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At least 361 records · Page 20

The crystallization of tough thermoplastic resins in the presence of carbon fibers

The crystallization kinetics of the thermoplastic resins poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) and poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) in the presence and in the abscence of carbon fibers was studied. How carbon fiber surfaces in composites affect the crystallization of tough thermoplastic polymers that may serve as matrix resins were determined. The crystallization kinetics of such substances can provide useful information about the crystallization mechanisms and, thus, indicate if the presence of carbon fibers cause any changes in such mechanisms.

Theil, M. H.↗

Standard test evaluation of graphite fiber/resin matrix composite materials for improved toughness

Programs sponsored by NASA with the commercial transport manufacturers to develop a technology data base are required to design and build composite wing and fuselage structures. To realize the full potential of composite structures in these strength critical designs, material systems having improved ductility and interlaminar toughness are being sought. To promote systematic evaluation of new materials, NASA and the commercial transport manufacturers have selected and standardized a set of five common tests. These tests evaluate open hole tension and compression performance, compression performance after impact at an energy level of 20 ft-lb, and resistance to delamination. Ten toughened resin matrix/graphite fiber composites were evaluated using this series of tests, and their performance is compared with a widely used composite system.

Chapman, Andrew J.↗

Micro and macro approaches to tough polymers for composites

The progress to date on the development of techniques to toughen continuous thermoplastic composites is summarized. The work, using the approach of toughening the polycarbonate composite matrix with rubber particles, has focused on determining the differences between Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) samples molded inhouse and those molded by NASA. Specifically, an effort was made to account for the differences in fracture toughness observed between the various specimens. In addition, preliminary results of tensile dilatometry tests are described; these tests suggest that processes leading to increased volume and enhanced shear banding are occurring within the rubber toughened system. The results of the effort using another approach, the preparation of random block copolycarbonates, are presented. The synthetic route to these species was modified so that higher molecular weights of these materials can be obtained. In addition, an attempt is being made to determine the exact block length or the number of functional groups in the oligomers since this procedure also should lead to high molecular weight materials. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the copolymer prepared so far indicates that the scale of cooperative molecular motion of the PBA polycarbonate at sub-Tg temperatures is larger than five monomer units. Efforts to find a suitable rubber-toughener for a thermoset system (bismaleimides) is also discussed. Included is a description of the various tougheners intended for use or currently being used.

Yee, Albert F.↗

Comparisons of various configurations of edge delamination test for interlaminar fracture toughness

Tests were performed on brittle (T300/5208) and toughened-matrix (T300/BP907) graphite/epoxy laminates using various configurations of edge delamination tension (EDT) test specimens in order to assess the usefulness of each configuraion for measuring interlaminar fracture toughness. All configurations of the EDT test are found to be useful for ranking the delamination resistance of composites with different matrix systems. An analysis of test results suggests that delamination is governed by a linear failure criterion relating strain energy release components GI and GII.

O'Brien, T. Kevin↗

Rate effects on delamiantion fracture toughness of a toughened graphite/epoxy

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of loading rate on interlaminar fracture toughness of T300/F-185 graphite/epoxy composite, having an elastomer-modified epoxy resin matrix. Mode I interlaminar fracture was investigated by means of uniform width and width-tapered double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. Hinged tabs were used to insure unrestrained rotation at the free ends. Specimens were loaded at quasi-static deflection rates of up to 8.5 mm/s corresponding to crack extension rates of up to 21 mm/s. Crack extension was monitored by means of strain gages mounted on the surface of the specimen. Continuous records were obtained of load, deflection, and crack extension for determination of the strain energy release rate. The latter was calculated by means of the area method and beam analysis method, and expressed as a power law of the crack extension velocity. Results indicate that the strain energy release rate decreases with crack velocity by over 20 percent over three decades of crack velocity.

Daniel, Isaac M.↗

Numerical Analysis Of Interlaminar-Fracture Toughness

Finite-element analysis applied in conjunction with strain-energy and micromechanical concepts. Computational procedure involves local, local-crack-closure, and/or the "unique" local-crack-closure method developed at NASA Lewis Research Center, for mathematical modeling of ENF and MMF. Methods based on three-dimensional finite-element analysis in conjunction with concept of strain-energy-release rate and with micromechanics of composite materials. Assists in interpretation of ENF and MMF fracture tests performed to obtain fracture-toughness parameters, by enabling evaluation of states of stress likely to induce interlaminar fractures.

Chamis, C. C.↗

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation, microstructure, and fracture toughness interrelations

Ultrasonic techniques for mechanical property characterizations are reviewed and conceptual models are advanced for explaining and interpreting the empirically based results. At present, the technology is generally empirically based and is emerging from the research laboratory. Advancement of the technology will require establishment of theoretical foundations for the experimentally observed interrelations among ultrasonic measurements, mechanical properties, and microstructure. Conceptual models are applied to ultrasonic assessment of fracture toughness to illustrate an approach for predicting correlations found among ultrasonic measurements, microstructure, and mechanical properties.

Vary, Alex↗

Dynamic delamination fracture toughness of a graphite/epoxy laminate under impact

Dynamic delamination fracture toughness in a (90/0)5s T300/934 graphite/epoxy laminate was investigated using impact loading. Delamination cracks of three different sizes were embedded at the midplane of the composite specimen. The threshold impact velocity that causes propagation of the delamination crack was used in the dynamic analysis with the finite element method. From the finite element solution, the time-history of the strain energy release rate was calculated. The critical strain energy release rate was taken to equal the maximum value of the response history.

Sun, C. T.↗

Crack diffusion coefficient - A candidate fracture toughness parameter for short fiber composites

In brittle matrix composites, crack propagation occurs along random trajectories reflecting the heterogeneous nature of the strength field. Considering the crack trajectory as a diffusive process, the 'crack diffusion coefficient' is introduced. From fatigue crack propagation experiments on a set of identical SEN polyester composite specimens, the variance of the crack tip position along the loading axis is found to be a linear function of the effective 'time'. The latter is taken as the effective crack length. The coefficient of proportionality between variance of the crack trajectory and the effective crack length defines the crack diffusion coefficient D which is found in the present study to be 0.165 mm. This parameter reflects the ability of the composite to deviate the crack from the energetically most efficient path and thus links fracture toughness to the microstructure.

Mull, M. A.↗

Effects of subcritical crack growth on fracture toughness of ceramics assessed in chevron-notched three-point bend tests

A numerical computational study was carried out to assess the effects of subcritical crack growth on crack stability in the chevron-notched three-point bend specimens. A power-law relationship between the subcritical crack velocity and the applied stress intensity were used along with compliance and stress-intensity relationships for the chevron-notched bend specimen to calculate the load response under fixed deflection rate and a machine compliance. The results indicate that the maximum load during the test occurs at the same crack length for all the deflection rates; the maximum load, however, is dependent on the deflection rate for rates below the critical rate. The resulting dependence of the apparent fracture toughness on the deflection rate is compared to experimental results on soda-lime glass and polycrystalline alumina.

Chao, L. Y.↗

Effect of processing on fracture toughness of silicon carbide as determined by Vickers indentations

Several alpha-SiC materials were processed by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) and by sintering an alpha-SiC powder containing boron and carbon. Several beta-SiC materials were processed by HIPing a beta-SiC powder with boron and carbon additions. The fracture toughnesses K(sub 1c) of these beta- and alpha-SiC materials were estimated from measurements of Vickers indentations. The three formulas used to estimate K(sub 1c) from the indentation fracture patterns resulted in three ranges of K(sub 1c) estimates. Furthermore, each formula measured the effects of processing differently. All three estimates indicated that fine-grained HIPed alpha-SiC has a higher K(sub 1c) than coarsed-grained sintered alpha-SiC. Hot isostatically pressed beta-SiC, which had an ultrafine grain structure, exhibited a K(sub 1c) comparable to that of HIPed alpha-SiC.

Dannels, Christine M.↗

Height-tapered double cantilever beam specimen for study of rate effects on fracture toughness of composites

Loading rate effects on the mode I delamination fracture toughness of AS4/3501-6 graphite/epoxy are presently studied by means of a height-tapered double-cantilever beam specimen whose height contour is designed to furnish a slightly decreasing compliance with increasing crack length, in order to yield a stable and smooth crack propagation at high loading rates. This specimen geometry also allows much higher crack propagation velocities to be obtained with either uniform or width-tapered double cantilever beam specimens.

Yaniv, Gershon↗

Dynamic fracture toughness of ceramic composites

The dynamic fracture toughness vs crack velocity relationships of TiB2 particulate-reinforced SiC-matrix and SiC whisker-reinforced Al2O3-matrix composites were determined at both room temperature and 1200 C with impacted, single-edge notched three-point bend specimens. Rapid crack initiation and propagation were monitored by a laser interferometric-displacement gage system. A FEM model that transmitted the measured outside-impact load to the specimen within the furnace was used to characterize the entire loading system-specimen unit. Small differences were measured between the room temperature and 1200 C dynamic responses.

Yang, K. H.↗

Effects of matrix toughness on fatigue response of graphite fiber composite laminates

The effect of the matrix toughness on the fatigue response of graphite-fiber-composite laminates was investigated by comparing the fatigue-response results, obtained using the test method of Bakis et al. (1989), for two graphite-epoxy specimens subjected to constant-amplitude fully-reversed loading, namely, (0/ +45/90/ -45)s4 AS4/PEEK samples with drilled center holes and T300-5208 samples. It was found that, although similar matrix damage modes were observed in the two materials, several significant differences occurred in the S-N data and in stiffness data taken over the lives of the two materials, especially at high cyclic stresses.

Simonds, Robert A.↗

Tough, Microcracking-Resistant, High-Temperature Polymer

Simultaneous synthesis from thermosetting and thermoplastic components yields polyimide with outstanding properties. Involves process in which one polymer cross-linked in immediate presence of other, undergoing simultaneous linear chain extension. New material, LaRC-RP40 synthesized from high-temperature thermosetting imide prepolymer and from thermoplastic monomer. Three significantly improved properties: toughness, resistance to microcracking, and glass-transition temperature. Shows promise as high-temperature matrix resin for variety of components of aircraft engines and for use in other aerospace structures.

Pater, Ruth H.↗

Strength and toughness of monolithic and composite silicon nitrides

The strength and toughness of two composite and two monolithic silicon nitrides were measured from 25 to 1400 C. The monolithic and composite materials were made from similar starting powders. Both of the composite materials contained 30 vol percent silicon carbide whiskers. All measurements were made by four point flexure in surrounding air and humidity. The composite and monolithic materials exhibited similar fast fracture properties as a function of temperature.

Salem, Jonathan A.↗