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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
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NASA NTRS1989

Atlas of albedo and absorbed solar radiation derived from Nimbus 6 earth radiation budget data set, July 1975 to May 1978

An atlas of monthly mean global contour maps of albedo and absorbed solar radiation is presented. The atlas is based on 35 months of continuous measurements from July 1975 through May 1978. The data were retrieved from measurements made by the shortwave wide field-of-view radiometer of the first Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) instrument, which flew on the Nimbus 6 spacecraft in 1975. Profiles of zonal mean albedos and absorbed solar radiation are tabulated. These geographical distributions are provided as a resource for studying the radiation budget of the earth. This atlas of albedo and absorbed solar radiation complements the atlases of outgoing longwave radiation by Bess and Smith in NASA-RP-1185 and RP-1186, also based on the Nimbus 6 and 7 ERB data.

Smith, G. Louis↗
NASA NTRS2007

Seasonal Correlations of SST, Water Vapor, and Convective Activity in Tropical Oceans: A New Hyperspectral Data Set for Climate Model Testing

The analysis of the response of the Earth Climate System to the seasonal changes of solar forcing in the tropical oceans using four years of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) data between 2002 and 2006 gives new insight into amplitude and phase relationships between surface and tropospheric temperatures, humidity, and convective activity. The intensity of the convective activity is measured by counting deep convective clouds. The peaks of convective activity, temperature in the mid-troposphere, and water vapor in the 0-30 N and 0-30 S tropical ocean zonal means occur about two months after solstice, all leading the peak of the sea surface temperature by several weeks. Phase is key to the evaluation of feedback. The evaluation of climate models in terms of zonal and annual means and annual mean deviations from zonal means can now be supplemented by evaluating the phase of key atmospheric and surface parameters relative to solstice. The ability of climate models to reproduce the statistical flavor of the observed amplitudes and relative phases for broad zonal means should lead to increased confidence in the realism of their water vapor and cloud feedback algorithms. AIRS and AMSU were launched into a 705 km altitude polar sun-synchronous orbit on the EOS Aqua spacecraft on May 4, 2002, and have been in routine data gathering mode since September 2002.

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)↗
NASA NTRS1990

Calibration of long term satellite ozone data sets using the space shuttle

Trends in atmospheric ozone continue to be an environmental concern. Drifts in satellite observations are the major obstacle in the detection of changes in global ozone over the long term. Careful re-analysis of satellite ozone data along with groundbased observations have more or less corroborated photochemical models which predict ozone depletion. However, there remains the margin of error in the observations that is as large as the trend itself. The National Plan for Stratospheric Monitoring calls for monitoring global ozone for at lease the next ten years employing the NOAA polar orbiting satellites. Ozone observations will be made with the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectral Radiometer Mod 2 (SBUV/2) which ia a refinement of the SBUV instrument flying on NASA's Nimbus-7 satellite. The first instrument in the operational series began taking data from the NOAA-9 spacecraft in February 1985. A second instrument was launched on NOAA-11 in September 1988. Both continue to operate. Earlier attempts to calibrate satellite data relied on comparisons with ground based observations. However, differences in instrumental techniques severely complicated these efforts. This problem will be over come by regular flights, about once per year, of the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet radiometer (SSBUV). The data from the SSBUV instrument will be compared with nearly coincident data taken by the NOAA satellite instruments. This procedure will permit a direct calibration transfer in space, since the two instruments observe the same qualities thereby bypassing the inversion algorithm which converts the observations to ozone amounts.

Hilsenrath, Ernest↗
NASA NTRS1992

Production of SSM/I data sets

This Final Report is a summary of the work that was performed under Contract NAS8-38075 between NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and Remote Sensing Systems from September 1989 to September 1992. The primary accomplishment was the delivery of Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) data tapes containing sensor and geophysical products. In all, 515 tapes (80 gigabytes) were delivered. These tapes contained the F08 SSM/I data for the period from July 1988 through December 1991 and the F10 SSM/I data for the period from December 1990 through December 1991. For the F08 SSM/I, a data inventory was compiled and an engineering assessment was done. Ephemeris tables for the F08 and F10 spacecrafts were computed. Scientific studies on the oceanic wind vector and water vapor field were published, and color atlases of monthly ocean products were produced. This investigation was part of NASA's WETNET program.

Wentz, Frank J.↗
NASA NTRS2007

A Multi-Year Data Set of Cloud Properties Derived for CERES from Aqua, Terra, and TRMM

The Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Project is producing a suite of cloud properties from high-resolution imagers on several satellites and matching them precisely with broadband radiance data to study the influence of clouds and radiation on climate. The cloud properties generally compare well with independent validation sources. Distinct differences are found between the CERES cloud properties and those derived with other algorithms from the same imager data. CERES products will be updated beginning in late 2006.

Minnis, Patrick↗
NASA NTRS2019

The Value of Long-Term (40 years) Airborne Gamma Radiation SWE Record for Evaluating Three Observation-Based Gridded SWE Data Sets by Seasonal Snow and Land Cover Classifications

Observation‐based long‐term gridded snow water equivalent (SWE) products are important assets for hydrological and climate research. However, an evaluation of the currently available SWE products has been limited due to the lack of independent SWE data that extend over a large range of environmental conditions. In this study, three daily long‐term SWE products (Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder [SSMI/S] SWE, GlobSnow‐2 SWE, and University of Arizona [UA] SWE) we reevaluated by seasonal snow cover and land cover classifications over the conterminous United States from1982 to 2017, using the historical airborne gamma radiation SWE observations (20,738 measurements).We found that there are similar patterns in SSMI/S and GlobSnow‐2 SWE when compared against the gamma SWE. However, GlobSnow‐2 SWE had better agreement with gamma SWE than SSMI/S SWE in some forested‐type classes and maritime and prairie snow classes. As compared to SSMI/S and GlobSnow‐2SWE, UA SWE has much better agreement with gamma SWE in all land cover types and snow classes. Tree cover and topographic heterogeneity affect the agreement between the gamma and gridded SWE and accuracy of gamma SWE itself with the largest differences typically occurring when the percent tree cover was 80% or higher, the terrain slope was steeper than 2.5°, and the elevation range exceeded 100 m. The results demonstrate the reliability of the UA SWE products and the benefits of the gamma radiation approach to measure SWE, especially in forested regions.

Eunsang Cho↗
NASA NTRS2005

The Diversity of Martian Volcanic features as Seen in the MOC, THEMIS, and MOM Data Sets

This one-year project (which included one-year no-cost tension) focused on the evolution of the summit areas of Martian volcanoes. It extended the studies conducted under an earlier MDAP project (Grant NAG5-9576, Principal Investigator P. Mouginis- Mark). By using data collected from the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC), Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), and the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instruments, we tried to better understand the diversity of constructional volcanism on Mars, and hence further understand the eruption processes. By inspecting THEMIS and MOC data, we explored the following four questions: (1) Where might near-surface volatiles have been released at the summits of the Tharsis volcanoes? Is the trapping and subsequent remobilization of degassed volatiles [Scott and Wilson, 19991 adequate to produce eruptions responsible for extensive deposits such as the ones identified on Arsia Mons [Mouginis-Mark, 2002]? To answer this question, we investigated the diversity of eruption styles by studying the summit areas of Arsia, Pavonis and Ascraeus Montes. (2) What are the geomorphic characteristics of the valley system on Hecates Tholus, a volcano that we have previously proposed experienced explosive activity [Mouginis-Murk et al., 1982]? Our inspection of THEMIS data suggests that water release on the volcano took place over an extended period of time, suggesting that hydrothermal activity may have taken place here. (3) How similar are the collapse processes observed at Martian and terrestrial calderas? New THEMIS data provide a more complete view of the entire Olympus Mons caldera, thereby enabling the comparison with the collapse features at Masaya volcano, Nicaragua, to be investigated. (4) What can we learn about the emplacement of long lava flows in the lava plains of Eastern Tharsis? The result of this work provided a greater understanding of the temporal and spatial variations in the eruptive history of volcanoes on Mars, and the influence of the volatiles within the top few kilometers of the volcanic edifice. This relationship in turn pertains to the availability of volatiles (both juvenile magmatic volatiles and ground water contained within the near-surface rocks) and to magma supply rates at appreciable distances (tens to hundreds of kilometers) from the centers of volcanoes. Explosive volcanism on Mars, a major factor in the release of water at the surface, may have been driven not only by volatiles within the parental melt, but also by magma encountering water or ice at shallow depth within the volcano [Mouginis-Mark et al., 1982, 1988; Crown and Greeley, 1993; Robinson et al., 19931.

Mouginis-Mark, Peter J.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Exploring Diverse Data Sets and Developing New Theories and Ideas With Project Integration Architecture

The development of new ideas is the essence of scientific research. This is frequently done by developing models of physical processes and comparing model predictions with results from experiments. With models becoming ever more complex and data acquisition systems becoming more powerful, the researcher is burdened with wading through data ranging in volume up to a level of many terabytes and beyond. These data often come from multiple, heterogeneous sources and usually the methods for searching through it are at or near the manual level. In addition, current documentation methods are generally limited to researchers pen-and-paper style notebooks. Researchers may want to form constraint-based queries on a body of existing knowledge that is, itself, distributed over many different machines and environments and from the results of such queries then spawn additional queries, simulations, and data analyses in order to discover new insights into the problem being investigated. Currently, researchers are restricted to working within the boundaries of tools that are inefficient at probing current and legacy data to extend the knowledge of the problem at hand and reveal innovative and efficient solutions. A framework called the Project Integration Architecture is discussed that can address these desired functionalities.

Benyo, Theresa L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Calibration of long term data sets from operational satellites using the Space Shuttle

Modifications made to the SBUV/2 (solar backscatter ultraviolet mod 2) to make it compatible with the Shuttle are examined. The Shuttle SBUV (SSBUV) in-flight radiometric calibration checking system is also described. Requirements, constraints, and methodology for combining SSBUV data with SBUV/2 data to remove its long-term drift are discussed.

Hilsenrath, Ernest↗
NASA NTRS1997

Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Data Sets for Global Environment and Climate Change Studies

For a number of years there has been considerable interest in the earth's radiation budget (ERB) or energy balance, and entails making the best measurements possible of absorbed solar radiation, reflected shortwave radiation (RSW), thermal outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), and net radiation. ERB data are fundamental to the development of realistic climate models and studying natural and anthropogenic perturbations of the climate. Much of the interest and investigations in the earth's energy balance predated the age of earth-orbiting satellites (Hunt et al., 1986). Beginning in the mid 1960's earth-orbiting satellites began to play an important role in making measurements of the earth's radiation flux although much effort had gone into measuring ERB parameters prior to 1960 (House et al., 1986). Beginning in 1974 and extending until the present time, three different satellite experiments (not all operating at the same time) have been making radiation budget measurements almost continually in time. Two of the experiments were totally dedicated to making radiation budget measurements of the earth, and the other experiment flown on NOAA sun-synchronous AVHRR weather satellites produced radiation budget parameters as a by-product. The heat budget data from the AVHRR satellites began collecting data in June 1974 and have operated almost continuously for 23 years producing valuable data for long term climate monitoring.

Bess, T. Dale↗
NASA NTRS1993

Evaluation of two January - June 1992 ERS-1 AMI wind vector data sets

A Jan. - Jun. 1992 10 m height wind vector field was computed with the CMOD2 model function. Freilich and Dunbar used ESA measurements of AMI (Active Microwave Instrument) sigma-naught to derive a refined model function and to produce an alternate Jan. - Jun. 1992 10 m height wind vector field, named FD data. The ESA and FD model functions and algorithms were substantially different. The FD wind vectors were in better agreement with the climatological mean wind field and with moored buoy wind measurements. The average correlation coefficients between monthly mean and daily averaged FD and moored buoy matchups of the Cartesian wind components were 0.84 and 0.74, respectively. The average root mean square differences between the monthly mean and daily averaged FD and moored buoy matchups of the Cartesian wind components were 1.25 and 3.0 m/s, respectively.

Halpern, D.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Interpretation of Lidar and Satellite Data Sets Using a Global Photochemical Model

A primary goal of the NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Program (TCP) is to "contribute substantially to scientific understanding of human impacts on the global troposphere". In order to analyze global or regional trends and factors of the troposphere chemistry, for example, its oxidation capacity or composition, a continuous global/regional data coverage as well as model simulations are needed. The Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE), a major component of the TCP, provides data vital to these questions via aircraft measurement of key trace chemical species in various remote regions of the world. Another component in NASA's effort are satellite projects for exploration of tropospheric chemistry and dynamics. A unique data product is the Tropospheric Ozone Residual (TOR) utilizing global tropospheric ozone data. Another key research tool are simulation studies of atmospheric chemistry and dynamics for the theoretical understanding of the atmosphere, the extrapolation of observed trends, and for sensitivity studies assessing a changing anthropogenic impact to air chemistry and climate. In the context with model simulations, field data derived from satellites or (airborne) field missions are needed for two purposes: 1. To initialize and validate model simulations, and 2., to interpret field data by comparison to model simulation results in order to analyze global or regional trends and deviations from standard tropospheric chemistry and transport conditions as defined by the simulations. Currently, there is neither a sufficient global data coverage available nor are existing well established global circulation models. The NASA LARC CTM model is currently not yet in a state to accomplish a sufficient tropospheric chemistry simulation, so that the current research under this cooperative agreement focuses on utilizing field data products for direct interpretation. They will be also available for model testing and a later interpretation with a finally utilized model.

Zenker, Thomas↗
DOE OSTI2026

Transcriptomic data sets examining several stress responses in Zymomonas mobilis strains

We used RNA-seq to compare gene expression from Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 grown under various conditions: aerobic ± paraquat, anaerobic ± hydrogen peroxide, or an iron chelator. We analyzed two mutant strains lacking predicted transcription factors (ZMO_0442 and ZMO_1411) grown under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. We report the RNA-seq data from these experiments.

Bacterial Stress Response↗
NASA NTRS2023

Do Citizen Science Intense Observation Periods Increase Data Usability? A Deep Dive of the NASA GLOBE Clouds Data Set With Satellite Comparisons

The Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) citizen science program has recently conducted a series of month-long intensive observation periods (IOPs), asking the public to submit daily reports on cloud and sky conditions from all regions of Earth. This provides a wealth of crowdsourced observations from the ground, which complements other conventional scientific cloud data. In addition, the GLOBE reports are matched in space and time with geostationary and low Earth orbit satellites, which allows for a straightforward comparison of cloud properties, and minimizes the biases associated with mismatched sampling between participants and satellites. The matched GLOBE dataset is used to calculate the mean observed cloud cover by atmospheric level both worldwide and by region. The overall magnitudes of cloud cover between the GLOBE participants and the matched satellites agree within 10%, which is notable given the distinctly different natures of the data sources. The mean vertical cloud profiles show GLOBE reporting more low-level clouds and fewer high-level clouds than satellites. The low cloud disagreement is likely related to satellites missing low clouds when high clouds block their view. Conversely, the high cloud disagreement is related primarily to cloud opacity, as satellites may miss some optically thin clouds. Monte Carlo testing shows the results to be robust, and the tripled amount of IOP data reduces uncertainty by half. These findings also highlight ways in which citizen science IOP data may be used to support scientific research while accounting for their unique properties. Plain Language Summary: Citizen science is becoming an increasingly prominent aspect of scientific research, and so it important to study how citizen science data can be used effectively. For example, The GLOBE Program has recently conducted a series of special data-collecting events, or “challenges”, which gathered large numbers of reports on cloud and sky conditions. Because NASA GLOBE Clouds matches the participant reports with cloud observations from satellites, we can use these data to get a combined view of clouds from above and below. When looking at the average cloud cover for different atmospheric levels across Earth, we find that the GLOBE participants and the satellites agree quite closely. This is a surprising and fascinating find, given how different in nature volunteer ground reports are to satellite measurements. However, there are some small but notable disagreements between GLOBE participants and satellites about the distribution of cloud cover at different levels. In addition, by testing the data for uncertainty, we show that the results from the GLOBE data are reliable, and that more public participation improves the reliability. So, by carefully designing the analysis methodology, and by testing for the uncertainty of the data, citizen science can make a meaningful contribution to scientific research.

J. Brant Dodson↗
NASA NTRS1982

User's guide for the Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet (SBUV) instrument first year ozone-S data set

Total-ozone and ozone vertical profile results for Solar Backscattered Ultraviolet/Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS) Nimbus 7 operation from November 1978 to November 1979 are available. The algorithm used have been thoroughly tested, the instrument performance has been examined in details, and the ozone results have been compared with Dobson, Umkehr, balloon, and rocket observations. The accuracy and precision of the satellite ozone data are good to at least within the ability of the ground truth to check and are self-consistent to within the specifications of the instrument. The 'SBUV User's Guide' describes the SBUV experiment and algorithms used. Detailed information on the data available on computer tape is provided including how to order tapes from the National Space Science Data Center.

Fleig, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Debye Dielectric Model Function for Seawater Based on Expanded L-Band Measurement Data Set

New seawater dielectric measurements have recently been made over a broad range of salinities and temperatures at the George Washington University (GW). These measurements have been used to refine the existing dielectric model function of seawater for salinity retrieval. The mathematical structure of the new model function has been investigated to: (a) look for a physical basis for the mathematical form; and (b) to optimize the accuracy of data fitting. The Debye model has been chosen to represent the dielectric constant of seawater as a function of salinity (S), temperature (T) and frequency (f). The retrieved salinity using the Debye model has good agreement with the in-situ data collected by Argo floats. The global differences in retrieved salinity and in-situ data will be presented at the meeting.

ocean salinity↗