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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21

Polynomial Chaos Surrogate Construction for Random Fields with Parametric Uncertainty

Engineering and applied science rely on computational experiments to rigorously study physical systems. The mathematical models used to probe these systems are highly complex, and sampling-intensive studies often require prohibitively many simulations for acceptable accuracy. Surrogate models provide a means of circumventing the high computational expense of sampling such complex models. In particular, polynomial chaos expansions (PCEs) have been successfully used for uncertainty quantification studies of deterministic models where the dominant source of uncertainty is parametric. We discuss an extension to conventional PCE surrogate modeling to enable surrogate construction for stochastic computational models that have intrinsic noise in addition to parametric uncertainty. We develop a PCE surrogate on a joint space of intrinsic and parametric uncertainty, enabled by Rosenblatt transformations, which are evaluated via kernel density estimation of the associated conditional cumulative distributions. Furthermore, we extend the construction to random field data via the Karhunen–Loève expansion. We then take advantage of closed-form solutions for computing PCE Sobol indices to perform a global sensitivity analysis of the model which quantifies the intrinsic noise contribution to the overall model output variance. Additionally, the resulting joint PCE is generative in the sense that it allows generating random realizations at any input parameter setting that are statistically approximately equivalent to realizations from the underlying stochastic model. The method is demonstrated on a chemical catalysis example model and a synthetic example controlled by a parameter that enables a switch from unimodal to bimodal response distributions.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Hidden Markov Models for Fault Detection in Dynamic Systems

Continuous monitoring of complex dynamic systems is an increasingly important issue in diverse areas such as nuclear plant safety, production line reliability, and medical health monitoring systems. Recent advances in both sensor technology and computational capabilities have made on-line permanent monitoring much more feasible than it was in the past. In this paper it is shown that a pattern recognition system combined with a finite-state hidden Markov model provides a particularly useful method for modelling temporal context in continuous monitoring. The parameters of the Markov model are derived from gross failure statistics such as the mean time between failures. The model is validated on a real-world fault diagnosis problem and it is shown that Markov modelling in this context offers significant practical benefits.

Smyth, Padhraic↗

Coarse-grained resource allocation modeling for decoding and rewiring microbial metabolism

Microbial metabolism is a complex, emergent system driven by the coordinated interplay of intricate and dynamic molecular processes. To elucidate cellular behavior and enable biotechnological applications, quantitative models that address the inherent complexity of metabolism have been developed from a resource allocation perspective. Here, we synthesize recent advances in coarse-grained resource allocation frameworks and their applications in understanding microbial physiology and guiding gene circuit design. Here, these frameworks reveal global regulatory constraints and predict cellular adaptation to nutrient and environmental changes. In addition, they enable the quantification of metabolic costs, the dissection of circuit–host interactions, and the development of strategies for burden mitigation. Collectively, these modeling frameworks provide a powerful platform for uncovering quantitative principles of microbial growth and engineering robust synthetic biological systems.

coarse-grained modeling↗

Forte: A suite of advanced multireference quantum chemistry methods

Software development plays a critical role in advancing quantum chemistry, enabling the exploration of new fundamental theoretical ideas and modeling systems of ever-increasing complexity. In the past decade, the availability of quantum chemistry packages that use modular designs and provide application programming interfaces (APIs) has enabled the creation of specialized software plugins, enhancing the capabilities of the original codes. Here, the availability of well-documented APIs is particularly beneficial in the context of academic scientific software development because it reduces the entry barrier for new developers and shields them from the complexities of large software projects.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Scalable Bayesian Physics-Informed Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks

Uncertainty quantification (UQ) plays a pivotal role in scientific machine learning, especially when surrogate models are used to approximate complex systems. Although multilayer perceptions (MLPs) are commonly employed as surrogates, they often suffer from overfitting due to their large number of parameters. Kolmogorov-Arnold networks (KANs) offer an alternative solution with fewer parameters. However, gradient-based inference methods, such as Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC), may result in computational inefficiency when applied to KANs, especially for large-scale datasets, due to the high cost of back-propagation. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach, combining the dropout Tikhonov ensemble Kalman inversion (DTEKI) with Chebyshev KANs. This gradient-free method effectively mitigates overfitting and enhances numerical stability. In addition, we incorporate the active subspace method to reduce the parameter-space dimensionality, allowing us to improve the accuracy of predictions and obtain more reliable uncertainty estimates. Extensive experiments demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in various test cases, including scenarios with large datasets and high noise levels. Our results show that the new method achieves comparable or better accuracy, much higher efficiency as well as stability compared to HMC, in addition to scalability. Moreover, by leveraging the low-dimensional parameter subspace, our method preserves prediction accuracy while substantially reducing further the computational cost.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Specialists Meeting on Rotorcraft Dynamics, Moffett Field, Calif., February 13-15, 1974, Proceedings

Analysis of specific problems in rotorcraft dynamics. Topics include hingeless rotor theory, dynamic stall modelling, periodic systems identification, analysis of complex systems with phasing matrices, flapping stability, flap-lag dynamics at high advance ratios, finite element analysis and fuselage free-vibration characteristics, coupled rotor/frame vibration methods, gust response characteristics with unsteady stall effects, antiresonance theory, cyclic feathering motions and dynamic loads, control load envelope shaping, rotor aeroelasticity, use of Floquet theory, theory of proprotors and tilt-rotors, two-bladed teetering rotors, stability of air and ground resonance, vertical-plane pendulum absorbers, multicyclic jet-flap control, engine/frame interface dynamics, and others. The minutes of the question and answer periods following the presentations are presented in the supplement. Individual items are announced in this issue.

Source record↗

The cognitive demands of second order manual control: Applications of the event related brain potential

Three experiments are described in which tracking difficulty is varied in the presence of a covert tone discrimination task. Event related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by the tones are employed as an index of the resource demands of tracking. The ERP measure reflected the control order variation, and this variable was thereby assumed to compete for perceptual/central processing resources. A fine-grained analysis of the results suggested that the primary demands of second order tracking involve the central processing operations of maintaining a more complex internal model of the dynamic system, rather than the perceptual demands of higher derivative perception. Experiment 3 varied tracking bandwidth in random input tracking, and the ERP was unaffected. Bandwidth was then inferred to compete for response-related processing resources that are independent of the ERP.

Wickens, C.↗

Transonic analysis of canted winglets

A computational method developed to provide a transonic analysis for upper/lower surface wing-tip mounted winglets is described. Winglets with arbitrary planform, cant and toe angle, and airfoil section can be modeled. The embedded grid approach provides high flow field resolution and the required geometric flexibility. In particular, coupled Cartesian/cylindrical grid systems are used to model the complex geometry presented by canted upper/lower surface winglets. A new rotated difference scheme is introduced in order to maintain the stability of the small-disturbance formulation in the presence of large spanwise velocities. Wing and winglet viscous effects are modeled using a two-dimensional 'strip' boundary layer analysis. Correlations with wind tunnel and flight test data for three transport configurations are included.

Rosen, B. S.↗

Rule-based analysis of pilot decisions

The application of the rule identification technique to the analysis of human performance data is proposed. The relation between the language and identifiable consistencies is discussed. The advantages of production system models for the description of complex human behavior are studied. The use of a Monte Carlo significance testing procedure to assure the validity of the rule identification is examined. An example of the rule-based analysis of Palmer's (1983) data is presented.

Lewis, C. M.↗

Approaches and possible improvements in the area of multibody dynamics modeling

A wide ranging look is taken at issues involved in the dynamic modeling of complex, multibodied orbiting space systems. Capabilities and limitations of two major codes (DISCOS, TREETOPS) are assessed and possible extensions to the CONTOPS software are outlined. In addition, recommendations are made concerning the direction future development should take in order to achieve higher fidelity, more computationally efficient multibody software solutions.

Lips, K. W.↗

A NASA initiative: Software engineering for reliable complex systems

The objective is the development of methods, technology, and skills that will enable NASA to cost-effectively specify, build, and manage reliable software which can evolve and be maintained over an extended period. The need for such software is rooted in the increasing integration of software and computing components into NASA systems. Current NASA Software Engineering expertise was applied toward some of the largest reliable systems including: shuttle launch; ground support; shuttle simulation; minor control; satellite tracking; and scientific data systems. Unfortunately, no theory exists for reliable complex software systems. NASA is seeking to fill this theoretical gap through a number of approaches. One such approach is to conduct research on theoretical foundations for managing complex software systems. It includes: communication models, new and modified paradigms, and life-cycle models. Another approach is research in the theoretical foundations for reliable software development and validation. It focuses upon formal specifications, programming languages, software engineering systems, software reuse, formal verification, and software safety. Further approaches involve benchmarking a NASA software environment, experimentation within the NASA context, evolution of present NASA methodology, and transfer of technology to the space station software support environment.

Holcomb, Lee B.↗

A survey of quality measures for gray-scale image compression

Although a variety of techniques are available today for gray-scale image compression, a complete evaluation of these techniques cannot be made as there is no single reliable objective criterion for measuring the error in compressed images. The traditional subjective criteria are burdensome, and usually inaccurate or inconsistent. On the other hand, being the most common objective criterion, the mean square error (MSE) does not have a good correlation with the viewer's response. It is now understood that in order to have a reliable quality measure, a representative model of the complex human visual system is required. In this paper, we survey and give a classification of the criteria for the evaluation of monochrome image quality.

Eskicioglu, Ahmet M.↗

Telerobotic control of a mobile coordinated robotic server

The annual report on telerobotic control of a mobile coordinated robotic server is presented. The goal of this effort is to develop advanced control methods for flexible space manipulator systems. As such, an adaptive fuzzy logic controller was developed in which model structure as well as parameter constraints are not required for compensation. The work builds upon previous work on fuzzy logic controllers. Fuzzy logic controllers have been growing in importance in the field of automatic feedback control. Hardware controllers using fuzzy logic have become available as an alternative to the traditional PID controllers. Software has also been introduced to aid in the development of fuzzy logic rule-bases. The advantages of using fuzzy logic controllers include the ability to merge the experience and intuition of expert operators into the rule-base and that a model of the system is not required to construct the controller. A drawback of the classical fuzzy logic controller, however, is the many parameters needed to be turned off-line prior to application in the closed-loop. In this report, an adaptive fuzzy logic controller is developed requiring no system model or model structure. The rule-base is defined to approximate a state-feedback controller while a second fuzzy logic algorithm varies, on-line, parameters of the defining controller. Results indicate the approach is viable for on-line adaptive control of systems when the model is too complex or uncertain for application of other more classical control techniques.

Lee, Gordon↗

Formation of Y(x)Nd(1-x) Ba2Cu3O(7-delta) (0 = or < x < or = 0.7) Superconductors from an Undercooled Melt Via Aero-Acoustic Levitation

Melt processing of RE123 superconductors has gained importance in recent years. While the first high temperature superconductors (HTSCs) were made using traditional ceramic press and sinter technology, recent fabrication efforts have employed alternate processing techniques including laser ablation and ion beam assisted deposition for thin film fabrication of tapes and wires and melt growth for bulk materials. To optimize these techniques and identify other potential processing strategies, phase relation studies on HTSCs have been conducted on a wide variety of superconducting compounds using numerous processing strategies. This data has enhanced the understanding of these complex systems and allowed more accurate modeling of phase interactions. All of this research has proved useful in identifying processing capabilities for HTSCs but has failed to achieve a breakthrough for wide spread application of these materials. This study examines the role of full to partial substitution of Nd in the Y123 structure under rapid solidification conditions. Aero-acoustic levitation (AAL) was used to levitate and undercool RE123 in pure oxygen binary alloys with RE = Nd an Y along a range of compositions corresponding to Y(x)Nd(1-x) Ba2Cu3O(7-delta) (0 = or < x < or = 0.7) which were melted by a CO2 laser. Higher Y content spheres could not be melted in the AAL and were excluded from this report. Solidification structures were examined using scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy, and powder x-ray diffraction to characterize microstructures and identify phases.

Gustafson, D. E.↗

Hybrid Transportation System Integrated Trajectory Design and Optimization for Mars Landing Site Accessibility

NASA’s Mars Study Capability Team continues the agency’s efforts to study and refine the nation’s plan to field a sustainable human Mars campaign. One of the primary open issues left unanswered during previous analysis cycles was the uncertainty of the impact to the vehicle performance requirement to deliver crew and cargo to the same landing site across multiple mission opportunities. The Mars Study Capability Team has recently developed an integrated trajectory optimization and system closure model to solve the complex interplanetary trajectory optimization using both low-thrust and high-thrust maneuvers. This paper demonstrates the capability of this new integrated trajectory design and optimization method as it applies to the landing site accessibility problem for the Hybrid transportation architecture. The results showed that the current vehicle is capable of reaching up to +20 degree latitude and down to -20 degree latitude in every mission opportunity from 2033 to 2052. However, reaching latitudes beyond +/- 20 required more propellant than the spacecraft is currently designed to carry for many of the mission opportunities.

Chai, Patrick R.↗

Increasing software testability with standard access and control interfaces

Testing is the most common method of determining whether a software system satisfies its requirements. Traditionally, testing starts with the detailed examination of individual functions or methods, progresses through the integration of functions or methods into subsystems, and ends with testing the functionality and behavior of the completely integrated system. At each stage of testing, the amount of functionality and behavior of the artifact being tested is increasingly limited. One reason for this is that it becomes impossible to test all paths through the system within a reasonable amount of time. However, another reason for this progressive decrease of test coverage has to do with increasingly limited control of and visibility into the state of the artifact being tested. During unit test, it is rather simple to control the inputs of individual functions or methods or view their internal state - modem development environments provide adequate facilities for doing so. However, these facilities do not scale up to the testing of partially or completely integrated systems. Control of and visibility into the system's state is then limited to the input and output facilities provided by the software itself as well as the hardware on which the software is hosted during the test. These facilities are usually insufficient to precisely control the state of individual components or sets of components of the system; they are also inadequate to the task of displaying on demand the state of specific components. We describe an approach to improving the testability of complex software systems with software constructs modeled after the hardware JTAG bus, used to provide visibility and controllability in testing digital circuits.

Tamir, Yuval↗

Safe Physics-Informed Machine Learning for Dynamics and Control

This tutorial paper focuses on safe physics-informed machine learning in the context of dynamics and control, providing a comprehensive overview of how to integrate physical models and safety guarantees. As machine learning techniques enhance the modeling and control of complex dynamical systems, ensuring safety and stability remains a critical challenge, especially in safety-critical applications like autonomous vehicles, robotics, medical decision-making, and energy systems. We explore various approaches for embedding and ensuring safety constraints, including structural priors, Lyapunov and Control Barrier Functions, predictive control, projections, and robust optimization techniques. Additionally, we delve into methods for uncertainty quantification and safety verification, including reachability analysis and neural network verification tools, which help validate that control policies remain within safe operating bounds even in uncertain environments. The paper includes illustrative examples demonstrating the implementation aspects of safe learning frameworks that combine the strengths of data-driven approaches with the rigor of physical principles, offering a path toward the safe control of complex dynamical systems.

Drgona, Jan↗

A simulation model for wind energy storage systems. Volume 2: Operation manual

A comprehensive computer program (SIMWEST) developed for the modeling of wind energy/storage systems utilizing any combination of five types of storage (pumped hydro, battery, thermal, flywheel, and pneumatic) is described. Features of the program include: a precompiler which generates computer models (in FORTRAN) of complex wind source/storage/application systems, from user specifications using the respective library components; a program which provides the techno-economic system analysis with the respective I/O the integration of system dynamics, and the iteration for conveyance of variables; and capability to evaluate economic feasibility as well as general performance of wind energy systems. The SIMWEST operation manual is presented and the usage of the SIMWEST program and the design of the library components are described. A number of example simulations intended to familiarize the user with the program's operation is given along with a listing of each SIMWEST library subroutine.

Warren, A. W.↗