while control studies show that similar molecules lacking the free thiol group exhibit much less binding. Additional experiments show that these thiol-containing molecules interact transiently with CuO nanoparticle surfaces but are readily removed by rinsing. The FTIR and XPS experiments demonstrate that adsorption of molecular thiols to CuS surfaces occurs in a chemically selective manner. Further experimental studies and density functional calculations show that the preferred mode of binding is through the surface S atoms, forming a Solid–S–S–Molecule disulfide linkage. While the role of disulfide linkages in controlling structure and function of proteins and other biomolecules is widely known, the formation of surface disulfide linkages as a motif for covalent molecular binding at surfaces has not been established previously.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Evidence for an isomeric {pi}½{sup +}[411] state in {sup 183}Ta

We report on the identification of a new isomeric state in Ta populated via the ground-state -decay of Hf. The experiment was performed at the KISS setup at RIKEN, where neutron-rich hafnium isotopes were produced via multi-nucleon transfer (MNT) reactions, followed by laser ionization of hafnium atoms, mass separation, and detection using an electron-gamma coincidence system. Isomeric spectroscopy was carried out by gating on different electron-gamma time correlations. A 459.1 keV -ray transition was identified in delayed spectra, and a half-life of μ was extracted through time-distribution fitting. The 459.1 keV state in Ta is known from previous work and has been assigned a Nilsson orbital configuration of , while a proposed new isomeric state above it is interpreted as a configuration that decays to via a low-energy, unobserved E2 transition. This is consistent with the systematic trends in neighbouring odd-A nuclei and transition rate calculations. Similar content being viewed by others

Doshi, S.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Active species in chloroaluminate ionic liquids catalyzing low-temperature polyolefin deconstruction

Abstract Chloroaluminate ionic liquids selectively transform (waste) polyolefins into gasoline-range alkanes through tandem cracking-alkylation at temperatures below 100 °C. Further improvement of this process necessitates a deep understanding of the nature of the catalytically active species and the correlated performance in the catalyzing critical reactions for the tandem polyolefin deconstruction with isoalkanes at low temperatures. Here, we address this requirement by determining the nuclearity of the chloroaluminate ions and their interactions with reaction intermediates, combining in situ 27 Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, in situ Raman spectroscopy, Al K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, and catalytic activity measurement. Cracking and alkylation are facilitated by carbenium ions initiated by AlCl 3 - tert -butyl chloride (TBC) adducts, which are formed by the dissociation of Al 2 Cl 7 − in the presence of TBC. The carbenium ions activate the alkane polymer strands and advance the alkylation cycle through multiple hydride transfer reactions. In situ 1 H NMR and operando infrared spectroscopy demonstrate that the cracking and alkylation processes occur synchronously; alkenes formed during cracking are rapidly incorporated into the carbenium ion-mediated alkylation cycle. The conclusions are further supported by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations coupled with an enhanced sampling method, and model experiments using n-hexadecane as a feed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Precise measurements of the γ -ray intensities following the β decay of Ce 144 and Nd 147

For many fission products, the γ rays emitted following β decay provide an easily detectable signature that can be used to identify their quantities and distributions in a sample. As a result, γ-ray spectroscopy is often exploited to study fission-product yields, provided sufficiently accurate information on the γ-ray intensities is available. Further, in many cases, the uncertainties in the existing nuclear data are large enough that they compromise the precision achievable for modern experiments and applications. In this paper, we present high-precision results for the absolute γ-ray emission intensities for the most intense transitions in the β decays of 144 Ce and 147 Nd. We measured these intensities to ≲1% accuracy by producing radiopure samples with fission-product beams at CARIBU and detecting the emitted radiation with a 4⁢πβ counter and a meticulously efficiency-calibrated high purity germanium detector at Texas A&M University.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Applicability of alkali beam emission spectroscopy on NSTX-U

Understanding fast pedestal dynamics and turbulent transport in the edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma of spherical tokamaks is crucial for the design and operation of future fusion reactors. The alkali beam emission spectroscopy diagnostic technique offers a means to measure the absolute electron density radial profile and fluctuation amplitude in these regions. Here, in this study, we demonstrate that injecting a sodium neutral beam radially into the plasma and analyzing the light emission from its 3p–3s atomic transition using near-orthogonal viewing angles allows for accurate measurement of the electron density profile and fluctuations in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) Upgrade spherical tokamak. Our findings indicate a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 118 in the pedestal and 12 in the SOL under typical NSTX plasma conditions. The spatial resolution for the electron density profile is estimated to be between 2 and 8 mm, while for fluctuation measurements, it ranges from 12 to 15 mm.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

INSPIRED: Inelastic neutron scattering prediction for instantaneous results and experimental design

Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) has unique advantages in probing how atoms vibrate and how the vibrations propagate and interact. Such dynamic information is crucial in understanding various material properties, from heat capacity, thermal conductivity, phase transitions, and chemical reactions to more exotic quantum behavior. The analysis and interpretation of the INS spectra often start from a model structure of the sample, followed by a series of calculations to obtain the simulated spectra to compare with experiments. The conventional way to perform such calculations usually requires significant time, computing resources, and specialized expertise. Here, we present a new program named INSPIRED (Inelastic Neutron Scattering Prediction for Instantaneous Results and Experimental Design), which enables users to perform rapid INS simulations in several different ways on their personal computers in just a few clicks, with the crystal structure as the only input file. Specifically, the users can choose a pre-trained symmetry-aware neural network (coupled with an autoencoder) to predict the phonon density of states (DOS), 1D S(E) and 2D S(|Q|,E) spectra for any given structure. One can also choose an existing density functional theory (DFT) calculation from a database (containing over 12,000 crystals), and quickly obtain the simulated INS spectra for single crystals and powders. It is also possible to use pre-trained universal machine learning force fields to relax a given crystal structure, calculate the phonon dispersion and DOS, and, subsequently, the INS spectra. All these functions are implemented with a PyQt graphic user interface. Finally, we expect these new tools will benefit broad user communities and significantly improve the efficiency of experiment design, execution, and data analysis for INS.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗