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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1998

Cloud Filtering Using a Bi-Spectral Spatial Coherence Approach

The research in this paper focuses on describing a technique developed for cloud filtering using a bi-spectral approach on GOES-8/9 Imager data. The application was developed for use with infrared retrievals of geophysical parameters in mind, where cloud cover contaminates the derived product. However, numerous potential applications of the technique exist. The technique will be described and a preliminary validation of the algorithm will be presented. Although initially based on the spatial coherence approach from Coakley and Brethereton (1982), it has evolved to utilize a difference image of the I I and 3.9 micrometer channels on the GOES-8/9 Imager. This image is very similar to that produced by Nelson and Ellrod (1996). During the daytime the technique makes use of the varying solar reflectance in the 3.9 micrometer channel by clouds and land to identify cloudy pixels. While at night, the technique makes use of the varying emissivity of the clouds in the scene to discriminate between clear and cloudy pixels. The technique applies three basic threshold tests to produce the final cloud filtered image: 1) a standard deviation threshold to detect the spatial variance in the scene, 2) a difference threshold between adjacent pixels, and 3) a simple infrared temperature threshold. The first test is applied to the entire image at once, then in a second pass the next two tests are applied. The final infrared temperature threshold is only meant to identify the coldest clouds that might pass the previous tests. The technique performs well during the daytime, while nighttime performance is degraded but is promising. The technique has proven to be robust and shows great promise of meeting its original goal of cloud filtering for use in an infrared retrieval algorithm for use in climate studies.

Guillory, Anthony R.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Cloud Filtering Using a Bi-Spectral Spatial Coherence Approach

The research in this paper focuses on describing a technique developed for cloud filtering using a bi-spectral approach on GOES-8/9 Imager data. The application was developed for use with infrared retrievals of geophysical parameters in mind, where cloud cover contaminates the derived product. However, numerous potential applications of the technique exist. The technique will be described and a preliminary validation of the algorithm will be presented. Although initially based on the spatial coherence approach from Coakley and Brethereton (1982), it has evolved to utilize a difference image of the 11 and 3.9 micrometer channels on the GOES-8/9 Imager. This image is very similar to that produced by Nelson and Ellrod (1996). During the daytime the technique makes use of the varying solar reflectance in the 3.9 micrometer channel by clouds and land to identify cloudy pixels. While at night, the technique makes use of the varying emissivity of the clouds in the scene to discriminate between clear and cloudy pixels. The technique applies three basic threshold tests to produce the final cloud filtered image: 1) a standard deviation threshold to detect the spatial variance in the scene, 2) a difference threshold between adjacent pixels, and 3) a simple infrared temperature threshold. The first test is applied to the entire image at once, then in a second pass the next two tests are applied. The final infrared temperature threshold is only meant to identify the coldest clouds that might pass the previous tests. The technique performs well during the daytime, while nighttime performance is degraded but is promising. The technique has proven to be robust and shows great promise of meeting its original goal of cloud filtering for use in an infrared retrieval algorithm for use in climate studies.

Guillory, Anthony R.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Airborne sulfur trace species intercomparison campaign: Sulfur dioxide, dimethylsulfide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, and carbonyl sulfide

Results from an airborne intercomparison of techniques to measure tropospheric levels of sulfur trace gases are presented. The intercomparison was part of the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) and was conducted during the summer of 1989. The intercomparisons were conducted on the Wallops Electra aircraft during flights from Wallops Island, Virginia, and Natal, Brazil. Sulfur measurements intercompared included sulfur dioxide (SO2), dimethylsulfide (DMS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon disulfide (CS2), and carbonyl sulfide (OCS). Measurement techniques ranged from filter collection systems with post-flight analyses to mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph systems employing various methods for measuring and identifying the sulfur gases during flight. Sampling schedules for the techniques ranged from integrated collections over periods as long as 50 minutes to one- to three-minute samples every ten or fifteen minutes. Several of the techniques provided measurements of more than one sulfur gas. Instruments employing different detection principles were involved in each of the sulfur intercomparisons. Also included in the intercomparison measurement scenario were a host of supporting measurements (i.e., ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, total sulfur, aerosols, etc.) for purposes of: (1) interpreting results (i.e., correlation of any noted instrument disagreement with the chemical composition of the measurement environment); and (2) providing supporting chemical data to meet CITE-3 science objectives of studying ozone/sulfur photochemistry, diurnal cycles, etc. The results of the intercomparison study are briefly discussed.

Gregory, Gerald L.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Recursive filter initialization.

Description of an initialization technique which partially accounts for the interrelation between the true-state vector errors when recursive filtering is applied in space navigation systems. The technique reduces the undesirable transient effects of the first few measurements and inhibits filter divergence when the interval between measurements is inordinately large. The key feature of this technique is the inclusion of the effect of a number of pseudo-measurements of certain orbital parameters into the initial covariance matrix. The pseudo-measurement technique has been shown to be useful when reinitialization of the error covariance matrix is required to prevent filter divergence.

Battin, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Autonomous Performance Monitoring System: Monitoring and Self-Tuning (MAST)

Maintaining the long-term performance of software onboard a spacecraft can be a major factor in the cost of operations. In particular, the task of controlling and maintaining a future mission of distributed spacecraft will undoubtedly pose a great challenge, since the complexity of multiple spacecraft flying in formation grows rapidly as the number of spacecraft in the formation increases. Eventually, new approaches will be required in developing viable control systems that can handle the complexity of the data and that are flexible, reliable and efficient. In this paper we propose a methodology that aims to maintain the accuracy of flight software, while reducing the computational complexity of software tuning tasks. The proposed Monitoring and Self-Tuning (MAST) method consists of two parts: a flight software monitoring algorithm and a tuning algorithm. The dependency on the software being monitored is mostly contained in the monitoring process, while the tuning process is a generic algorithm independent of the detailed knowledge on the software. This architecture will enable MAST to be applicable to different onboard software controlling various dynamics of the spacecraft, such as attitude self-calibration, and formation control. An advantage of MAST over conventional techniques such as filter or batch least square is that the tuning algorithm uses machine learning approach to handle uncertainty in the problem domain, resulting in reducing over all computational complexity. The underlying concept of this technique is a reinforcement learning scheme based on cumulative probability generated by the historical performance of the system. The success of MAST will depend heavily on the reinforcement scheme used in the tuning algorithm, which guarantees the tuning solutions exist.

Peterson, Chariya↗
NASA NTRS1980

Optical redshifts of 59 galaxies

This paper presents the results of an observing program carried out to measure galaxy redshifts with the Cassegrain Digicon Spectrograph system on the McDonald Observatory 2.1 m Struve telescope. New redshift determinations are presented for 59 galaxies, obtained for emission line spectra by conventional wavelength determination techniques and for absorption line spectra by Fourier transform filtering and cross correlation techniques with respect to velocity standard spectra of NGC 3115 and NGC 4736. With respect to published redshifts for 29 galaxies, the new redshifts show a mean residual of -1 km/sec and rms residual of 49 km/sec, without apparent systematic trends, from -300 to +13,700 km/sec.

Kelton, P. W.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Slit Function Measurement of An Imaging Spectrograph Using Fourier Transform Techniques

Knowledge of a spectrograph slit function is necessary to interpret the unresolved lines in an observed spectrum. A theoretical slit function can be calculated from the sizes of the entrance slit, the detector aperture when it functions as an exit slit, the dispersion characteristic of the disperser, and the point spread function of the spectrograph. A measured slit function is preferred to the theoretical one for the correct interpretation of the spectral data. In a scanning spectrometer with a single exit slit, the slit function is easily measured. In a fixed grating/or disperser spectrograph, illuminating the entrance slit with a near monochromatic light from a pre-monochrmator or a tunable laser and varying the wavelength of the incident light can measure the slit function. Even though the latter technique had been used successfully for the slit function measurements, it had been very laborious and it would be prohibitive to an imaging spectrograph or a multi-object spectrograph that has a large field of view. We explore an alternative technique that is manageable for the measurements. In the proposed technique, the imaging spectrograph is used as a detector of a Fourier transform spectrometer. This method can be applied not only to an IR spectrograph but also has a potential to a visible/UV spectrograph including a wedge filter spectrograph. This technique will require a blackbody source of known temperature and a bolometer to characterize the interferometer part of the Fourier Transform spectrometer. This pa?er will describe the alternative slit function measurement technique using a Fourier transform spectrometer.

Park, Hongwoo↗
NASA NTRS1995

The development of a tunable, single-frequency ultraviolet laser source for UV filtered Rayleigh scattering

We present the development of a flexible, high power, narrow line width, tunable ultraviolet source for diagnostic application. By frequency tripling the output of a pulsed titanium-sapphire laser, we achieve broadly tunable (227-360 nm) ultraviolet light with high quality spatial and spectral resolution. We also present the characterization of a mercury vapor cell which provides a narrow band, sharp edge absorption filter at 253.7 nm. These two components form the basis for the extension of the Filtered Rayleigh Scattering technique into the ultraviolet. The UV-FRS system is comprised of four pieces: a single frequency, cw tunable Ti:Sapphire seeding source; a high-powered pulsed Ti:Sapphire oscillator; a third harmonic generator system; and an atomic mercury vapor filter. In this paper we discuss the development and characterization of each of these elements.

Finkelstein, N.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Motion detection, novelty filtering, and target tracking using an interferometric technique with a GaAs phase conjugate mirror

A method and apparatus is disclosed for detecting and tracking moving objects in a noise environment cluttered with fast-and slow-moving objects and other time-varying background. A pair of phase conjugate light beams carrying the same spatial information commonly cancel each other out through an image subtraction process in a phase conjugate interferometer, wherein gratings are formed in a fast photo-refractive phase conjugate mirror material. In the steady state, there is no output. When the optical path of one of the two phase conjugate beams is suddenly changed, the return beam loses its phase conjugate nature and the inter-ferometer is out of balance, resulting in an observable output. The observable output lasts until the phase conjugate nature of the beam has recovered. The observable time of the output signal is roughly equal to the formation time of the grating. If the optical path changing time is slower than the formation time, the change of optical path becomes unobservable, because the index grating can follow the change. Thus, objects traveling at speeds which result in a path changing time which is slower than the formation time are not observable and do not clutter the output image view.

Cheng, Li-Jen↗
NASA NTRS1991

Motion detection, novelty filtering, and target tracking using an interferometric technique with GaAs phase conjugate mirror

A method and apparatus for detecting and tracking moving objects in a noise environment cluttered with fast- and slow-moving objects and other time-varying background. A pair of phase conjugate light beams carrying the same spatial information commonly cancel each other out through an image subtraction process in a phase conjugate interferometer, wherein gratings are formed in a fast photorefractive phase conjugate mirror material. In the steady state, there is no output. When the optical path of one of the two phase conjugate beams is suddenly changed, the return beam loses its phase conjugate nature and the interferometer is out of balance, resulting in an observable output. The observable output lasts until the phase conjugate nature of the beam has recovered. The observable time of the output signal is roughly equal to the formation time of the grating. If the optical path changing time is slower than the formation time, the change of optical path becomes unobservable, because the index grating can follow the change. Thus, objects traveling at speeds which result in a path changing time which is slower than the formation time are not observable and do not clutter the output image view.

Cheng, Li-Jen↗
NASA NTRS1976

Iterative design of one- and two-dimensional FIR digital filters

The paper describes a new iterative technique for designing FIR (finite duration impulse response) digital filters using a frequency weighted least squares approximation. The technique is as easy to implement (via FFT) and as effective in two dimensions as in one dimension, and there are virtually no limitations on the class of filter frequency spectra approximated. An adaptive adjustment of the frequency weight to achieve other types of design approximation such as Chebyshev type design is discussed.

Suk, M.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Damage Detection in Composite Structures with Wavenumber Array Data Processing

Guided ultrasonic waves (GUW) have the potential to be an efficient and cost-effective method for rapid damage detection and quantification of large structures. Attractive features include sensitivity to a variety of damage types and the capability of traveling relatively long distances. They have proven to be an efficient approach for crack detection and localization in isotropic materials. However, techniques must be pushed beyond isotropic materials in order to be valid for composite aircraft components. This paper presents our study on GUW propagation and interaction with delamination damage in composite structures using wavenumber array data processing, together with advanced wave propagation simulations. Parallel elastodynamic finite integration technique (EFIT) is used for the example simulations. Multi-dimensional Fourier transform is used to convert time-space wavefield data into frequency-wavenumber domain. Wave propagation in the wavenumber-frequency domain shows clear distinction among the guided wave modes that are present. This allows for extracting a guided wave mode through filtering and reconstruction techniques. Presence of delamination causes spectral change accordingly. Results from 3D CFRP guided wave simulations with delamination damage in flat-plate specimens are used for wave interaction with structural defect study.

Tian, Zhenhua↗
NASA NTRS1993

Conventional modeling of the multilayer perceptron using polynomial basis functions

A technique for modeling the multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, in which input and hidden units are represented by polynomial basis functions (PBFs), is presented. The MLP output is expressed as a linear combination of the PBFs and can therefore be expressed as a polynomial function of its inputs. Thus, the MLP is isomorphic to conventional polynomial discriminant classifiers or Volterra filters. The modeling technique was successfully applied to several trained MLP networks.

Chen, Mu-Song↗
NASA NTRS1974

Derivative information recovery by a selective integration technique

A nonlinear stationary homogeneous digital filter DIRSIT (derivative information recovery by a selective integration technique) is investigated. The spectrum of a quasi-linear discrete describing function (DDF) to DIRSIT is obtained by a digital measuring scheme. A finite impulse response (FIR) approximation to the quasi-linearization is then obtained. Finally, DIRSIT is compared with its quasi-linear approximation and with a standard digital differentiating technique. Results indicate the effects of DIRSIT on a wide variety of practical signals.

Johnson, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Fabrication of glass gas cells for the HALOE and MAPS satellite experiments

The Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) experiment are satellite-borne experiments which measure trace constituents in the Earth's atmosphere. The instruments which obtain the data for these experiments are based on the gas filter correlation radiometer measurement technique. In this technique, small samples of the gases of interest are encapsulated in glass cylinders, called gas cells, which act as very selective optical filters. This report describes the techniques employed in the fabrication of the gas cells for the HALOE and MAPS instruments. Details of the method used to fuse the sapphire windows (required for IR transmission) to the glass cell bodies are presented along with detailed descriptions of the jigs and fixtures used during the assembly process. The techniques and equipment used for window inspection and for pairing the HALOE windows are discussed. Cell body materials and the steps involved in preparing the cell bodies for the glass-to-sapphire fusion process are given.

Sullivan, E. M.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Remote Measurement of Pollution - A 40-Year Langley Retrospective: Temperature and Gaseous Species - Part 1

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) phased down its Apollo Moon Program after 1970 in favor of a partly reusable Space Shuttle vehicle that could be used to construct and supply a manned, Earth-orbiting Space Station. Applications programs were emphasized in response to the growing public concern about Earth's finite natural resources and the degradation of its environment. Shortly thereafter, a workshop was convened in Norfolk, Virginia, on Remote Measurement of Pollution (or RMOP), and its findings are in a NASA Special Publication (NASA SP-285). The three primary workshop panels and their chairmen were focused on trace gas species (Will Kellogg), atmospheric particulates or aerosols (Verner Suomi), and water pollution (Gifford Ewing). Many of the workshop participants were specialists in the techniques that might be employed for the regional to global-scale, remote measurements from an Earth-orbiting satellite. The findings and recommendations of the RMOP Report represent the genesis of and a blueprint for the satellite, atmospheric sensing programs within NASA for nearly two decades. This paper is a brief, 40-year retrospective of those instrument developments that were an outgrowth of the RMOP activity. Its focus is on satellite measurement capabilities for temperature and gaseous species that were demonstrated by atmospheric technologists at the Langley Research Center. Limb absorption by solar occultation, limb infrared radiometry, and gas filter correlation radiometry techniques provided significant science data, so they are emphasized in this review.

Remsberg, Ellis E.↗