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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1983

A study of cell electrophoresis as a means of purifying growth hormone secreting cells

Growth hormone secreting cells of the rat anterior pituitary are heavily laden with granules of growth hormone and can be partialy purified on the basis of their resulting high density. Two methods of preparative cell electrophoresis were investigated as methods of enhancing the purification of growth hormone producing cells: density gradient electrophoresis and continuous flow electrophoresis. Both methods provided a two- to four-fold enrichment in growth hormone production per cell relative to that achieved by previous methods. Measurements of electrophoretic mobilities by two analytical methods, microscopic electrophoresis and laser-tracking electrophoresis, revealed very little distinction between unpurified anterior pituitary cell suspensions and somatotroph-enriched cell suspensions. Predictions calculated on the basis of analytical electrophoretic data are consistent with the hypothesis that sedimentation plays a significant role in both types of preparative electrophoresis and the electrophoretic mobility of the growth hormone secreting subpopulation of cells remains unknown.

Plank, Lindsay D.↗
NASA NTRS1991

High-speed laser anemometry based on spectrally resolved Rayleigh scattering

Laser anemometry in unseeded flows based on the measurement of the spectrum of Rayleigh scattered laser light is reviewed. The use of molecular scattering avoids the well known problems (particle lag, biasing effects, seed generation, seed injection) of seeded flows. The fundamental limits on velocity measurement accuracy are determined using maximum likelihood methods. Measurement of the Rayleigh spectrum with scanning Fabry-Perot interferometers is analyzed and accuracy limits are established for both single pass and multipass configurations. Multipass configurations have much higher selectivity and are needed for measurements where there is a large amount of excess noise caused by stray laser light. It is shown that Rayleigh scattering is particularly useful for supersonic and hypersonic flows. The results of the analysis are compared with measurements obtained with a Rayleigh scattering diagnostic developed for study of the exhaust plume of a small hydrogen-oxygen rocket, where the velocities are in the range of 1000 to 5000 m/sec.

Seasholtz, Richard G.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Further wind tunnel investigation of the SM701 airfoil with aileron and turbulators

Wind tunnel tests were performed on a two-dimensional model of the SM701 airfoil designed for use on the World Class gliders. The test covered a range of Reynolds numbers from 500,000 to 1.7 million. Aerodynamic forces and moments were measured with an external balance. Momentum loss method measurements of the section drag coefficient were also made. Flow visualization techniques provided information on transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Lift, drag, and pitching moment were analyzed and comparisons were made with predicted and previously obtained experimental data. The effects of V-tape turbulators for use in turbulent drag reduction were studied. The performance of a 25 percent chord aileron deflected through plus or minus 20 degrees was researched. The model was designed, constructed, and tested by students at Texas A&M University.

Steen, Gregory↗
NASA NTRS1991

High-speed laser anemometry based on spectrally resolved Rayleigh scattering

Laser anemometry in unseeded flows based on the measurement of the spectrum of Rayleigh scattered laser light is reviewed. The use of molecular scattering avoids the well-known problems (particle lag, biasing effects, seed generation, seed injection) of seeded flows. The fundamental limits on velocity measurement accuracy are determined using maximum likelihood methods. Measurement of the Rayleigh spectrum with scanning Fabry-Perot interferometers is analyzed and accuracy limits are established for both single pass and multi-pass configurations. Multi-pass configurations have much higher selectivity and are needed for measurements where there is a large amount of excess noise caused by stray laser light. It is shown that Rayleigh scattering is particularly useful for supersonic and hypersonic flows. The results of the analysis are compared with measurements obtained with a Rayleigh scattering diagnostic developed for study of the exhaust plume of a small hydrogen-oxygen rocket, where the velocities are in the range 1000 to 5000 m/sec.

Seasholtz, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1991

NASA's program in lidar remote sensing

Several major NASA research efforts in lidar remote sensing are reviewed, with attention given to hardware and key sensor issues along with results and expectations. The discussion covers temperature and pressure measurements, measurements methods and instrumentation, pressure data, wind field measurements, atmospheric backscatter measurement, aerosol and cloud measurements, and water vapor measurement. Consideration is also given to the applicability of lidar measurements to problems of operational weather analysis and forecasting, climate studies, mesoscale and severe storm analysis and forecastig, and studies of atmosphere/surface interface.

Theon, John S.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Precision of FLEET Velocimetry Using High-Speed CMOS Camera Systems

Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging (FLEET) is an optical measurement technique that permits quantitative velocimetry of unseeded air or nitrogen using a single laser and a single camera. In this paper, we seek to determine the fundamental precision of the FLEET technique using high-speed complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras. Also, we compare the performance of several different high-speed CMOS camera systems for acquiring FLEET velocimetry data in air and nitrogen free-jet flows. The precision was defined as the standard deviation of a set of several hundred single-shot velocity measurements. Methods of enhancing the precision of the measurement were explored such as digital binning (similar in concept to on-sensor binning, but done in post-processing), row-wise digital binning of the signal in adjacent pixels and increasing the time delay between successive exposures. These techniques generally improved precision; however, binning provided the greatest improvement to the un-intensified camera systems which had low signal-to-noise ratio. When binning row-wise by 8 pixels (about the thickness of the tagged region) and using an inter-frame delay of 65 microseconds, precisions of 0.5 meters per second in air and 0.2 meters per second in nitrogen were achieved. The camera comparison included a pco.dimax HD, a LaVision Imager scientific CMOS (sCMOS) and a Photron FASTCAM SA-X2, along with a two-stage LaVision HighSpeed IRO intensifier. Excluding the LaVision Imager sCMOS, the cameras were tested with and without intensification and with both short and long inter-frame delays. Use of intensification and longer inter-frame delay generally improved precision. Overall, the Photron FASTCAM SA-X2 exhibited the best performance in terms of greatest precision and highest signal-to-noise ratio primarily because it had the largest pixels.

Peters, Christopher J.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Precision of FLEET Velocimetry Using High-speed CMOS Camera Systems

Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging (FLEET) is an optical measurement technique that permits quantitative velocimetry of unseeded air or nitrogen using a single laser and a single camera. In this paper, we seek to determine the fundamental precision of the FLEET technique using high-speed complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) cameras. Also, we compare the performance of several different high-speed CMOS camera systems for acquiring FLEET velocimetry data in air and nitrogen free-jet flows. The precision was defined as the standard deviation of a set of several hundred single-shot velocity measurements. Methods of enhancing the precision of the measurement were explored such as digital binning (similar in concept to on-sensor binning, but done in post-processing), row-wise digital binning of the signal in adjacent pixels and increasing the time delay between successive exposures. These techniques generally improved precision; however, binning provided the greatest improvement to the un-intensified camera systems which had low signal-to-noise ratio. When binning row-wise by 8 pixels (about the thickness of the tagged region) and using an inter-frame delay of 65 micro sec, precisions of 0.5 m/s in air and 0.2 m/s in nitrogen were achieved. The camera comparison included a pco.dimax HD, a LaVision Imager scientific CMOS (sCMOS) and a Photron FASTCAM SA-X2, along with a two-stage LaVision High Speed IRO intensifier. Excluding the LaVision Imager sCMOS, the cameras were tested with and without intensification and with both short and long inter-frame delays. Use of intensification and longer inter-frame delay generally improved precision. Overall, the Photron FASTCAM SA-X2 exhibited the best performance in terms of greatest precision and highest signal-to-noise ratio primarily because it had the largest pixels.

Peters, Christopher J.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Improved sampling of compressed gases for condensable hydrocarbon content

Sampling process was developed which uses commercially available high pressure filters and provides measurements in fraction of time required by older methods. Measurements show no significant difference in results between low pressure and high pressure samples. Filter method is slightly more accurate than scrubber technique.

Peterson, M. H.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Quantitative Phenotypic Analysis of Arabidopsis Thaliana Grown in Microgravity Using Soap, an Applied Artificial Intelligence

Phenotypic analysis is an essential step in studying the gravitropic responses and gravitational stress experienced by plants grown in microgravity. Many of the phenotypic traits analyzed in gravitropism studies, such as root length, leaf area, secondary root count, and number of root hairs, currently rely upon manual measurement methods for quantification. However, new advances in data analysis technology using artificial intelligence offer an opportunity for more efficient phenotypic analysis and a reduction of time spent in the data collection phase. In this project, the ability of a new artificially intelligent data collection software, SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), to collect and quantify phenotypic traits of Arabidopsis thaliana will be assessed. This project will test the measurements taken by an initial draft of the software. SOAP will take measurements of shoot length, a key phenotype used to assess A. thaliana stress response when grown in microgravity conditions. Shoot length measurements made by SOAP will be compared against a series of manual shoot length measurements. The comparison between the two methods of data measurement will provide valuable insight into the relative accuracy of SOAP and the margin of human error when conducting lab measurements.

Arabidopsis↗
NASA NTRS1977

Temperature retrievals from satellite radiance measurements - An empirical method

This paper presents a method for using satellite measurements to interpolate vertical temperature soundings between radiosonde stations. The calculations presented show that especially in the 1000-800 mb layer, where linear methods of temperature retrieval usually contain large errors, the proposed method reduces the errors substantially. The method finds a set of coefficients, which when multiplied by corresponding measured radiance quantities, yield zero temperature error at a radiosonde station. This derived set of coefficients is then applied to satellite radiance measurements at places between the radiosonde stations. The computations show, for example, that the average absolute error in the layer 1000-800 mb is only 0.3 K when the corresponding 'minimum-information' method error was 2.9 K. The method may be most applicable to measurements from geostationary satellites, but should also be applicable to measurements from polar orbiting satellites under certain conditions.

Fritz, S.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Measuring Microwave Conductivities Of Superconducting Films

Microwave conductivities of thin films of high-temperature superconductors like YBa(3)Cu(3)O(7-delta) measured by noninvasive, nondestructive microwave-power-transmission method. Measurements yield useful information on superconducting and normal states of films and contribute to evaluation of films for use in microwave devices.

Bhasin, K. B.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Detection of S02 and N02 in Stack Plume by Raman Scattering and Fluorescence

We have been studying laser-Raman radar which can be used as the remote detector of sulfur dioxide concentration in the stack plume of boiler exhaust gas, and some results have been published. In this paper, we report the interference of nitrogen dioxide fluorescence against sulfur dioxide Raman scattering and the measuring method of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide concentration. In a stack plume, high density dust and high concentration carbon dioxide are included, therefore very strong Mie back-scattering and carbon dioxide Raman scattering are observed. The separation of these scattering signals from sulfur dioxide Raman signal was the first problem for the laser-Raman radar. But, this problem was solved by using the filter which have high resolving power. It is well known that nitrogen dioxide can be excited to emit fluorescence of broad spectrum by blue-green light. The light source of the laser-Raman radar is SH of Nd:YAG laser, and boiler exhaust gas includes several tens ppm of nitrogen dioxide, then the interference of nitrogen dioxide fluorescence brings the error to sulfur dioxide measurement. 'rhe rejection of the interference can be achieved by the subtraction of the nitrogen dioxide fluorescence contribution from detected signal at sulfur dioxide Raman scattering wavelength. The nitrogen dioxide fluorescence contribution can be measured by two methods. The first is to convert the nitrogen dioxide fluorescence intensity which is measured at a different wavelength from sulfur dioxide Raman line into the one at sulfur dioxide Raman line. The second is to convert the detected signal intensity, which is obtained when the range gate is set just behind the plume, into the one obtained at the range of the plume using the difference of the time dependence between sulfur dioxide Raman scattering and nitrogen dioxide fluorescence. Nitrogen dioxide fluorescence has lifetime of about 300nS, while Raman scattering has none. By either of the two methods, the contribution of nitrogen dioxide fluorescence is determined. Then, we can measure the nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentration.The minimum detectable concentration and the experimental results of the remote sensing of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in stack plume will be discussed in detail.

Nakahara, S.↗
NASA NTRS1988

The measurement of absolute absorption of millimeter radiation in gases - The absorption of CO and O2

An apparatus is described that will measure absolute absorption of millimeter radiation in gases. The method measures the change in the quality factor of a Fabry-Perot resonator with and without gas present. The magnitude of the change is interpreted in terms of the absorption of the lossy medium inside the resonator. Experiments have been performed on the 115-GHz CO line and the 119-GHz O2 line at two different temperatures to determine the linewidth parameter and the peak absorption value. These numbers can be combined to give the integrated intensity which can be accurately calculated from results of spectroscopy measurements. The CO results are within 2 percent percent of theoretically predicted valves. Measurements on O2 have shown that absorption can be measured as accurately as 0.5 dB/km with this technique. Results have been obtained for oxygen absolute absorption in the 60-80-GHz region.

Read, William G.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Figures of merit for laser beam quality

It was shown how full-width at half maximum (FWHM), full-width at 1/e(sup 2) (FW1/e(sup 2)), Strehl ratio, and encircled energy figures of merit vary with different types of aberration and measurement methods. The array sampling method and the slit-scan method are examined in detail. Our irradiance in the exit pupil of the optical system is a simple gaussian. It was found that in general the slit-scan method and the array method do not yield the same result. The width measurements for the central lobe of the diffraction pattern are very insensitive to aberration.

Milster, T. D.↗
NASA NTRS1967

Local measurements in turbulent flows through cross correlation of optical signals

Crossed beam correlation method measures turbulent fluctuations in transonic and supersonic flows. Two collimated beams of radiation are crossed at the point of interest in the flow, and the power loss of each beam is measured with two independent photodetectors, which yield information about the turbulent properties.

Fisher, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1969

Surface temperature mapping with infrared photographic pyrometry

Infrared photographic pyrometry method measures and maps the temperature distribution on a heated surface with accuracy and precision. This method involves the collection, detection and measurement of a narrow bandwidth of emitted infrared radiation. Standard commercially-available equipment is used, together with systematic procedures.

Pollack, F. G.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Spray momentum measuring system

Technique enables accurate prediction of erosion and cavitation produced by fluid spray. Method measures high velocity sprays produced by small orifices. Originally designed to determine oxidizer-injection patterns of liquid fueled rocket engines, technique is used with other liquids, or, with appropriate modification, with gases.

Sheffield, E. W.↗