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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21
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NASA NTRS1992

On Vasyliunas's equivalent conductivity formalism

The Vasyliunas's (1972) equivalent conductivity formalism (ECF) for representing the coupling of the ionosphere and the magnetosphere is discussed, and a new, simpler, derivation is presented of the ECF, in which certain of the underlying assumptions and their implications are made transparent. The derivation presented indicates that the only role of the ions in the ECF is to insure quasi-neutrality. It is shown that the ECF is not as robust as usually assumed and that caution must be used to insure that reasonable results are obtained.

Pontius, D. H., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Implications of Lyman-alpha equivalent widths in active galactic nuclei

Results of photoionization calculations that examine the sensitivity of Ly-alpha emission to parameters describing the broadline clouds and incident radiation field are reported. The case of the Seyfert I galaxy NGC 5548 is considered, and good consistency is found with observed properties of the Ly-alpha zone for a cloud density of about 10 exp 11/cu cm and ratio of ionizing photon to hydrogen density near 0.2. Estimation of the cloud covering factor depends on the extrapolation of the EUV continuum. EUV cutoffs at 20 and 60 eV correspond to a range of covering factors between 0.8 and 0.5, which is larger than typically assumed in the past for luminous Seyferts. Equivalent width observations of Fairall 9 show that its continuum cannot be as soft as suggested by previous line ratio analyses and imply that its EUV continuum persists to 20 eV or more before cutting off. A method by which variability measurements can be combined with the present calculations to measure the distances to AGN, and hence the Hubble constant, is outlined.

Shields, Joseph C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The quasar proximity effect in an equivalent-width-limited sample of the Lyman-alpha forest

We have obtained a simple analytical approximation to the relationship between a rest-frame equivalent-width distribution for Ly-alpha forest absorption lines, N(W), and an H I column density distribution of the observed cloud number, N(N). Assuming a simple power-law form for N(N) proportional to N exp (1-beta), it is shown that beta = 1.4 turns out to agree fairly well with the observed form of N(W) in a broad range of column densities. We present a theoretical analysis of how the 'proximity effect' influences a W-limited sample of Ly-alpha forest lines. It is shown that this influence is considerably smaller than has been found before for a N-limited sample, for which an approximate value of beta was assumed rather than derived as has been done, for a W-limited sample, in the present paper. As a result, available observational data appear to be still consistent with the conjecture that the observed population of QSOs is the major source of the UV background at redshifts z about 2-4.

Chernomordik, Viktor V.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Depth-dose equivalent relationship for cosmic rays at various solar minima

Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) pose a serious radiation hazard for long-duration missions. In designing a lunar habitat or a Mars transfer vehicle, the radiation exposure determines the GCR shielding thickness, and hence the weight of spacecraft. Using the spherically symmetric diffusion theory of the solar modulation of GCR, and data on the differential energy spectra of H, He, O, and Fe, from 1965 to 1989, it has been shown that (1) the flux is determined by the diffusion parameter which is a function of the time in the solar cycle, and (2) the fluxes in the 1954 and 1976-1977 solar minima were similar and higher than those in 1965. In this paper, we have extended the spherical solar modulation theory back to 1954. The 1954-1955 GCR flux was nearly the same as that from 1976 to 1977; the 1965 flux values were nearly the same as those in 1986. Using this theory we have obtained the GCR spectra for all the nuclei, and calculated the depth dose as a function of Al thickness. It is shown that the shielding required to stay below 0.5 Sv is 17.5 -3/+8 g/sq cm of Al, and 9 -1.5/+5 g/sq cm to stay below 0.6 Sv. The calculated dose equivalent using the ICRP 60 values for quality factors is about 15 percent higher than that calculated using the ICRP 26 value.

Badhwar, G. D.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Multilayer Relaxation and Surface Energies of FCC and BCC Metals Using Equivalent Crystal Theory

The multilayer relaxation of fcc and bcc metal surfaces is calculated using equivalent crystal theory. The results for changes in interplanar spacings of planes close to the surface and the ensuing surface energies are discussed in reference to other theoretical results and compared to available experimental data. The calculation includes high-index surfaces for which no other theoretical results are known.

Rodriguez, Agustin M.↗
NASA NTRS1953

Analytical evaluation of effect of equivalence ratio inlet-air temperature and combustion pressure on performance of several possible ram-jet fuels

The results of an analytical investigation of the theoretical air specific impulse performance and adiabatic combustion temperatures of several possible ram-jet fuels over a range of equivalence ratios, inlet-air temperatures, and combustion pressures, is presented herein. The fuels include octane-1, 50-percent-magnesium slurry, boron, pentaborane, diborane, hydrogen, carbon, and aluminum. Thermal effects from high combustion temperatures were found to effect considerably the combustion performance of all the fuels. An increase in combustion pressure was beneficial to air specific impulse at high combustion temperatures. The use of these theoretical data in engine operation and in the evaluation of experimental data is described.

COMBUSTION - TURBINE ENGINES↗
NASA NTRS1936

The Effect of Water Vapor on Flame Velocity in Equivalent Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen Mixtures

This report presents the results of an investigation to study the effect of water vapor upon the spatial speed of flame in equivalent mixtures of carbon monoxide and oxygen at various total pressures from 100 to 780 mm.hg. These results show that, within this pressure range, an increase in flame speed is produced by increasing the mole fraction of water vapor at least as far as saturation at 25 degrees c., and that the rate of this increase is greater the higher the pressure. It is evident that water vapor plays an important part in the explosive oxidation of carbon monoxide; the need for further experimental evidence as to the nature of its action is indicated.

Fiock, Ernest F↗
NASA NTRS1954

Analytical study of blockage- and lift-interference corrections for slotted tunnels obtained by the substitution of an equivalent homogeneous boundary for the discrete slots

The solid-blockage interference for a doublet on the tunnel axis and the boundary interference for lifting wings in circular, rectangular, and two-dimensional slotted tunnels have been calculated by substituting an equivalent homogeneous boundary for the physical boundary of discrete slots. In the case of small wings, the interference calculated with the assumption of homogeneity has been found to be consistent with that calculated for the discrete slots for as few as four slots in a circular tunnel. Furthermore, available experimental results for blockage interference are consistent with the results of the present analysis. As a consequence of the assumption of homogeneity it is possible to express the interference of multislotted tunnels as a function of a single parameter which combines the effects of two physical variables: the ratio of open to total slotted wall perimeter and the number of slots. A curve is presented which permits the rapid evaluation of this parameter and numerical results for lift and blockage interference are plotted against the parameter.

Davis, Don D , Jr↗
NASA NTRS1993

Structure and energetics of high index Fe, Al, Cu and Ni surfaces using equivalent crystal theory

Equivalent crystal theory (ECT) is applied to the study of multilayer relaxations and surface energies of high-index faces of Fe, Al, Ni, and Cu. Changes in interplanar spacing as well as registry of planes close to the surface and the ensuing surface energies changes are discussed in reference to available experimental data and other theoretical calculations. Since ECT is a semiempirical method, the dependence of the results on the variation of the input used was investigated.

Rodriguez, Agustin M.↗
NASA NTRS1993

STEP: Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle. Report on the phase A study

During Phase A, the STEP Study Team identified three types of experiments that can be accommodated on the STEP satellite within the mission constraints and whose performance is orders of magnitude better than any present or planned future experiment of the same kind on the ground. The scientific objectives of the STEP mission are to: test the Equivalence Principle to one part in 10(exp 17), six orders of magnitude better than has been achieved on the ground; search for a new interaction between quantum-mechanical spin and ordinary matter with a sensitivity of the mass-spin coupling constant g(sub p)g(sub s) = 6 x 10(exp -34) at a range of 1 mm, which represents a seven order-of-magnitude improvement over comparable ground-based measurements; and determine the constant of gravity G with a precision of one part in 10(exp 6) and to test the validity of the inverse square law with the same precision, both two orders of magnitude better than has been achieved on the ground.

Blaser, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Equivalent plate structural modeling for wing shape optimization including transverse shear

A new technique for structural modeling of airplanes wings is presented taking transverse shear effects into account. The kinematic assumptions of first-order shear deformation plate theory in combination with numerical analysis, where simple polynomials are used to define geometry, construction, and displacement approximations, lead to analytical expressions for elements of the stiffness and mass matrices and load vector. Contributions from the cover skins, spar and rib caps, and spar and rib webs are included as well as concentrated springs and concentrated masses. Limitations of wing modeling techniques based on classical plate theory are discussed, and the improved accuracy of the new equivalent plate technique is demonstrated through comparison with finite element analysis and test results. Expressions for analytical derivatives of stiffness, mass, and load terms with respect to wing shape are given. Based on these, it is possible to obtain analytic sensitivities of displacements, stresses, and natural frequencies with respect to planform shape and depth distribution. This makes the new capability an effective structural tool for wing shape optimization.

Livne, Eli↗
NASA NTRS1995

Calculation of dose, dose equivalent, and relative biological effectiveness for high charge and energy ion beams

The Green's function for the transport of ions of high charge and energy is utilized with a nuclear fragmentation database to evaluate dose, dose equivalent, and RBE for C3H10T1/2 cell survival and neo-plastic transformation as function of depth in soft tissue. Such evaluations are useful to estimates of biological risk for high altitude aircraft, space operations, accelerator operations, and biomedical application.

Wilson, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Calculation of Dose, Dose Equivalent, and Relative Biological Effectiveness for High Charge and Energy Ion Beams

The Green's function for the transport of ions of high charge and energy is utilized with a nuclear fragmentation database to evaluate dose, dose equivalent, and RBE for C3H1OT1/2 cell survival and neoplastic transformation as a function of depth in soft tissue. Such evaluations are useful to estimates of biological risk for high altitude aircraft, space operations, accelerator operations, and biomedical applications.

Wilson, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Equivalence of Fluctuation Splitting and Finite Volume for One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics

The equivalence of the discretized equations resulting from both fluctuation splitting and finite volume schemes is demonstrated in one dimension. Scalar equations are considered for advection, diffusion, and combined advection/diffusion. Analysis of systems is performed for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations of gas dynamics. Non-uniform mesh-point distributions are included in the analyses.

Wood, William A.↗
NASA NTRS1953

Drag Measurements on Equivalent Bodies of Revolution of Six Configurations of the Convair MX-1964 (Originally MX-1626) Proposed Supersonic Bomber

Tests on equivalent bodies of revolution of six configurations of the Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation proposed supersonic bomber (Convair MX-1964) have indicated that it is possible to reduce the drag of the configuration by designing it to have a favorable area distribution. The method of NACA RM L53I22c to predict the peak pressure drag of a configuration on the basis of its area distribution gave generally good agreement with the subject models.

Hall, James Rudyard↗
NASA NTRS1994

Equivalent Plate Structural Modeling for Wing Shape Optimization Including Transverse Shear

A new technique for structural modeling of airplane wings is presented taking transverse shear effects into account. The kinematic assumptions of first-order shear deformation plate theory In combination with numerical analysis, where simple polynomials are used to define geometry, construction, and displacement approximations, lead to analytical expressions for elements of the stiffness and mass matrices and load vector. Contributions from the cover skins, spar and rib caps, and spar and rib webs are included as well as concentrated springs and concentrated masses. Limitations of wing modeling techniques based on classical plate theory are discussed, and the Improved accuracy of the new equivalent plate technique is demonstrated through comparison with finite element analysis and test results. Expressions for analytical derivatives of stiffness, mass, and load terms with respect to wing shape are given. Based on these, it is possible to obtain analytic sensitivities of displacements, stresses, and natural frequencies with respect to planform shape and depth distribution. This makes the new capability an effective structural tool for wing shape optimization.

Livne, Eli↗
NASA NTRS2000

Demonstration of Cost-Effective, High-Performance Computing at Performance and Reliability Levels Equivalent to a 1994 Vector Supercomputer

The Affordable High Performance Computing (AHPC) project demonstrated that high-performance computing based on a distributed network of computer workstations is a cost-effective alternative to vector supercomputers for running CPU and memory intensive design and analysis tools. The AHPC project created an integrated system called a Network Supercomputer. By connecting computer work-stations through a network and utilizing the workstations when they are idle, the resulting distributed-workstation environment has the same performance and reliability levels as the Cray C90 vector Supercomputer at less than 25 percent of the C90 cost. In fact, the cost comparison between a Cray C90 Supercomputer and Sun workstations showed that the number of distributed networked workstations equivalent to a C90 costs approximately 8 percent of the C90.

Babrauckas, Theresa↗