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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1940

Variation in Velocity Profile with Change in Surface Roughness of Boundary

The present report deals with the variation of a turbulent velocity profile in flow from rough to smooth wall and vice versa. Expressions obtained for the shear-stress distribution with respect to the distance from the point of junction of the different roughnesses and from the wall distance, are utilized to ascertain the developing velocity distributions. Under simplified assumptions, the use of these formulas renders possible the integration of the motion equations for the shear stress. This calculation is carried out and compared with the experiments.

Jacobs, W↗
NASA NTRS1994

FRANC2D: A two-dimensional crack propagation simulator. Version 2.7: User's guide

FRANC 2D (FRacture ANalysis Code, 2 Dimensions) is a menu driven, interactive finite element computer code that performs fracture mechanics analyses of 2-D structures. The code has an automatic mesh generator for triangular and quadrilateral elements. FRANC2D calculates the stress intensity factor using linear elastic fracture mechanics and evaluates crack extension using several methods that may be selected by the user. The code features a mesh refinement and adaptive mesh generation capability that is automatically developed according to the predicted crack extension direction and length. The code also has unique features that permit the analysis of layered structure with load transfer through simulated mechanical fasteners or bonded joints. The code was written for UNIX workstations with X-windows graphics and may be executed on the following computers: DEC DecStation 3000 and 5000 series, IBM RS/6000 series, Hewlitt-Packard 9000/700 series, SUN Sparc stations, and most Silicon Graphics models.

Wawrzynek, Paul↗
NASA NTRS1994

Design oriented structural analysis

Desirable characteristics and benefits of design oriented analysis methods are described and illustrated by presenting a synoptic description of the development and uses of the Equivalent Laminated Plate Solution (ELAPS) computer code. ELAPS is a design oriented structural analysis method which is intended for use in the early design of aircraft wing structures. Model preparation is minimized by using a few large plate segments to model the wing box structure. Computational efficiency is achieved by using a limited number of global displacement functions that encompass all segments over the wing planform. Coupling with other codes is facilitated since the output quantities such as deflections and stresses are calculated as continuous functions over the plate segments. Various aspects of the ELAPS development are discussed including the analytical formulation, verification of results by comparison with finite element analysis results, coupling with other codes, and calculation of sensitivity derivatives. The effectiveness of ELAPS for multidisciplinary design application is illustrated by describing its use in design studies of high speed civil transport wing structures.

Giles, Gary L.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Multi-lab comparison on R-curve methodologies: Alloy 2024-T3

In an effort to determine an optimum method for ranking the fracture toughness of developmental aluminum alloys for High Speed Civil Transport applications, five labs performed K and/or J based fracture tests on aluminum alloy 2024-T3. Two material thicknesses were examined: 0.063 in. and 0.125 in. Middle crack tension and compact tension specimens were excised from 60 in. wide middle crack tension panels which had been previously tested at Boeing. The crack resistance curves generated were compared to the R-curves from 60 in. wide specimens. The experimental program indicated that effective stress intensity from secant compliance based crack length and stress intensity calculated from J-integral testing were equivalent. In addition, comparison of different specimen sizes and configurations indicated that standard validity requirements for compact tension specimens may be overly restrictive.

Reynolds, Anthony P.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Rotational modulation and flares on RS Canum Venaticorum and BY Draconis stars. 18: Coordinated VLA, ROSAT, and IUE observations of RS CVn binaries

As part of a coordinated program of multi-wavelength observations of RS CVn close binary systems, we observed 15 systems with the Very Large Array (VLA) and 10 systems with IUE, simultaneously or nearly simultaneously with the ROSAT All Sky Survey observations of these stars. Of the 22 systems observed with ROSAT, three were observed both by IUE and the VLA. Radio observations were made at 3.6, 6 and 20 cm. Of the 15 observed RS CVn systems, we detected 11 with greater than 4 sigma confidence at one or more wavelengths. The IUE observations were made within the RIASS (ROSAT-IUE All Sky Survey) program. We present the results of the VLA observations, along with the corresponding subsets of the ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) X-ray and Wide Field Camera (WFC) XUV survey, and RIASS IUE observations. We obtained an extended VLA/IUE/ROSAT simultaneous coverage of one system, TY Pyx, covering more than one orbital period. These observations reveal that the quiescent radio flux of TY Pyx is relatively constant over time scales of up to 7 hours, but that it did change by a factor of 3 over 24 hours, probably due to a flare on 1990 Nov. 12. The UV, XUV and X-ray fluxes do not show large day-to-day or phase-related variability. The observation of the decay phase of a radio flare on EI Eri, with no accompanying X-ray or XUV flare, suggests that the lack of a strong correlation between X-ray and radio flares previously noted for dMe flare stars holds for RS CVn systems as well. We suggest that the radio flare may have been due to a coherent emission process such as electron cyclotron emission. The simultaneous measurements presented here provide a unique test of the general correlation between radio and soft X-ray luminosities, L(sub radio) approximately L(sub x exp m) (Drake et al. 1989) with a power-law slope close to unity, which was previously derived using data obtained years apart. Our derived slopes are consistent with and thus support the general correlations between coronal and chromospheric/transition region emissions previously derived from nonsimultaneous measurements of a much larger sample of these variable sources. However, the importance of simultaneous measurements for accurate energy balance calculations is stressed.

Fox, David C.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Structural Evaluation of a Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) High Pressure Fuel Turbopump Turbine Blade

Thermal and structural finite-element analyses were performed on the first high pressure fuel turbopump turbine blade of the space shuttle main engine (SSME). A two-dimensional (2-D) finite-element model of the blade and firtree disk attachment was analyzed using the general purpose MARC (finite-element) code. The loading history applied is a typical test stand engine cycle mission, which consists of a startup condition with two thermal spikes, a steady state and a shutdown transient. The blade material is a directionally solidified (DS) Mar-M 246 alloy, the blade rotor is forged with waspalloy material. Thermal responses under steady-state and transient conditions were calculated. The stresses and strains under the influence of mechanical and thermal loadings were also determined. The critical regions that exhibited high stresses and severe localized plastic deformation were the blade-rotor gaps.

Abdul-Aziz, Ali↗
NASA NTRS2000

Mechanical Properties of LaRC(tm) SI Polymer for a Range of Molecular Weights

Mechanical testing of an advanced polyimide resin (LaRC(tm)-SI) with known variations in molecular weight was performed over a range of temperatures below the glass transition temperature. Elastic and inelastic properties were characterized as a function of molecular weight and test temperature. It was shown that notched tensile strength is a strong function of both temperature and molecular weight, whereas stiffness is only a strong function of temperature. The combined analysis of calculated yield stress and notched tensile strength indicated that low molecular weight materials tended to fail in a brittle manner, whereas high molecular weight materials exhibited ductile failure. The microphotographs of the failure surfaces also supported these findings.

Whitley, Karen S.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery for the Detection of Agricultural Crop Stress

Multispectral digital imagery from aircraft or satellite is presently being used to derive basic assessments of crop health for growers and others involved in the agricultural industry. Research indicates that narrow band stress indices derived from hyperspectral imagery should have improved sensitivity to provide more specific information on the type and cause of crop stress, Under funding from the NASA Earth Observation Commercial Applications Program (EOCAP) we are identifying and evaluating scientific and commercial applications of hyperspectral imagery for the remote characterization of agricultural crop stress. During the summer of 1999 a field experiment was conducted with varying nitrogen treatments on a production corn-field in eastern Nebraska. The AVIRIS (Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) hyperspectral imager was flown at two critical dates during crop development, at two different altitudes, providing images with approximately 18m pixels and 3m pixels. Simultaneous supporting soil and crop characterization included spectral reflectance measurements above the canopy, biomass characterization, soil sampling, and aerial photography. In this paper we describe the experiment and results, and examine the following three issues relative to the utility of hyperspectral imagery for scientific study and commercial crop stress products: (1) Accuracy of reflectance derived stress indices relative to conventional measures of stress. We compare reflectance-derived indices (both field radiometer and AVIRIS) with applied nitrogen and with leaf level measurement of nitrogen availability and chlorophyll concentrations over the experimental plots (4 replications of 5 different nitrogen levels); (2) Ability of the hyperspectral sensors to detect sub-pixel areas under crop stress. We applied the stress indices to both the 3m and 18m AVIRIS imagery for the entire production corn field using several sub-pixel areas within the field to compare the relative sensitivity of each stress index; and (3) Comparative sensitivity of stress indices to realistic measurement uncertainties. We compare the stress indices calculated with several levels of spectral uncertainty (by shifting the wavelengths) and reflectance uncertainty (by systematically varying the reflectance retrieval code initialization).

Cassady, Philip E.↗
NASA NTRS2002

C/sic Life Prediction for Propulsion Applications

Accurate life prediction is critical to successful use of ceramic matrix composites (CMC). The tools to accomplish this are immature and not oriented toward the behavior of carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC), the primary system of interest for many reusable and single mission launch vehicle propulsion and airframe applications. This paper describes an approach and process made to satisfy the need to develop an integrated life prediction system that addresses mechanical durability and environmental degradation of C/SiC. Issues such as oxidation, steam and hydrogen effects on material behavior are discussed. Preliminary tests indicate that steam will aggressively remove SiC seal coat and matrix in line with past experience. The kinetics of water vapor reaction with carbon fibers is negligible at 600 C, but comparable to air attack at 1200 C. The mitigating effect of steam observed in fiber oxidation studies has also been observed in stress rupture tests. Detailed microscopy of oxidized specimens is being carried out to develop the oxidation model. Carbon oxidation kinetics are reaction controlled at intermediate temperatures and diffusion controlled at high temperatures (approximately 1000 C). Activation energies for T-300 and interface pyrolytic carbon were determined as key inputs to the oxidation model. Crack opening as a function of temperature and stress was calculated. Mechanical property tests to develop and verify the probabilistic life model are very encouraging except for residual strength prediction. Gage width is a key variable governing edge oxidation of seal coated specimens. Future efforts will include architectural effects, enhanced coatings, biaxial tests, and LCF. Modeling will need to account for combined effects.

Levine, Stanley R.↗
NASA NTRS2002

C/SIC Life Prediction for Propulsion Applications

Accurate life prediction is critical to successful use of ceramic matrix composites (CMC). The tools to accomplish this are immature and not oriented toward the behavior of carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC), the primary system of interest for many reusable and single mission launch vehicle propulsion and airframe applications. This paper describes an approach and progress made to satisfy the need to develop an integrated life prediction system that addresses mechanical durability and environmental degradation of C/SiC. Issues such as oxidation, steam and hydrogen effects on material behavior are discussed. Preliminary tests indicate that stream will aggressively remove SiC seal coat and matrix in line with past experience. The kinetics of water vapor reaction with carbon fibers is negligible at 600 C, but comparable to air attack at 1200 C. The mitigating effect of steam observed in fiber oxidation studies has also been observed in stress rupture tests. Detailed microscopy of oxidized specimens is being carried out to develop the oxidation model. Carbon oxidation kinetics are reaction controlled at intermediate temperatures and diffusion controlled at high temperatures (approx. 1000 C). Activation energies for T-300 and interface pyrolytic carbon were determined as key inputs to the oxidation model. Crack opening as a function of temperature and stress was calculated. Mechanical property tests to develop and verify the probabilistic life model are very encouraging except for residual strength prediction. Gage width is a key variable governing edge oxidation of seal coated specimens. Future efforts will include architectural effects, enhanced coatings, biaxial tests, and LCF. Modeling will need to account for combined effects.

Levine, Stanley R.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Elevated Temperature Deformation of Fe-39.8Al and Fe-15.6Mn-39.4Al

The elevated temperature compressive properties of binary Fe-39.8 at % Al and Fe-15.6Mn-39.4Al have been measured between 1000 and 1300 K at strain rates between 10(exp 7) and 10(exp 3)/ s. Although the Mn addition to iron aluminide did not change the basic deformation characteristics, the Mn-modified alloy was slightly weaker. In the regime where deformation of FeAl occurs by a high stress exponent mechanism (n = 6), strength increases as the grain size decreases at least for diameters between approx. 200 and approx. 10 microns. Due to the limitation in the grain size-flow stress-temperature-strain rate database, the influence of further reductions of the grain size on strength is uncertain. Based on the appearance of subgrains in deformed iron aluminide, the comparison of grain diameters to expected subgrain sizes, and the grain size exponent and stress exponent calculated from deformation experiments, it is believed that grain size strengthening is the result of an artificial limitation on subgrain size as proposed by Sherby, Klundt and Miller.

Whittenberger, J. Daniel↗