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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Software Quality Assurance for the MOOSE-Based Open-Source Multiphysics Code Cardinal - An Expanded CI Testing Suite

Cardinal is a wrapping of the GPU-oriented spectral element Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code NekRS and the Monte Carlo particle transport code OpenMC within the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE). Cardinal provides high-resolution thermal-hydraulics and/or radiation transport feedback to MOOSE multiphysics simulations. Multiphysics feedback is implemented in a geometry-agnostic manner which eliminates the need for rigid one-to-one mappings. A generic data transfer implementation also allows NekRS and OpenMC to couple to any MOOSE application, enabling a broad set of multiphysics capabilities. Cardinal simulations can also leverage combinations of MPI, OpenMP, and GPU resources. Cardinal continuous development and improvement efforts have led to the software being considered as a high-fidelity design and licensing tool for key areas of nuclear reactor relevant physics, including neutron transport, fluid flow, heat transfer, and mechanical processes. The fast development and expansion of the software from a pure R&D framework towards its application in the nuclear industry and regulation require a focus on developing, enhancing and, maintaining Cardinal’s software quality through strict adherence to a Software Quality Assurance (SQA) framework and SQA program. To facilitate compliance with SQA standards, the Cardinal SQA Program has been initiated during Fiscal Year 2023 (FY23). During the development of the Cardinal SQA Program, multiple gaps have been identified. These gaps are primarily related to model verification and code pedigree as they relate to the use of Cardinal as a safety analysis tool. These gaps have been captured in a report published in 2023. A second report highlighted the progress made during Fiscal Year 2024 (FY24) and described Argonne’s effort to document and integrate software verification within Cardinal’s software development process. This report documents a snapshot of the verification test cases currently available for Cardinal and NekRS in their assimilation into a Continuous Integration (CI) platform. Following the CI practice permits the integrating of source code changes frequently and ensuring that the integrated codebase clears the verification testing for the software. It should be noted that the SQA program itself, including the program plans, procedures, configuration management, and testing strategies, need to be developed in a future step of this task.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Progress Towards NQA-1 for Cardinal in FY25

Cardinal is a wrapping of the GPU-oriented spectral element Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code NekRS and the Monte Carlo particle transport code OpenMC within the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE). Cardinal provides high-resolution thermal-hydraulics and/or radiation transport feedback to MOOSE multiphysics simulations. Multiphysics feedback is implemented in a geometry-agnostic manner which eliminates the need for rigid one-to-one mappings. A generic data transfer implementation also allows NekRS and OpenMC to couple to any MOOSE application, enabling a broad set of multiphysics capabilities. Cardinal simulations can also leverage combinations of MPI, OpenMP, and GPU resources. Cardinal continuous development and improvement efforts have led to the software being considered as a high-fidelity design and licensing tool for key areas of nuclear reactor relevant physics, including neutron transport, fluid flow, heat transfer, and mechanical processes. The fast development and expansion of the software from a pure R&D framework towards its application in the nuclear industry and regulation require a focus on developing, enhancing,and maintaining Cardinal’s software quality through strict adherence to a Software Quality Assurance (SQA) framework and SQA program. To facilitate compliance with SQA standards, the Cardinal SQA Program was initiated during Fiscal Year 2023 (FY23). During the development of the Cardinal SQA Program, multiple gaps have been identified. These gaps are primarily related to model verification and code pedigree as they relate to the use of Cardinal as an analysis tool. These gaps were captured in a report published in 2023. A second report highlighted the progress made during Fiscal Year 2024 (FY24) and described Argonne’s effort to document and integrate software verification within Cardinal’s software development process. This report documents the progress made towards NQA-1 for Cardinal in the Fiscal Year 2025 (FY25). All cases in the expanded Continuous Integration (CI) suite of NekRS are included in this report which test the solvers and modules available in NekRS exhaustively. The NekRS tests are integrated with the Cardinal CI suite and made available in publicly accessible Github documentation. Following the CI practice permits integrating of source code changes frequently and ensuring that the integrated codebase clears the verification testing for the software. Also in this report is a brief overview of the development of the Cardinal Software Quality Assurance Plan (SQAP) that was done in FY25, though it should be noted that the rest of the documentation for the SQA program needs to be developed in a future step of this task.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
NASA NTRS1978

The control net of Mars - May 1977

The development of planet-wide control nets of Mars is reviewed, and the May 1977 update is described. This updated control net was computed by means of a large single-block analytical triangulation incorporating the new direction of the spin axis and the new rotation rate of Mars, as determined from radio tracking data provided by the Viking lander spacecraft. The analytical triangulation adjusts for planimetric control only (areocentric latitude and longitude) and for the camera orientation angles. Most of the areocentric radii at the control points were interpolated from radio occultation measurements, but a few were determined photogrammetically, and a substantial number were derived from elevation contours on the 1976 USGS topographic series of Mars maps. A value of V, measured from Mars' vernal equinox along the equator to the prime meridian (Airy-0) is presented.

Davies, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Improved load distribution in parallel sparse Cholesky factorization

Compared to the customary column-oriented approaches, block-oriented, distributed-memory sparse Cholesky factorization benefits from an asymptotic reduction in interprocessor communication volume and an asymptotic increase in the amount of concurrency that is exposed in the problem. Unfortunately, block-oriented approaches (specifically, the block fan-out method) have suffered from poor balance of the computational load. As a result, achieved performance can be quite low. This paper investigates the reasons for this load imbalance and proposes simple block mapping heuristics that dramatically improve it. The result is a roughly 20% increase in realized parallel factorization performance, as demonstrated by performance results from an Intel Paragon system. We have achieved performance of nearly 3.2 billion floating point operations per second with this technique on a 196-node Paragon system.

Rothberg, Edward↗
NASA NTRS1994

The circumstellar environment of IRAS 05338-0624

Millimeter continuum and spectral line observations with 10 sec, 30 sec, and 60 sec resolution are used to characterize the structure and chemistry of the gas around the young, embedded star, IRAS 05338-0624. On arcminute scales, emission from dense gas tracers outline an isolated condensation centered on the IRAS source position. The condensation is characterized by a size of approximately 60 sec, a density of 2 x 10(exp 5)/cc, and a virial mass of 40 solar mass. Interferometric CS J = 2-1 observations show two peaks, one toward the continuum peak and the other toward a position 14 sec west and 8 sec south. Single-dish maps of SO, CH3OH, and SiO show pronounced wing emission to the west of the IRAS source, which interferometer observations reveal to be a compact region of outflow activity. CS emission at redshifted and blueshifted velocities reveals a bipolar outflow oriented with a position angle of 45 deg, while SiO emission appears to be tracing a fast shock interaction region at the CS red-lobe peak, 14 sec west and 8 sec south of the IRAS source. Finally, H(13)CO(+) emission traces clumps of quiescent gas toward the IRAS source and adjacent to the blue lobe of the outflow. Column densities and molecular fractional abundances are derived to explore the interaction between the surrounding condensation and the young stellar object. We find evidence for gas phase depletions within the overall condensation in several gas tracers (CO, CS, HCN, SO) but not in the region immediately around the young stellar object. Enhanced abundances of SO, CH3OH, and SiO (by factors of 4, greater than 100, greater than 1000, respectively) are observed in the shocked gas; these enhancements may be explained in terms of a nondissociative shock liberating mantle materials that contain some amount of refractory materials, a moderate velocity dissociative shock in which only minor sputtering of Si occurs, or a shock that impacts surrounding material with a range of speeds.

Mcmullin, Joseph P.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Harnessing the Risk-Related Data Supply Chain: An Information Architecture Approach to Enriching Human System Research and Operations Knowledge

NASA's Human Research Program (HRP) and Space Life Sciences Directorate (SLSD), not unlike many NASA organizations today, struggle with the inherent inefficiencies caused by dependencies on heterogeneous data systems and silos of data and information spread across decentralized discipline domains. The capture of operational and research-based data/information (both in-flight and ground-based) in disparate IT systems impedes the extent to which that data/information can be efficiently and securely shared, analyzed, and enriched into knowledge that directly and more rapidly supports HRP's research-focused human system risk mitigation efforts and SLSD s operationally oriented risk management efforts. As a result, an integrated effort is underway to more fully understand and document how specific sets of risk-related data/information are generated and used and in what IT systems that data/information currently resides. By mapping the risk-related data flow from raw data to useable information and knowledge (think of it as the data supply chain), HRP and SLSD are building an information architecture plan to leverage their existing, shared IT infrastructure. In addition, it is important to create a centralized structured tool to represent risks including attributes such as likelihood, consequence, contributing factors, and the evidence supporting the information in all these fields. Representing the risks in this way enables reasoning about the risks, e.g. revisiting a risk assessment when a mitigation strategy is unavailable, updating a risk assessment when new information becomes available, etc. Such a system also provides a concise way to communicate the risks both within the organization as well as with collaborators. Understanding and, hence, harnessing the human system risk-related data supply chain enhances both organizations' abilities to securely collect, integrate, and share data assets that improve human system research and operations.

Buquo, Lynn↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effects of break geometry and orientation on helium-air mixing in simulated reactor cavities of high temperature gas reactors

Here, this study experimentally examined the spatial and temporal variations in air and helium concentrations and temperature fields within simulated reactor cavities of a High Temperature Gas Reactor (HTGR) following helium discharge into an initially air-filled reactor cavity system. Detailed temperature maps were generated using a combination of fiber optics temperature sensor and multiple thermocouple probes within the simulated reactor cavities. The research scenario involved a hypothetical small pipe break in the Reactor Pressure Vessel, resulting in the release of high-temperature helium into the surrounding cavity. A scaled multi-compartment experimental facility, modeled after the General Atomics Modular High Temperature Gas Reactor (GA-MHTGR) design, was constructed for helium and air mixing experiments. Oxygen sensors and thermocouple probes were installed in all five cavities to measure the concentrations of oxygen (or helium) and the temperature distributions of the gas mixture. The experimental findings highlighted the significant impact of the injected helium jet velocity on the gas mixing process and demonstrated how the direction of the helium jet influences the air-helium temperature profiles within the cavities.

Air-ingress↗
NASA NTRS1996

The IRS 1 circumstellar disk, and the origin of the jet and CO outflow in B5

We report the discovery of the inner edge of the high velocity CO outflow associated with the bipolar jet originating from IRS 1 in Barnard 5 and the first ever resolution of its circumstellar disk in the 2.6 mm dust continuum and C18O. From high spatial resolution observations made with the Owens Valley Millimeter Array we are able to locate the origin of the outflow to within approximately 500 AU on either side of IRS 1 and apparently at the edge of, or possibly within, its circumstellar disk. The orientation of the continuum disk is perpendicular to the highly collimated jet outflow recently seen in optical emission at much farther distances. The disk has been detected in C18O giving a disk mass approximately 0.16 M (solar). Our HCO+ and HCN maps indicate significant chemical differentiation in the circumstellar region on small scales with HCO+ tracing an extended disk of material. The 12CO interferometer maps of the outflow show two conelike features originating at IRS 1, the blue one fanning open to the northeast and the red one to the southwest. The vertices of the cones are on either side of the circumstellar disk and have a projected opening angle of about 90 degrees. The intrinsic opening angle is in the range of 60 degrees-90 degrees which leads to significant interaction between outflow and infall.

NASA Center JPL↗
NASA NTRS1974

SEASAT-A - A user oriented systems design

The SEASAT-A spacecraft is tentatively scheduled for launch in 1978 into a nearly circular orbit with an altitude of approximately 800 km. The spacecraft is to demonstrate a capability for the global monitoring of wave height and spectra, surface winds, ocean temperature, and current patterns. Other objectives include the charting of ice fields and a mapping of the global geoid. The sensors to be carried by the spacecraft are discussed and a description is given of the satellite system and the subsystems.

Mccandless, S. W., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Geodesy and cartography

Geodesy and cartography provide the geometric framework on which most investigations of planets are ultimately based. Specifically, the products of these disciplines provide information on the following: (1) the dimensions of the planet, (2) a mathematical figure of reference for the planet, (3) the orientation of the body in the celestial coordinate system, (4) the rotational constants, (5) a defined system of coordinates, (6) the location of surface points in the defined coordinate system, (7) the gravity potential expressed in spherical harmonics, (8) topographic and thematic maps, and (9) surface albedo in various wavelengths. The relevance of geodesy and cartography to planetology is discussed, and the requirements of data acquisition and mission design are considered.

Batson, R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

A test of the hypothesis that impact-induced fractures are preferred sites for later tectonic activity

Impact cratering has been an important process in the solar system. The cratering event is generally accompanied by faulting in adjacent terrain. Impact-induced faults are nearly ubiquitous over large areas on the terrestrial planets. The suggestion is made that these fault systems, particularly those associated with the largest impact features are preferred sites for later deformation in response to lithospheric stresses generated by other processes. The evidence is a perceived clustering of orientations of tectonic features either radial or concentric to the crater or basin in question. An opportunity exists to test this suggestion more directly on Earth. The terrestrial continents contain more than 100 known or probable impact craters, with associated geological structures mapped to varying levels of detail. Prime facie evidence for reactivation of crater-induced faults would be the occurrence of earthquakes on these faults in response to the intraplate stress field. Either an alignment of epicenters with mapped fault traces or fault plane solutions indicating slip on a plane approximately coincident with that inferred for a crater-induced fault would be sufficient to demonstrate such an association.

Solomon, Sean C.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Superluminal motion in the double-lobed quasar 3C 245

VLBI observations of 3C 245 obtained at 10.7 GHz with the Mark III array at five epochs in 1981-1986 are reported. The data-reduction and model-fitting procedures are explained, and the results are presented in tables, graphs, and maps along with previously published data on 11 other superluminal sources. The central component of the quasar is found to have an apparent transverse velocity of (3.1 + or - 1.4) c/h, assuming H0 = 100h km/s Mpc and q0 = 0.5. From the apparent source orientation (based on R, variability, apparent curvature, and projected linear size) it is inferred that the apparent transverse velocity is anticorrelated with the angle to the line of sight, as predicted by relativistic-beaming models of superluminal motion.

Hough, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Using semantic data modeling techniques to organize an object-oriented database for extending the mass storage model

A methodology for optimizing organization of data obtained by NASA earth and space missions is discussed. The methodology uses a concept based on semantic data modeling techniques implemented in a hierarchical storage model. The modeling is used to organize objects in mass storage devices, relational database systems, and object-oriented databases. The semantic data modeling at the metadata record level is examined, including the simulation of a knowledge base and semantic metadata storage issues. The semantic data model hierarchy and its application for efficient data storage is addressed, as is the mapping of the application structure to the mass storage.

Campbell, William J.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Current Limitations on VLBI Accuracy

The contribution of VLBI to geophysics and geodesy arises from its ability to measure distances between stations in a network and to determine the orientation of stations in the network as well as the orientation of the network with respect to the external reference frame of extragalactic radio objects. Integrating nearly two decades of observations provides useful information about station positions and velocities and the orientation of the Earth, but the complications of the real world and the limitations of observing, modeling and analysis prevent recovery of all effects. Of the factors that limit the accuracy of seemingly straightforward geodetic parameters, the neutral propagation medium has been subject to the greatest scrutiny, but the treatment of the mapping function, the wet component and spatial/temporal inhomogeneities is still improving. These affect both the terrestrial scale and consistency over time. The modeling of non-secular site motions (tides and loading) has increased in sophistication, but there are some differences between the models and the observations. VLBI antennas are massive objects, so their behavior is quite unlike GPS monuments, but antenna deformations add some (generally) unmodeled signal. Radio sources used in geodetic VLBI observations are selected for strength and (relative) absence of structure, but apparent changes in position can leak into geodetic parameters. A linear rate of change of baseline or site parameters is the simplest model and its error improves with time span. However, in most cases the VLBI data distribution is insufficient to look for real non-linear behavior that might affect the average rate. A few sites have multiple VLBI antennas, and some show small differences in rate. VLBI intrinsically measures relative positions and velocities, but individual site positions and velocities are generally more useful. The creation of the VLBI terrestrial reference frame, which transforms relative information into individual results, is an empirical process that has intrinsic errors. While UT1 is uniquely measured by VLBI, the geographical distribution and availability of VLBI stations, especially in the southern hemisphere, and the consistency of the VLBI terrestrial reference frame may limit the accuracy of Earth orientation measurements. The effects of particular error sources on geodetic and geophysical parameters derived from VLBI data will be illustrated.

Ma, Chopo↗
DOE OSTI2025

Classical eikonal from Magnus expansion

In a classical scattering problem, the classical eikonal is defined as the generator of the canonical transformation that maps in-states to out-states. It can be regarded as the classical limit of the log of the quantum S-matrix. In a classical analog of the Born approximation in quantum mechanics, the classical eikonal admits an expansion in oriented tree graphs, where oriented edges denote retarded/advanced worldline propagators. The Magnus expansion, which takes the log of a time-ordered exponential integral, offers an efficient method to compute the coefficients of the tree graphs to all orders. We exploit a Hopf algebra structure behind the Magnus expansion to develop a fast algorithm which can compute the tree coefficients up to the 12th order (over half a million trees) in less than an hour. In a relativistic setting, our methods can be applied to the post-Minkowskian (PM) expansion for gravitational binaries in the worldline formalism. We demonstrate the methods by computing the 3PM eikonal and find agreement with previous results based on amplitude methods. Importantly, the Magnus expansion yields a finite eikonal, while the naïve eikonal based on the time-symmetric propagator is infrared-divergent from 3PM on.

Black Holes↗
NASA NTRS1986

Remote sensing of coastal wetlands

Various aircraft and satellite sensors for detecting and mapping wetlands properties are examined. The uses of color IR photography to map coastal vegetation, and of Landsat MSS and TM and SPOT data to quantify biomass and productivity for large wetland areas are discussed. For spectral estimation of biomass and productivity, the relation between radiance and biomass needs to be studied; the quantity and orientation of dead biomass and the amount of soil reflectance in comparison with vegetation reflectance in a given target area affect the spectral estimation of biomass. The radiometric evaluation of brackish wetland, and remote sensing in mangroves are described. The collection of images in narrow, contiguous spectral band using imaging spectrometry is considered.

Hardisky, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1990

On three dimensional object recognition and pose-determination: An abstraction based approach

A method of computing reliable Gaussian and mean curvature sign-map descriptors from the polynomial approximation of surfaces was demonstrated. Such descriptors which are invariant under perspective variation are suitable for hypothesis generation. A means for determining the pose of constructed geometric forms whose algebraic surface descriptors are nonlinear in terms of their orienting parameters was developed. This was done by means of linear functions which are capable of approximating nonlinear forms and determining their parameters. It was shown that biquadratic surfaces are suitable companion linear forms for cylindrical approximation and parameter estimation. The estimates provided the initial parametric approximations necessary for a nonlinear regression stage to fine tune the estimates by fitting the actual nonlinear form to the data. A hypothesis-based split-merge algorithm for extraction and pose determination of cylinders and planes which merge smoothly into other surfaces was developed. It was shown that all split-merge algorithms are hypothesis-based. A finite-state algorithm for the extraction of the boundaries of run-length regions was developed. The computation takes advantage of the run list topology and boundary direction constraints implicit in the run-length encoding.

Quek, Kok How Francis↗
NASA NTRS2005

Operation and Performance of the Mars Exploration Rover Imaging System on the Martian Surface

This slide presentation details the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) imaging system. Over 144,000 images have been gathered from all Mars Missions, with 83.5% of them being gathered by MER. Each Rover has 9 cameras (Navcam, front and rear Hazcam, Pancam, Microscopic Image, Descent Camera, Engineering Camera, Science Camera) and produces 1024 x 1024 (1 Megapixel) images in the same format. All onboard image processing code is implemented in flight software and includes extensive processing capabilities such as autoexposure, flat field correction, image orientation, thumbnail generation, subframing, and image compression. Ground image processing is done at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Multimission Image Processing Laboratory using Video Image Communication and Retrieval (VICAR) while stereo processing (left/right pairs) is provided for raw image, radiometric correction; solar energy maps,triangulation (Cartesian 3-spaces) and slope maps.

imaging↗