DOE OE Energy Storage Systems Safety Roadmap.
Foster confidence in the safety and reliability of energy storage systems.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Analysis on the Influence of an Energy Storage System and its Impact to the Grid for a Wave Energy Converter
Reducing power fluctuations is essential for controlling the integration impacts of wave energy converter (WEC) plants in both distribution and transmission grids, and in stand-alone isolated power systems. This paper presents an analysis on the cost of and how a battery storage system can be used to further reduce the variation of power generated from the WEC due to the fluctuating nature of waves and its impact to the grid. The electrical power output from WEC-Sim simulations for the six sea states used in the Wave Energy Prize was analyzed to compute the peak power and power time history. The results were used to evaluate the battery storage capacity that is needed for a WEC system to provide reasonable power flow to the grid and estimate its cost based on the latest cost information for battery technologies published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Finally, a preliminary grid integration analysis was performed to demonstrate how WEC-generated power would contribute to a small island electricity system. As shown in the study, the instantaneous peak power is the primary cost driver for the battery storage and the power take-off system, and reducing the power fluctuations is essential for reducing the overall levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The power flow variation from WECs can be significantly reduced using battery storage without adding significant overall system costs, and the implementation of battery storage is essential for grid integration applications. There may also be additional opportunities to further investigate energy storage technologies that are specific to WEC applications to reduce these costs even further.
16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
Integrating AEAD Ciphers into Software-Defined-Storage Systems
The use of software-defined storage (SDS) systems to store sensitive data is becoming increasingly prevalent. However, these systems primarily implement security measures to ensure the confidentiality and availability of stored data, with limited consideration for the protection of its integrity. This paper outlines why this is a harmful development, as well as how integrity-protecting measures can be included into SDS systems. To demonstrate the practical challenges and opportunities of such measures, we integrated "authenticated encryption with associated data" (AEAD) ciphers into the widely used SDS system Ceph, specifically, into its block storage interface, to secure the integrity of stored data and metadata. Ultimately, we identify the characteristics that an SDS system should possess to adopt our methodology.
Mohren, David [University of New Brunswick, Canada↗
Cost projections for Redox Energy storage systems
A preliminary design and system cost analysis was performed for the redox energy storage system. A conceptual design and cost estimate was prepared for each of two energy applications: (1) electric utility 100-MWh requirement (10-MW for ten hours) for energy storage for utility load leveling application, and (2) a 500-kWh requirement (10-kW for 50 hours) for use with a variety of residential or commercial applications, including stand alone solar photovoltaic systems. The conceptual designs were based on cell performance levels, system design parameters, and special material costs. These data were combined with estimated thermodynamic and hydraulic analysis to provide preliminary system designs. Results indicate that the redox cell stack to be amenable to mass production techniques with a relatively low material cost.
Michaels, K.↗
Hydrogen desorption using honeycomb finned heat exchangers integrated in adsorbent storage systems
One of the main technical hurdles associated with adsorbent based hydrogen storage systems is relative to their ability to discharge hydrogen effectively, as dictated by fuel cell requirements. In this study, a new honeycomb finned heat exchanger concept was examined to evaluate its potential as a heat transfer system for hydrogen desorption. A bench scale 0.5 L vessel was equipped with the proposed heat exchanger, filled with MOF-5® adsorbent material. The heating power, required to desorb hydrogen, was provided by a 100 W electric heater placed in the center of the honeycomb structure. Two desorption tests, at room temperature and under cryogenic temperatures, were carried out to evaluate the hydrogen desorption performance of the proposed system under different operating conditions. The bench scale vessel performance was verified from both an experimental and a modeling point of view, demonstrating the ability to desorb about 45% of the adsorbed hydrogen in reduced time and applying low heating power. Further modeling analyses were also carried out showing the potential of the proposed system to reach high hydrogen discharging rates at cryogenic temperature conditions and operating pressures between 100 bar and 5 bar. The proposed adsorption system also demonstrated to be able to discharge all the available hydrogen in less than 500 s operating at cryogenic conditions and with a nominal heating power of 100 W.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Automating the Transition Between Sensorless Motor Control Methods for the NASA Glenn Research Center Flywheel Energy Storage System
The NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) has been working to advance the technology necessary for a flywheel energy storage system for the past several years. Flywheels offer high efficiency, durability, and near-complete discharge capabilities not produced by typical chemical batteries. These characteristics show flywheels to be an attractive alternative to the more typical energy storage solutions. Flywheels also offer the possibility of combining what are now two separate systems in space applications into one: energy storage, which is currently provided by batteries, and attitude control, which is currently provided by control moment gyroscopes (CMGs) or reaction wheels. To date, NASA Glenn research effort has produced the control algorithms necessary to demonstrate flywheel operation up to a rated speed of 60,000 RPM and the combined operation of two flywheel machines to simultaneously provide energy storage and single axis attitude control. Two position-sensorless algorithms are used to control the motor/generator, one for low (0 to 1200 RPM) speeds and one for high speeds. The algorithm allows the transition from the low speed method to the high speed method, but the transition from the high to low speed method was not originally included. This leads to a limitation in the existing motor/generator control code that does not allow the flywheels to be commanded to zero speed (and back in the negative speed direction) after the initial startup. In a multi-flywheel system providing both energy storage and attitude control to a spacecraft, speed reversal may be necessary.
Fehrmann, Elizabeth A.↗
Hydrogen reliquefiers for lunar storage systems
Reliquifier application to eliminate propellant boil off losses in space and lunar storage systems
LUNAR FLIGHT↗
Demonstration of High-Temperature Calcium-Based Thermochemical Energy Storage System for use with Concentrating Solar Power Facilities
Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) systems offer several advantages over sensible heat storage via molten salts for concentrating solar power (CSP) including: energy density, cost, indefinite storage time, and no risk of freezing. SR’s TCES system utilizes a CaO-based carbonation reaction at high temperature in a fixed bed heat exchanger reactor. The SunShot APOLLO project focuses on the validation of the calcium oxide sorbent for capacity, durability, system economics, and demonstration of the system at a small pilot scale, including system control and operation in simulated on-sun conditions, discharging at 720°C. Under phase I SR completed evaluation of the sorbent loaded in a single-channel heat exchanger reactor. The major accomplishments of phase II are: Design, fabrication and commissioning of a 4 kWhth pilot plant (50x capacity increase from previous bench scale) with a closed-loop CO 2 system, and a commercially relevant heat exchange reactor. The heat exchange reactor has been designed with state-of-the-art modeling tools to ensure 1) sufficient lifetime of the Incoloy body and 2) performance of the packed bed reactor will be adequate to meet the milestones. The rest of the pilot system has been designed with off-the shelf components to maximize reliability and cost effectiveness. The system is highly instrumented and capable of time resolved, independent measurements of the heat and mass balances respectively. Major developments in the technoeconomic analysis (TEA) include 1) reduction of the cost of membrane gas storage for the near-term and future systems and 2) integration with liquid metal receivers and particle receivers for higher decarbonation temperatures and pressures which reduced the cost of gas compression and increased system efficiency. The result are three scenarios with costs bases of 21.9 dollars, 14.3 dollars, and 10.9 dollars/kWhth corresponding to a real LCOE of 59, 57, 56 dollars/MWhe, respectively. The basic operations of the energy storage system were demonstrated for carbonation (discharging) and decarbonation (charging) over short time periods. Excellent control of the CO 2 mass balance across the reactor was achieved with mass flow controllers and the basic operation of the level control of the CO 2 gas bladder was achieved. The system was apparently free from leaks and operated continuously for 18 days with no mechanical failures, thus meeting milestone 2.5.5. The major shortcomings of the system had to do with the controls which prevented us from deep cycling and or reaching high cycles. We were unable to decarbonate (charge) the system for more than a few minutes at a time, which was much shorter than the design target of 10 hrs. This issue could not be resolved due to facility availability and contract closure. One major finding is that CaO-based TCES is most cost efficient when charged with HTF (heat transfer fluid) temperatures >850°C to reach the round-trip exergy efficiency and system cost targets which are higher temperatures than those considered for Gen 3 CSP. Many of the balance of plant components do not exist today, however we are encouraged by our findings that in general with more work we are able to reduce the capital cost, for example with the membrane gas storage, which is an innovative component in itself. The CaO-based TCES system has potential to meet the latest SunShot 2030 goals of LCOE at 50 dollars/MWhe with capital costs of <11/kWhth.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Demonstration of High-Temperature Calcium-Based Thermochemical Energy Storage System for use with Concentrating Solar Power Facilities
Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) systems offer several advantages over sensible heat storage via molten salts for concentrating solar power (CSP) including: energy density, cost, indefinite storage time, and no risk of freezing. SR’s TCES system utilizes a CaO-based carbonation reaction at high temperature in a fixed bed heat exchanger reactor. The SunShot APOLLO project focuses on the validation of the calcium oxide sorbent for capacity, durability, system economics, and demonstration of the system at a small pilot scale, including system control and operation in simulated on-sun conditions, discharging at 720°C. Under phase I SR completed evaluation of the sorbent loaded in a single-channel heat exchanger reactor. The major accomplishments of phase II are: Design, fabrication and commissioning of a 4 kWhth pilot plant (50x capacity increase from previous bench scale) with a closed-loop CO 2 system, and a commercially relevant heat exchange reactor. The heat exchange reactor has been designed with state-of-the-art modeling tools to ensure 1) sufficient lifetime of the Incoloy body and 2) performance of the packed bed reactor will be adequate to meet the milestones. The rest of the pilot system has been designed with off-the shelf components to maximize reliability and cost effectiveness. The system is highly instrumented and capable of time resolved, independent measurements of the heat and mass balances respectively. Major developments in the technoeconomic analysis (TEA) include 1) reduction of the cost of membrane gas storage for the near-term and future systems and 2) integration with liquid metal receivers and particle receivers for higher decarbonation temperatures and pressures which reduced the cost of gas compression and increased system efficiency. The result are three scenarios with costs bases of 21.9 dollars, 14.3 dollars, and 10.9 dollars/kWh th corresponding to a real LCOE of 59, 57, 56 dollars/MW he , respectively. The basic operations of the energy storage system were demonstrated for carbonation (discharging) and decarbonation (charging) over short time periods. Excellent control of the CO 2 mass balance across the reactor was achieved with mass flow controllers and the basic operation of the level control of the CO 2 gas bladder was achieved. The system was apparently free from leaks and operated continuously for 18 days with no mechanical failures, thus meeting milestone 2.5.5. The major shortcomings of the system had to do with the controls which prevented us from deep cycling and or reaching high cycles. We were unable to decarbonate (charge) the system for more than a few minutes at a time, which was much shorter than the design target of 10 hrs. This issue could not be resolved due to facility availability and contract closure. One major finding is that CaO-based TCES is most cost efficient when charged with HTF (heat transfer fluid) temperatures >850°C to reach the round-trip exergy efficiency and system cost targets which are higher temperatures than those considered for Gen 3 CSP. Many of the balance of plant components do not exist today, however we are encouraged by our findings that in general with more work we are able to reduce the capital cost, for example with the membrane gas storage, which is an innovative component in itself. The CaO-based TCES system has potential to meet the latest SunShot 2030 goals of LCOE at 50 $/MW he with capital costs of <11/kWh th .
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Long-term cryogenic space storage system
Discussion of the design, fabrication and testing of a 225-cu ft spherical cryogenic storage system for long-term subcritical applications under zero-g conditions in storing subcritical cryogens for space vehicle propulsion systems. The insulation system design, the analytical methods used, and the correlation between the performance test results and analytical predictions are described. The best available multilayer insulation materials and state-of-the-art thermal protection concepts were applied in the design, providing a boiloff rate of 0.152 lb/hr, or 0.032% per day, and an overall heat flux of 0.066 Btu/sq ft hr based on a 200 sq ft surface area. A six to eighteen month cryogenic storage is provided by this system for space applications.
Hopkins, R. A.↗
Performance Modeling of Materials-Based Hydrogen Storage Systems for Automotive Applications
One of the challenges of fuel cell vehicles is storage of the hydrogen fuel. In an effort to reduce the temperature and pressure limitations of storing neat hydrogen either as a high pressure gas or cryogenic liquid, material-based hydrogen storage is being developed. Hydrogen stored either as an adsorbent or as a chemical compound not only provides more reasonable pressures and temperatures but also improves the storage density of the hydrogen. Modeling tools have been developed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence to assess the performance of these materials in light duty vehicle applications. The purpose of these modeling tools is to evaluate newly developed hydrogen storage materials and ensure that they meet customer expectations for driving range and performance before further investment. Recent advances in these modeling tools have been made to allow direct material property inputs. Such material properties as hydrogen capacity, isotherms and other thermodynamic and kinetic properties can reasonably be measured by materials researchers. Using these properties as inputs, the models can then provide estimates of the mass and volume of the storage system and the driving range and fuel efficiency of the vehicle during transient operation with four different drive cycles. The system sizing estimator and the framework model used to perform this analysis will be described and results presented for adsorbents and chemical based storage materials.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Development and Demonstration of an Innovative Thermal Energy Storage System for Baseload Power Generation
The objective of this project is to research and develop a thermal energy storage system (operating range 300°C - 450°C) based on encapsulated phase change materials (PCM) that can meet the utility-scale base-load concentrated solar power plant requirements at much lower system costs compared to the existing thermal energy storage (TES) concepts. The major focus of this program is to develop suitable encapsulation methods for existing low-cost phase change materials that would provide a cost effective and reliable solution for thermal energy storage to be integrated in solar thermal power plants. This project proposes a TES system concept that will allow for an increase of the capacity factor of the present CSP technologies to 75% or greater and reduce the cost to less than $20/kWht.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Evaluating the Impacts of Battery Energy Storage System Functionalities on Distribution Systems Using Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation
This poster provides a high-level overview of evaluating the impacts of battery energy storage system functionalities on distribution systems using power hardware-in-the-loop simulation.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Building Battery Energy Storage System Performance Data into an Economic Assessment
Economic assessments of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) rely on optimal dispatch methods to capture temporal interdependency of BESS operations and coupling among different grid applications. Many existing BESS economic assessment studies are based on a simplified first-order scalar model using BESS nameplate numbers. Such a method cannot accurately capture varying capabilities and nonlinear dynamics of a BESS, leading to inaccurate assessment results. This paper presents a practical implementation of performance data into the economic assessment of the BESSs recently developed within the Snohomish Public Utility District system in Washington State. Extensive testing conducted over multiple seasons is used to assess the technical performance and develop high-fidelity models of the BESSs. A dynamic programming algorithm is proposed to optimally dispatch the BESSs and assess the potential benefits from stacked value streams. The proposed method can be adapted for the economic assessment of other BESSs with different applications.
Wu, Di↗
Analyzing the Effects of Climate and Thermal Configuration on Community Energy Storage Systems (Presentation)
Community energy storage (CES) has been proposed to mitigate the high variation in output from renewable sources and reduce peak load on the electrical grid. Thousands of these systems may be distributed around the grid to provide benefits to local distribution circuits and to the grid as a whole when aggregated. CES must be low cost to purchase and install and also largely maintenance free through more than 10 years of service life to be acceptable to most utilities.Achieving the required system life time is a major uncertainty for lithium-ion batteries. The lifetime and immediate system performance of batteries can change drastically with battery temperature, which is a strong function of system packaging, local climate, electrical duty cycle, and other factors. In other Li-ion applications, this problem is solved via air or liquid heating and cooling systems that may need occasional maintenance throughout their service life. CES requires a maintenance-free thermal management system providing protection from environmental conditions while rejecting heat from a moderate electrical duty cycle. Thus, the development of an effective, low-cost, zero-maintenance thermal management system poses a challenge critical to the success of CES. NREL and Southern California Edison have collaborated to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of various CES thermal configurations in multiple climates by building a model of CES based on collected test data, integrating it with an NREL-developed Li-ion degradation model, and applying CES electrical duty cycles and historic location-specific meteorological data to forecast battery thermal response and degradation through a 10-year service life.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Simulation of mass storage systems operating in a large data processing facility
A mass storage simulation program was written to aid system designers in the design of a data processing facility. It acts as a tool for measuring the overall effect on the facility of on-line mass storage systems, and it provides the means of measuring and comparing the performance of competing mass storage systems. The performance of the simulation program is demonstrated.
Holmes, R.↗
A fuel cell energy storage system for Space Station extravehicular activity
The development of a fuel cell energy storage system for the Space Station Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) is discussed. The ion-exchange membrane fuel cell uses hydrogen stored as a metal hydride. Several features of the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell are examined, including its construction, hydrogen storage, hydride recharge, water heat, water removal, and operational parameters.
Rosso, Matthew J., Jr.↗
Disk Failure Dataset from the Campaign Storage System
This dataset consists of 1,389 disk (HDD) failure events collected from the Campaign storage system at LANL. The Campaign system supported various compute platforms throughout its lifespan, including Cielo, Fire, Ice, and notably, the Trinity supercomputer. Each recorded event includes its detection timestamp (in ISO 8601 format) and details such as its location within the storage system—rack, enclosure, and drive slot number. The data, spanning from May 4, 2021, to July 25, 2023 (2 years, 2 months, and 22 days), represents failure events from the terminal years of Campaign's operational period, accounting for 26% of its total operational time.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗