An Adaptive Method for Reducing Clock Skew in an Accumulative Z-Axis Interconnect System
This paper will present several methods for adjusting clock skew variations that occur in an accumulative Z-axis interconnect system.
3-D MCM Z-Axis Clock Skew↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Applications of Advanced Clocks for Space Navigation and Communication
Precision clocks and frequency standards are widely used in communications and navigations systems.
Advanced Clocks Space Navigation Communication↗
Phase modulation with independent cavity-phase control in laser-cooled clocks in space
This paper discusses future phase modulations with independent cavity-phase control in laser cooled clocks in space.
frequency standards phase modulation atomic clock↗
Optimal Prediction of Clocks from Finite Data
This talk is about optimal linear prediction of processes with stationary dth increments, which serve as a class of models for random clock disturbances. The predictor is obtained by orthogonal projection on the affine space of estimators whose errors are invariant to additive polynomials of degree < d. The projection conditions give a system of linear equations thatcan be solved straightforwardly for the regression coefficients. If the data are equally spaced, then the predictor can be obtained by an extension of Levinson's algorithm.
stationary increments↗
Optimal Estimation of Clock Values and Trends from Finite Data
We show how to solve two problems of optimal linear estimation from a finite set of phase data. Clock noise is modeled as a stochastic process with stationary dth increments. The covariance properties of such a process are contained in the generalized autocovariance function (GACV). We set up two principles for optimal estimation: with the help of the GACV, these principles lead to a set of linear equations for the regression coefficients and some auxiliary parameters. The mean square errors of the estimators are easily calculated. The method can be used to check the results of other methods and to find good suboptimal estimators based on a small subset of the available data.
stationary increments↗
Clock Synchronization
Experimental goals are: (1) synchronize 1 pulse per second outputs derived from two different crystal oscillator sources, (2) generate near atomic clock accuracy for other experimental needs.
atomic clock↗
Revisions to Conventional Clock Domain Crossing Methodologies in Triple Modular Redundant Circuits
We present updates to the conventional methodology of triple modular redundancy (TMR) insertion as it pertains to clock domain crossings (CDCs). Three types of TMR schemes and their suggested corresponding CDC revisions are discussed.
Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR)↗
Clocks and oscillators in space
In this paper a short review of the role of clocks and oscillators in space is presented, together with some future projections for laser based systems.
clocks↗
Characteristics and Applications of Precise GPS Clock Solutions Every 30 Seconds
Using carrier pahse and pseudorange data from a small network of globally distributed GPS receivers with precise tiem references, we are able to estimate GPS clock parameters every 30 sec, with sub-decimeter accuracy, in a computationally efficent manner.
GPS↗
Identification of a Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3[beta] Inhibitor that Attenuates Hyperactivity in CLOCK Mutant Mice
Bipolar disorder is characterized by a cycle of mania and depression, which affects approximately 5 million people in the United States. Current treatment regimes include the so-called 'mood-stabilizing drugs', such as lithium and valproate that are relatively dated drugs with various known side effects. Glycogen synthase kinase-3{beta} (GSK-3{beta}) plays a central role in regulating circadian rhythms, and lithium is known to be a direct inhibitor of GSK-3{beta}. We designed a series of second generation benzofuran-3-yl-(indol-3-yl)maleimides containing a piperidine ring that possess IC{sub 50} values in the range of 4 to 680 nM against human GSK-3{beta}. One of these compounds exhibits reasonable kinase selectivity and promising preliminary absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data. The administration of this compound at doses of 10 to 25 mg kg{sup -1} resulted in the attenuation of hyperactivity in amphetamine/chlordiazepoxide-induced manic-like mice together with enhancement of prepulse inhibition, similar to the effects found for valproate (400 mg kg{sup -1}) and the antipsychotic haloperidol (1 mg kg{sup -1}). We also tested this compound in mice carrying a mutation in the central transcriptional activator of molecular rhythms, the CLOCK gene, and found that the same compound attenuates locomotor hyperactivity in response to novelty. This study further demonstrates the use of inhibitors of GSK-3{beta} in the treatment of manic episodes of bipolar/mood disorders, thus further validating GSK-3{beta} as a relevant therapeutic target in the identification of new therapies for bipolar patients.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Angiographic Anatomy and Relevance of 3 and 9 O’clock Arteries During Radioembolization
Purpose3 and 9 o’clock arteries (3&9As) which supply the common hepatic duct connect hepatic with duodenal/pancreatic territories. The study purpose is to describe the angiographic anatomy of 3&9As and discuss their relevance when performing radioembolization (RE) of liver malignancies.Materials and MethodsThe anatomy of the 3&9As was systematically investigated by a retrospective analysis of angiograms, technetium Tc-99 m-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) scintigrams, yttrium-90 (Y90) Bremsstrahlung-SPECT/CT datasets, and clinical data of 153 patients who underwent RE between 2010 and 2013.ResultsAnalysis of preprocedural angiograms identified 3&9As in 36 (24%) of the 153 patients. Following embolization of the gastroduodenal artery, 3&9As were seen in 53 cases (35%). The three most common origins of the 3&9As were the right hepatic artery (n = 14), the cystic artery (n = 11), and S5 and S6 segmental arteries (n = 5 each). Extrahepatic Tc-99 m-MAA deposition in the territory of the 3&9As was significantly more frequent when 3&9As were detectable on preprocedural angiograms (28%{sub visible} vs. 11%{sub not} {sub visible}; p = 0.001) and especially when the 3&9As were not embolized or bridged prior to RE (50%{sub not} {sub occluded/bridged} vs. 19%{sub occupied/bridged}; p = 0.043). The presence of extrahepatic Y90 Bremsstrahlung after RE (n = 17) was attributable to microsphere diversion via the 3&9A territory in four patients and possible diversion via this territory in nine patients. Five of these 13 patients presented with epigastric pain, nausea, or vomiting (CTCAE severity grade ≤ 3) (p = 0.014).Conclusion3&9As are commonly detectable during evaluation angiography prior to RE, have a variable angioanatomic origin, and should be prophylactically occluded to prevent complications.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
TNF-α induces expression of the circadian clock gene Bmal1 via dual calcium-dependent pathways in rheumatoid synovial cells
Highlights: • TNF-α induces over-expression of Bmal1 in rheumatoid synovial cells. • This over-expression was induced through dual calcium dependent pathways. • These dual pathways were regulated by p300/CBP histone acetyltransferases. • Ca{sup 2+} influx-p300/CBP pathway may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for RA. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is responsible for expressions of several clock genes and affects joint symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with diurnal fluctuation. We tried to determine the mechanism involved in over-expression of Bmal1, induced by TNF-α, in primary cultured rheumatoid synovial cells. Cells were incubated with intra-cellular Ca{sup 2+} chelator BAPTA-AM, calcineurin inhibitor FK506 and p300/CBP (CREB binding protein) inhibitor C646, respectively, or transfected with p300 and CBP small interfering RNA (siRNA) before stimulation with TNF-α. Oscillation phase and amplitude of Bmal1, transcriptional activator Rorα, transcriptional repressor Rev-erbα, and histone acetyltransferases (p300 and Cbp) were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. As results, TNF-α did not influence the oscillation phase of Rev-erbα, while enhanced those of Rorα, resulting in over-expression of Bmal1. When Ca{sup 2+} influx was inhibited by BAPTA-AM, TNF-α-mediated up-regulation of Rorα was cancelled, however, that of Bmal1 was still apparent. When we further explored another pathway between TNF-α and Bmal1, TNF-α suppressed the expression of Rev-erbα in the absence of Ca{sup 2+} influx, as well as those of p300 and Cbp genes. Finally, actions of TNF-α, in increasing Bmal1/Rorα and decreasing Rev-erbα, were cancelled by C646 treatment or silencing of both p300 and Cbp. In conclusion, we determined a novel role of TNF-α in inducing Bmal1 via dual calcium dependent pathways; Rorα was up-regulated in the presence of Ca{sup 2+} influx and Rev-erbα was down-regulated in the absence of that. Results proposed that inhibition of p300/CBP could be new therapeutic targets for RA.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Knocking down clock control gene CRY1 decreases adipogenesis via canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Highlights: • Adipogenic differentiation induces CRY1 expression. . • Knockdown of CRY1 inhibits adipogenic differentiation and adipogenesis-specific gene expression. • Knockdown of CRY1 activates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cryptochrome gene 1(CRY1) is a member of circadian clock genes, which play an important role in adipocyte biology. CRY1 was reported to be related with the lipid metabolism, but the molecule mechanism of CRY1 in regulating the adipogenesis remains unclear. Here we report that CRY1 is a key regulator in adipogenic differentiation. We found that the expression levels of CRY1 in 3T3-L1 cells and C3H10T1/2 cells gradually increased during the process of adipogenic differentiation. Knockdown of endogenous CRY1 significantly inhibited the expression of adipogenic markers and lipid droplet formation in cells under adipogenic induction. In addition, knockdown of endogenous CRY1 promoted the expression and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, the critical signal molecular in the canonical canonical Wnt signaling pathway, suggesting the regulation effect of CRY1 in adipogenesis was mediated by canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Taken together, our study suggests that CRY1 regulates adipogenic differentiation through modulating the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Characterization and calibration of a viscoelastic simplified potential energy clock model for inorganic glasses
In this study, to analyze the stresses and strains generated during the solidification of glass-forming materials, stress and volume relaxation must be predicted accurately. Although the modeling attributes required to depict physical aging in organic glassy thermosets strongly resemble the structural relaxation in inorganic glasses, the historical modeling approaches have been distinctly different. To determine whether a common constitutive framework can be applied to both classes of materials, the nonlinear viscoelastic simplified potential energy clock (SPEC) model, developed originally for glassy thermosets, was calibrated for the Schott 8061 inorganic glass and used to analyze a number of tests. A practical methodology for material characterization and model calibration is discussed, and the structural relaxation mechanism is interpreted in the context of SPEC model constitutive equations. SPEC predictions compared to inorganic glass data collected from thermal strain measurements and creep tests demonstrate the ability to achieve engineering accuracy and make the SPEC model feasible for engineering applications involving a much broader class of glassy materials.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Structures of the intermediates of Kok’s photosynthetic water oxidation clock
Inspired by the period-four oscillation in flash-induced oxygen evolution of photosystem II discovered by Joliot in 1969, Kok performed additional experiments and proposed a five-state kinetic model for photosynthetic oxygen evolution, known as Kok’s S-state clock or cycle. The model comprises four (meta)stable intermediates (S 0 , S 1 , S 2 and S 3 ) and one transient S 4 state, which precedes dioxygen formation occurring in a concerted reaction from two water-derived oxygens bound at an oxo-bridged tetra manganese calcium (Mn 4 CaO 5 ) cluster in the oxygen-evolving complex. This reaction is coupled to the two-step reduction and protonation of the mobile plastoquinone QB at the acceptor side of PSII. Here in this paper, using serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography and simultaneous X-ray emission spectroscopy with multi-flash visible laser excitation at room temperature, we visualize all (meta)stable states of Kok’s cycle as high-resolution structures (2.04–2.08 Å). In addition, we report structures of two transient states at 150 and 400 µs, revealing notable structural changes including the binding of one additional ‘water’, Ox, during the S 2 →S 3 state transition. Our results suggest that one water ligand to calcium (W3) is directly involved in substrate delivery. The binding of the additional oxygen Ox in the S 3 state between Ca and Mn1 supports O–O bond formation mechanisms involving O5 as one substrate, where Ox is either the other substrate oxygen or is perfectly positioned to refill the O5 position during O 2 release. Thus, our results exclude peroxo-bond formation in the S 3 state, and the nucleophilic attack of W3 onto W2 is unlikely.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Mapping the magnetic field vector in a fountain clock
We show how the mapping of the magnetic field vector components can be achieved in a fountain clock by measuring the Larmor transition frequency in atoms that are used as a spatial probe. We control two vector components of the magnetic field and apply audio frequency magnetic pulses to localize and measure the field vector through Zeeman spectroscopy.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Critical analysis and remedy of switching failures in straintronic logic using Bennett clocking in the presence of thermal fluctuations
Straintronic logic is a promising platform for beyond Moore's law computing. Using Bennett clocking mechanism, information can propagate through an array of strain-mediated multiferroic nanomagnets, exploiting the dipolar coupling between the magnets without having to physically interconnect them. Here, we perform a critical analysis of switching failures, i.e., error in information propagation due to thermal fluctuations through a chain of such straintronic devices. We solved stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation considering room-temperature thermal perturbations and show that magnetization switching may fail due to inherent magnetization dynamics accompanied by thermally broadened switching delay distribution. Avenues available to circumvent such issue are proposed.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
How to make optimal use of maximal multipartite entanglement in clock synchronization
We introduce a multi-party quantum clock synchronization protocol that makes optimal use of the maximal multipartite entanglement of GHZ-type states. The measurement statistics of the protocol are analyzed and the efficiency is evaluated.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗