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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Thermal transport exceeding bulk heat conduction due to nonthermal micro/nanoscale phonon populations

While classical size effects usually lead to a reduced effective thermal conductivity, we report here that nonthermal phonon populations produced by a micro/nanoscale heat source can lead to enhanced heat conduction, exceeding the prediction from Fourier's law. We study nondiffusive thermal transport by phonons at small distances within the framework of the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) and demonstrate that the transport is significantly affected by the distribution of phonons emitted by the source. We discuss analytical solutions of the steady-state BTE for a source with a sinusoidal spatial profile, as well as for a three-dimensional Gaussian “hot spot,” and provide numerical results for single crystal silicon at room temperature. If a micro/nanoscale heat source produces a thermal phonon distribution, it gets hotter than that predicted by the heat diffusion equation; however, if the source predominantly produces low-frequency acoustic phonons with long mean free paths, it may get significantly cooler than that predicted by the heat equation, yielding an enhanced heat transport beyond bulk heat conduction.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Individualized empirical baselines for evaluating the energy performance of existing buildings

The evaluation of building energy performance requires a baseline for comparison. Common empirical baselines are usually used for existing buildings since they are fast and convenient. However, the same type of building at the same location will receive the same baseline despite their difference in usage. Individualized baselines by creating building energy models are possible solutions, but it is labor intensive and time-consuming. To fill the gap, this study is to develop individualized empirical baselines for existing buildings in a fast way. First, common empirical baselines are created based on survey data. Then, to get training samples, building energy models for large-scale existing buildings are created and simulated. So finally, based on simulation results, mathematical models to get individualized empirical baselines in a fast way are created. U.S. medium office buildings were used as an example to demonstrate the method. We developed 30 mathematical models for medium office buildings in two vintages (constructed before 1980 and after 1980) and 15 climate zones. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) between the individualized empirical baselines and the modeled baselines for those 30 mathematical models are all lower than 5.5%. An engineer can obtain the individualized empirical baseline for an existing building in a few seconds by using the open-source tool we developed.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Self-consistent simulation of resistive kink instabilities with runaway electrons

A new fluid model for runaway electron simulation based on fluid description is introduced and implemented in the magnetohydrodynamics code M3D-C1, which includes self-consistent interactions between plasma and runaway electrons. The model utilizes the method of characteristics to solve the continuity equation for the runaway electron density with large convection speed, and uses a modified Boris algorithm for pseudo particle pushing. The model was employed to simulate magnetohydrodynamics instabilities happening in a runaway electron final loss event in the DIII-D tokamak. Nonlinear simulation reveals that a large fraction of runaway electrons get lost to the wall when kink instabilities are excited and form stochastic field lines in the outer region of the plasma. Plasma current converts from runaway electron current to Ohmic current, and get pinched at the magnetic axis. Here, given the good agreement with experiment, the simulation model provides a reliable tool to study macroscopic plasma instabilities in existence of runaway electron current, and can be used to support future studies of runaway electron mitigation strategies in ITER.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Self-consistent core-pedestal ITER scenario modeling

The purpose of these integrated ITER simulations is to identify dependencies that can impact the performance of ITER. The dependence of fusion power production, temperature and density pedestals, and core profiles on varying magnetic-q, edge density fueling strength, neoclassical transport, magnetic field strength, and alpha heating, are examined. It is noted that ion modes usually dominate the interior, while electron modes dominate the barrier. The electron mode without flow shear is substantially stronger. The q increase tends to cause more kinetic ballooning modes at the edge and the q decrease means that the peeling is getting worse, but the ballooning is getting better. The large edge q tends to provide hollow density while small edge q gives normal density profile. This is consistent with the observation that the density of particles is inversely proportional to the density of the plasma current. The rise in the source of the edge particle increases the density of the edge and the reaction rate close to the edge increases temperature fluxes, resulting in weak pedestal barriers. When neoclassical transport is turned off or the strength of B-field is increased, the pronounced edge barriers are identified. In addition, a distinct effect on the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes is observed due to the increased B-field. The interesting aspect is that the barrier collapses about q = 2 as the stability of MHD has decreased to replace the barrier with a continuous slope but with roughly the same fusion power. This would actually be good for a reactor. The slope of the H-mode pedestal is found to be reduced due to the alpha heating. It is expected that the problem of edge-localized modes causing damage to the first wall will be eased. The effects of circular, elongated, and general geometry on plasma profiles are also compared and contrasted. The circular geometry has a hollow density profile and no edge or internal thermal transport barrier (ETB or ITB). However, both ETBs and ITBs can be found in the elongated geometry. In general geometry, there is a weaker ETB, comparable ITBs, but a higher edge particle transport barrier than in elongated geometry. Higher density near the edge, on the other hand, causes more wall erosion, so elongated geometry might be the best option.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Long-term general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations of magnetic field in isolated neutron stars

ABSTRACT Strong magnetic fields play an important role in powering the emission of neutron stars. Nevertheless, a full understanding of the interior configuration of the field remains elusive. In this work, we present general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations of the magnetic field evolution in neutron stars lasting ${\sim } {880}\,$ms (∼6.5 Alfvén crossing periods) and up to resolutions of $0.1155\,$km using Athena++. We explore two different initial conditions, one with purely poloidal magnetic field and the other with a dominant toroidal component, and study the poloidal and toroidal field energies, the growth times of the various instability-driven oscillation modes, and turbulence. We find that the purely poloidal setup generates a toroidal field, which later decays exponentially reaching $1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total magnetic energy, showing no evidence of reaching equilibrium. The initially stronger toroidal field setup, on the other hand, loses up to 20 per cent of toroidal energy and maintains this state till the end of our simulation. We also explore the hypothesis, drawn from previous MHD simulations, that turbulence plays an important role in the quasi-equilibrium state. An analysis of the spectra in our higher resolution setups reveals, however, that in most cases we are not observing turbulence at small scales, but rather a noisy velocity field inside the star. We also observe that the majority of the magnetic energy gets dissipated as heat increasing the internal energy of the star, while a small fraction gets radiated away as electromagnetic radiation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Grid-Supportive Loads for Fast Frequency Response

Flexibility in inverter-based loads could be used to support the converter-dominated power grid by offering a rapid, autonomous, and adjustable power reserve during system transients to help maintain system stability. Based on technical potential, ancillary service (AS) value, and implementation costs, this study illustrates the cost-benefit analysis of grid-supportive loads (GSLs) for the supply of fast frequency response (FFR). The net benefit for each GSL is demonstrated using a case study and relevant data sources. The findings suggest that implementation costs for enabling GSL features are low compared to the value that grid operators get from the acquisition of responsive reserve services. The authors believe that, given the rising popularity of renewable energy sources, GSLs can be a useful tool for grid stability in low-inertia systems.

cost-benefit analysis↗
DOE OSTI2022

Volumetric nondestructive evaluation for damage in carbon fiber reinforced polymer panels subjected to artificial lightning strikes

Aircrafts and wind turbine blades often get hit by lightning strikes due to their operating locations. With increasing incidents of lightning flashes every year due to global warming, damage assessment of CFRP structures after lightning strike to aircrafts and wind turbine blades is getting increasingly important. Many researchers are involved in designing better and more resilient lighting strike protection materials and often utilize non-destructuve evaluation (NDE) methods such as ultrasonic testing (UT), high-speed digital videograpgy, and high-speed IR thermography. In particular, UT is widely used due to its cost-effectiveness compared to other methods. Using UT imaging can obtain any potential damaged locations caused by lightning strike through the thickness of the composite specimens. Traditional UT and visual inspections only display the damage in units area, when in fact the UT data is volumetric. This study optimized the UT data to measure and display the volumetric damage after artificial lightning strike and is compared to the standardized visual inspection.

Spencer, Ryan↗
DOE OSTI2021

Eisenbud–Wigner–Smith time delay in atom–laser interactions

We report recent development of ultrafast measurement techniques on the sub-femtosecond time scale has enabled us to see the atom–laser interaction in real time. One of the important observables to study the temporally resolved dynamics is the various time delay in the process. Time delays is an experimentally measurable quantity, where the time is not. Time delays in quantum collisions and in photoionization/photodetachment of atomic and molecular systems is reviewed. The formalisms of time delay in the context of quantum collisions by Eisenbud and Wigner that by Smith and their equivalence is discussed. The time-reversal symmetry between solutions with outgoing and ingoing wave boundary conditions allow us to interpret photoionization/photodetachment as half-scattering. Subsequently, the formalism of Eisenbud–Wigner–Smith time delay is extended in photoionization/photodetachment from collisions. We discuss that the time delay can be written as a self-adjoint quantum operator which depicts its measurability. On the experimental side, the measurement protocols are reviewed for attosecond streaking and RABBITT. Along with the EWS time delay, the measurement introduces an additional (which is negative) time delay. From the measurement of total delay and an analytical/numerical estimate of the measurement induced part, one gets the EWS time delay in the process. A few illustrative examples of studies on time delay are given to get a flavour of the outstanding advances made in this field in the last two decades.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Improved semiclassical model for real-time evaporation of matrix black holes

In this paper, we study real-time classical matrix mechanics of a simplified 2 × 2 matrix model inspired by the black hole evaporation problem. This is a step towards making a quantitative model of real-time evaporation of a black hole, which is realized as a bound state of D0-branes in string theory. The model we study is the reduction of Yang–Mills in 2 + 1 dimension to 0 + 1 dimensions, which has been corrected with an additional potential that can be interpreted as a zero-point energy for fermions. Our goal is to understand the lifetime of such a classical bound state object in the classical regime. To do so, we pay particular attention to when D-particles separate to check that the “off-diagonal modes” of the matrices become adiabatic and use that information to improve on existing models of evaporation. It turns out that the naive expectation value of the lifetime with the fermionic correction is infinite. This is a logarithmic divergence that arises from very large excursions in the separation between the branes near the threshold for classical evaporation. The adiabatic behavior lets us get some analytic control of the dynamics in this regime to get this estimate. This divergence is cutoff in the quantum theory due to quantization of the adiabatic parameter, resulting in a long lifetime of the bound state, with a parametric dependence of order log(1/ℏ).

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effect of Ammonia on the Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Base

We investigated the effect of ammonia on the activity of seven benchmark oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts, Pt/C, Pd/C, Au/C, Ag/C, commercial Fe–N–C, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-based Fe–N–C (Fe-ZIF), and ZIF-based Fe,Co–N–C (Fe,Co-ZIF) in alkaline media and direct ammonia fuel cell (DAFC) relevant conditions using a rotating disk electrode. We found that ammonia exposure causes considerable ORR activity loss for all studied electrocatalysts. Should we rank the electrocatalysts in terms of their ORR activity loss and their irreversible ORR activity loss as the result of exposure to ammonia (from the highest loss to the lowest loss), we get Au/C > Pt/C ≈ Pd/C > Ag/C » commercial Fe–N–C > Fe-ZIF ≈ Fe,Co-ZIF and Pd/C > Au/C > Ag/C > commercial Fe–N–C > Fe-ZIF ≈ Fe,Co-ZIF > Pt/C, respectively. The ammonia oxidation reaction activity and adsorptive properties of the Gerisher-Mauerer reaction intermediates do not govern the trend of the ORR activity loss of Pt/C, Pd/C, Au/C, and Ag/C electrocatalysts. Notably, we found that Pt/C electrocatalyst shows the lowest irreversible ORR activity loss, while Fe-ZIF and Fe,Co-ZIF electrocatalysts show the lowest overall ORR activity loss. Our comprehensive study suggests that Pt-based, Fe-ZIF, and Fe,Co-ZIF electrocatalysts are promising cathode candidates for future DAFCs.

Abbasi, Reza (ORCID:0000000249384151)↗
DOE OSTI2021

NRWAL (NLR formerly known as NREL Wind Analysis Library) [SWR-21-26]

NRWAL (NLR (National Laboratory of the Rockies) formerly known as NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) Wind Analysis Library: A library of offshore wind cost equations (plus new energy technologies like marine hydro!) Easy equation manipulation without editing source code Full continental-scale integration with the NREL Renewable Energy Potential Model (reV) https://nrel.github.io/reV/ Ready-to-use configs for basic users Dynamic python tools for intuitive equation handling One seriously badass sea unicorn To get started with NRWAL, check out the NRWAL Config documentation or the NRWAL example notebook. You can also launch the notebook in an interactive jupyter shell right in your browser without any downloads or software using binder. Ready to build a model with NRWAL but don't want to contribute to the library? No problem! Check out the example getting started project here. Here is the important stuff: The NRWAL Equation Library. Default NRWAL Configs

Nunemaker, Jacob↗
DOE OSTI2020

Projected End-of-Century Changes in the South American Monsoon in the CESM Large Ensemble

Projected changes in the South American monsoon system by the end of the twenty-first century are analyzed using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LENS). The wet season is shorter in LENS when compared to observations, with the mean onset occurring 19 days later and the mean retreat date 21 days earlier in the season. Despite a precipitation bias, the seasonality of rainfall over South America is reproduced in LENS, as well as the main circulation features associated with the development of the South American monsoon. Both the onset and retreat of the wet season over South America are delayed in the future compared to current climate by 3 and 7 days, respectively, with a slightly longer wet season. Central and southeastern Brazil are projected to get wetter as a result of moisture convergence from the strengthening of the South Atlantic low-level jet and a weaker South Atlantic subtropical high. The Amazon is projected to get drier by the end of the century, negatively affecting rain forest productivity. During the wet season, an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events is found over most of South America, and especially over northeastern and southern Brazil and La Plata. Meanwhile, during the dry season an increase in the maximum number of consecutive dry days is found over northeastern Brazil and the northern Amazon.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Contraceptive Sabotage and Contraceptive Use at the Time of Pregnancy: An Analysis of People with a Recent Live Birth in the United States

Contraceptive sabotage and other forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) can interfere with contraceptive use. We used 2012 to 2015 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data from 8,981 people residing in five states who reported that when they became pregnant, they were not trying to get pregnant. We assessed the relationships between ever experiencing contraceptive sabotage and physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy (both by the current partner) and contraceptive use at the time of pregnancy using multivariable logistic regression. We also assessed the joint associations between physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy and ever experienced contraceptive sabotage with contraceptive use at the time of pregnancy. Few people ever experienced contraceptive sabotage (1.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4, 2.3) or physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy (2.8%; 95% CI: 2.3, 3.3). In models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, and state of residence, ever experiencing contraceptive sabotage was associated with contraceptive use at the time of pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.82), but not with physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy (aOR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.46, 1.02). When examining the joint association, compared to not ever experiencing contraceptive sabotage or physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy, ever experiencing contraceptive sabotage was significantly related to contraceptive use at the time of pregnancy (aOR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.95). However, it was not associated with experiencing physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy (aOR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.45, 1.04) or with experiencing both contraceptive sabotage and physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy (aOR: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.42, 3.50), compared to not ever experiencing contraceptive sabotage or physical IPV 12 months before pregnancy. Our study highlights that current partner contraceptive sabotage may motivate those not trying to get pregnant to use contraception; however, all people in our sample still experienced a pregnancy.

Huber-Krum, Sarah↗
DOE OSTI2022

A new dynamic zOnal model with air-diffuser (DOMA) - Application to thermal comfort prediction

A new Dynamic zOnal Model with Air-diffuser (DOMA) was developed. Several case studies were investigated and tested to evaluate and validate this program using measurement data. This new model was integrated into a TRaNsient SYstems Simulation program library and coupled with the multi-zone thermal model. The DOMA/TRNSYS coupled model was then used to predict room temperature distribution over an entire day of a single-zone building. The results show that increasing the heating outputs of the electric floor system, for example, from 75 to 200 W/m 2 , would not effectively improve the indoor thermal comfort, since the thermostat will reach the set point first and then turn off the system before the room gets enough heat and reach a comfortable level. This indicates the importance of selecting an appropriate location and set point for the thermostat when using a floor heating system. This potential thermal comfort issue can only be identified through the two-node model with a dynamic zonal model rather than the conventional PMV model, which thus suggests that for optimizing indoor thermal comfort of a building equipped with a time-sensitive control strategy and/or HVAC system, the TSENS results obtained from the two-node model integrated with DOMA are more appropriate than PMVs.

Construction & Building Technology↗
DOE OSTI2026

Data for FUN-PROSE: A Deep Learning Approach to Predict Condition-Specific Gene Expression in Fungi

mRNA levels of all genes in a genome is a critical piece of information defining the overall state of the cell in a given environmental condition. Being able to reconstruct such condition-specific expression in fungal genomes is particularly important to metabolically engineer these organisms to produce desired chemicals in industrially scalable conditions. Most previous deep learning approaches focused on predicting the average expression levels of a gene based on its promoter sequence, ignoring its variation across different conditions. Here we present FUN-PROSE—a deep learning model trained to predict differential expression of individual genes across various conditions using their promoter sequences and expression levels of all transcription factors. We train and test our model on three fungal species and get the correlation between predicted and observed condition-specific gene expression as high as 0.85. We then interpret our model to extract promoter sequence motifs responsible for variable expression of individual genes. We also carried out input feature importance analysis to connect individual transcription factors to their gene targets. A sizeable fraction of both sequence motifs and TF-gene interactions learned by our model agree with previously known biological information, while the rest corresponds to either novel biological facts or indirect correlations.

Genomics↗
DOE OSTI2022

PARETO 0.3.0 Release

PARETO 0.3.0 Release. Highlights: - Fixing Warning in get_data - Clean up of old main function which has been replaced by the run files - Adding plot_scatter() function - Support node capacity - Add Gurobi troubleshooting files to gitignore by @melody-shellman - Set slacks to zero - Water treatment case study - Fix defaultvalue treatement - Fix bug for incorrect number of input arguments in water quality - Pipeline configs documentation - Enable rendering Unicode characters in ReadTheDocs PDF builds - Adding support for units - Add discrete water quality to the model - Updating documentation for strategic model, and corresponding fixes to strategic model - Rework getting started docs build section and more - Enable Codecov reports in CI builds - Correct error in CompletionsPadSupplyBalanceRule

PARETO,PSE,Process Systems Engineering,Produced wa↗
DOE OSTI2026

Multiple interaction points in ghost collisions

The Ghost Collider makes use of unique “ghost” bunches, which are electrically neutral combinations of electrons and positrons within the same RF bucket, eliminates the beam-beam effects typically present at the interaction point (IP) in conventional colliders. This allows for the novel possibility of placing multiple interaction regions in series, achieving additive luminosity without introducing significant disruption. However, to get higher luminosity, the beta functions at the IP reaches millimeter scale, which in turn adds significant chromatic contribution to the collider. Correcting these chromatic effects is essential to maintain beam stability and ensure high luminosity during collider operation. By carefully adjusting the phase advance between two IRs that are placed in series, it becomes possible to cancel chromaticity globally, enabling stable collider operation while preserving high luminosity. In this paper we discuss the design of such IR/IRs to be used in a ghost collider.

Accelerator Physics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Distributed fiber sensing systems for 3D combustion temperature field monitoring in coal-fired boilers using optically generated acoustic waves (Final Report)

In this project, we have developed and tested three kinds of fiber optic sensing systems for real time monitoring of temperature variations within an industrial scale boiler furnace. The fiber optic sensing systems target spatial and temporal distributions of high temperature profiles in a boiler furnace in fossil power plants. The reconstructed temperature profile will provide critical input for the control mechanisms to optimize the combustion process. This temperature profile will address the essential problem for fossil power plants in achieving higher efficiency and fewer pollutant emissions. Acoustic pyrometer systems have been used to reconstruct temperature field of power plant boilers based on measuring TOF (times-of-flight) of sound waves along some straight paths in a 2D cross-section of the boiler. In this project, optically generated acoustic signals from a fiber optic sensing system have replaced the acoustic signals generated from an electrical transducer. A 3D reconstruction algorithm replaced the previous 2D model. In this project, three kinds of fiber optic sensing systems have been developed and tested. They are fiber optic sensing system I, fiber optic sensing system II (Distributed Sensing System I) and fiber optic sensing system III (Distributed Sensing System II). For fiber optic sensing system I, the fiber optic ultrasound generator acts as a signal generator. A microphone, hydrophone or other electronic devices serve as a signal receiver. In this system, there are one generator and one receiver. Distance test, water temperature test, air temperature test, air temperature reconstruction, and GE ISBF pilot test were performed by Fiber optic sensing system I. The fiber optic sensing system I successfully detected temperature in all these tests. We got 2D temperature reconstruction results by using the fiber optic sensing system I and it matched the reference data. The fiber optic sensing system I successfully survived in GE ISBF boiler environment (480 °F). For fiber optic sensing system II (Distributed Sensing System I), it is an all optical ultrasound system. The fiber optic ultrasound generator acts as a signal generator. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and Fabry-Perot (FP) sensor act as a signal receiver. In this system, there is one generator and one receiver. Aluminum plate temperature test, furnace high temperature test, and GE ISBF pilot test were performed by the fiber optic sensing system II. Fiber optic sensing system II successfully detected the temperature in all these tests. The fiber optic sensing system II successfully survived at up to 700 °C furnace environment and 320 °C GE ISBF boiler environment. For fiber optic sensing system III (Distributed Sensing System II), it is also an all optical ultrasound system. The fiber optic ultrasound generator acts as a signal generator. Multiple FP fiber sensors act as signal receivers. In this system, there is one generator and three receivers. Three GE ISBF pilot tests were performed by fiber optic sensing system III. The fiber optic sensing system III survived in the cold flow tests in GE’s ISBF pilot test facility. However, we didn’t get high temperature data by using this system since the nanosecond laser issues. During the period of the project, test trials, data simulation and algorithm optimization was performed successfully. For real time temperature field construction, the sampling rate must be fast enough to capture the field variations. The technology of Code-division multiple access (CDMA) is well studied which could allow parallel multiplexing, even if signals overlap in time or frequencies. Moreover, it has been known that extending the length of signal significantly improves SNR. For acoustic signals, these multiplexing techniques have also been widely used, mainly for sonar and acoustic communications. The CDMA modulation technique has been proposed and studied to guarantee high network throughput, low channel access delay and low energy consumption. We have studied the temperature field reconstruction using Gaussian Radial Basis Functions (GRBF)-based approximation approach. Reconstruction of 3D temperature field using Neural Networks with measured TOF and known propagation paths is feasible. 2D and 3D temperature field reconstruction simulation results are achieved. The milestone status is shown in Table 1. We finished milestone 1-8 and milestone 10. For milestone 9, we did three pilot tests by using the fiber optic sensing system III (Distributed Sensing System II) at GE Power. However, due to the failure of the ns laser, we did not get the temperature results. We conducted some additional tasks that were not originally proposed: 1) We fabricated a fiber optic sensing system I and did a pilot test based on this system. 2) In the proposal, we proposed two pilot tests at GE Power. In reality, we finished at least seven pilot tests at GE Power. GE Power has made a lot of efforts for supporting the pilot tests. 3) We got a simulation results based on CDMA. In summary, most of the tasks have been accomplished. The outcome of this project removed a few barriers that hinder the achievement of the final product of the distributed sensing systems. With the successful accomplishment of this project, a prototype of the fiber optic sensing system can be fabricated to attract more interests from companies and other funding agencies.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗