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NASA NTRS1984

Pattern selection in solidification

Directional solidification of alloys produces a wide variety of cellular or lamellar structures which, depending upon growth conditions, may be reproducibly regular or may behave chaotically. It is not well understood how these patterns are selected and controlled or even whether there ever exist sharp selection mechanisms. A related phenomenon is the spatial propagation of a pattern into a system which has been caused to become unstable against pattern-forming deformations. This phenomenon has some features in common with the propagation of sidebranching modes in dendritic solidification. In a class of one-dimensional models, the nonlinear system can be shown to select the propagating mode in which the leading edge of the pattern is just marginally stable. This stability principle, when applicable, predicts both the speed of propagation and the geometrical characteristics of the pattern which forms behind the moving front. A boundary-layer model for fully two or three dimensional solidification problems appears to exhibit similar mathematical behavior.

Langer, J. S.↗

NASA NTRS1994

There is no 'cometopause' at comet Halley

Immediately after the flybys at comet Halley by a fleet of spacecraft in 1986, Gringauz et al. (1986a) reported the detection by the Vega-2 spacecraft of a chemical and sharp plasma boundary, which they named the 'cometopause,' at a distance of about 1.6 x 10(exp 5) km from the nucleus. Gringauz and Verigin (1991) presented the 'cometopause' as a permanent feature of the solar wind - Halley type comet interaction at about 1 UA from the Sun. This permanent boundary presumably separates an upstream region dominated by the solar wind from the downstream region where heavy cometary ions dominate. We present here the analysis of the results of the Giotto positive ion cluster composition analyzer - Reme plasma analyzer (PICCA-RPA2) ion mass spectrometer and electron electrostatic analyzer - Reme plasma analyzer (EESA-RPA1) electron spectrometer data, which clearly show that there is no such boundary at comet Halley.

Reme, H.↗

DOE OSTI2019

Preparing for the Next Generation of EUV Lithography at the Center for X-ray Optics

The introduction of EUV lithography into high-volume semiconductor manufacturing this year represents a monumental milestone for EUV technology. After nearly 30 years of development, the EUV research community has overcome many of the key obstacles required to enable the long-awaited integration of EUV lithography into the lab. These obstacles have included: the development of a stable, high-powered EUV source to ensure adequate exposure tool reliability; controlling EUV mask defects and mask contamination; and the development of EUV resists with adequate sensitivity, resolution, and line width roughness to meet the tolerances required for high-volume manufacturing. As EUV moves into its second generation, there will be new challenges facing the community as it works to push EUV technology into the future. Smaller feature sizes will be achieved using higher numerical aperture optics, which are planned to have an anamorphic geometry (asymmetric magnification and numerical aperture between horizontal and vertical axes) to overcome 3D effects at the mask. This new geometry and its larger angle ranges make understanding mask absorber and multilayer effects all the more important. New methods for high-NA wavefront metrology need to be tested to ensure that these optical systems can be aligned to operate with minimal aberrations. Mask defects need to continue to be studied, and the inclusion of EUV pellicles in the roadmap requires that mask inspection and review systems adapt accordingly. Finally, new resists must be developed to support the increased resolution of feature sizes below 8 nm half pitch. The Center for X-ray Optics (CXRO) at Berkeley Lab has been a leader in EUV research for the past 25 years. Leveraging 13.5 nm EUV light from the Advanced Light Source synchrotron facility, CXRO is home to several EUV and soft X-ray (SXR) research tools that have provided important insights into EUV resists, masks, and coatings. The 0.3 NA Microfield exposure tool (MET) and Dose Calibration Tool (DCT) have played an instrumental role in the development of the current generation of high-resolution EUV resists. The Actinic Inspection Tool (AIT) and its successor, SHARP, have enabled aerial image analysis, providing key insights into mask defects, 3D mask effects, illumination, and aberrations. And the CXRO Reflectometer continues to be the industry standard in multilayer coating and EUV mask scattering metrology. To address the new challenges facing the next generation of EUV lithography, CXRO has upgraded its suite of EUV research tools. The 0.5 NA MET5 is a newly commissioned projection lithography tool that is capable of printing feature sizes down to 8 nm half pitch. A new radiation chemistry program is deploying several techniques aimed at dissecting the role of primary photoelectrons and secondary electrons in EUV resists. The SHARP microscope has been outfitted with anamorphic zone plate lenses that can emulate the geometry of next-generation EUV scanners, and the reflectometer has been applied to new scattering experiments for the purpose of understanding the 3D effects of EUV mask multilayers, as well as determining mask properties using scattering profiles. In parallel with these tools, the CXRO High-NA Wavefront Sensing Program is developing high-resolution wavefront sensors suitable for measuring aberrations at high NA. This article presents an overview of these programs and describes how they will address the primary challenges that face the EUV community as it moves to the next generation of EUV lithography.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2019

Mineral-Filled Fractures as Indicators of Multigenerational Fluid Flow in the Pahrump Hills Member of the Murray Formation, Gale Crater, Mars

Mineral-filled fractures (veins) are valuable indicators of deformation and fluid flow within a sedimentary package. Information obtained from vein morphology, texture, and chemistry may elucidate the sequence and nature of postdepositional fluid events. Additional information from vein patterns and interactions between veins and host rock provides insight into fracture formation mechanism(s). The widespread occurrence of veins and other diagenetic features in the sedimentary rock record preserved in Gale crater, Mars, indicates that postdepositional fluids were regionally active considerably later in time than the primary fluviolacustrine environments responsible for the deposition of Mount Sharp strata. Here we report a suite of veins within the Murray formation at the Pahrump Hills locality that were investigated using the scientific payload of the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. Based on an analysis of vein color, morphology, and texture, and corroborated by vein chemistry, we interpret three distinct vein types at Pahrump Hills: gray veins, white veins, and dark-toned veins. These veins represent distinct, separate episodes of postdepositional fluid flow, suggesting a protracted history of fluid stability in Gale crater. Additionally, we utilize vein patterns across multiple lithologies at the Pahrump Hills field site to suggest hydrofracture as the primary mechanism of fracture formation.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2017

A Small Fullerene (C{sub 24}) may be the Carrier of the 11.2 μ m Unidentified Infrared Band

We analyze the spectrum of the 11.2 μ m unidentified infrared band (UIR) from NGC 7027 and identify a small fullerene (C{sub 24}) as a plausible carrier. The blurring effects of lifetime and vibrational anharmonicity broadening obscure the narrower, intrinsic spectral profiles of the UIR band carriers. We use a spectral deconvolution algorithm to remove the blurring, in order to retrieve the intrinsic profile of the UIR band. The shape of the intrinsic profile—a sharp blue peak and an extended red tail—suggests that the UIR band originates from a molecular vibration–rotation band with a blue band head. The fractional area of the band-head feature indicates a spheroidal molecule, implying a nonpolar molecule and precluding rotational emission. Its rotational temperature should be well approximated by that measured for nonpolar molecular hydrogen, ∼825 K for NGC 7027. Using this temperature, and the inferred spherical symmetry, we perform a spectral fit to the intrinsic profile, which results in a rotational constant implying C{sub 24} as the carrier. We show that the spectroscopic parameters derived for NGC 7027 are consistent with the 11.2 μ m UIR bands observed for other objects. We present density functional theory (DFT) calculations for the frequencies and infrared intensities of C{sub 24}. The DFT results are used to predict a spectral energy distribution (SED) originating from absorption of a 5 eV photon, and characterized by an effective vibrational temperature of 930 K. The C{sub 24} SED is consistent with the entire UIR spectrum and is the dominant contributor to the 11.2 and 12.7 μ m bands.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1985

A vortex-lattice method for general, unsteady aerodynamics

A general method of calculating unsteady, incompressible, inviscid, three-dimensional flows around arbitrary planforms has been developed. The method is an extension of the vortex-lattice technique. It is not limited by aspect ratio, camber, or angle of attack, as long as vortex breakdown does not occur above the surface of the wing and separation occurs only along sharp edges. As the wing performs arbitrary maneuvers, the position of the wake and the distribution of circulation on the wing and in the wake are obtained as functions of time. One desirable feature of the present method is its ability to treat steady lifting flows very efficiently. Several examples of steady and unsteady flows are presented. These include rectangular wings, with and without flaps, delta, and cropped delta wings.

Konstadinopoulos, P.↗

NASA NTRS2016

Progress on the Fabrication of High Resolution and Lightweight Monocrystalline Silicon X-ray Mirrors

Monocrystalline silicon is an excellent X-ray mirror substrate material due to its high stiffness, low density, high thermal conductivity, zero internal stress, and commercial availability. Our work at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center focuses on identifying and developing a manufacturing process to produce high resolution and lightweight X-ray mirror segments in a cost and time effective manner. Previous efforts focused on demonstrating the feasibility of cylindrical silicon mirror polishing and lightweighting. Present efforts are aimed towards producing true paraboloidal and hyperboloidal mirror surfaces on the lightweight silicon segments. This paper presents results from these recent investigations, including a mirror which features a surface quality sufficient for a 3 arcsecond telescope.

X-ray optics↗

DOE OSTI2024

Origin of anomalous magnetotransport in kagome superconductors 𝐴⁢V 3 ⁢Sb 5 (𝐴 = K,Rb,Cs)

Multiple anomalous features in electronic spectra of metals with a kagome lattice structure—van Hove singularities, Dirac points, and flat bands—imply that materials containing this structural motif may lie at a nexus of topological and correlated electron physics. Due to the prospects of such exceptional electronic behavior, the recent discovery of superconductivity coexisting with charge-density wave (CDW) order in the layered kagome metals 𝐴⁢V 3 ⁢Sb 5 (𝐴 = K,Rb,Cs) has attracted considerable attention. Notably, these archetypal kagome metals express unconventional magnetotransport behavior, including an unexpected linear-in-𝐻 diagonal resistivity at low fields, and an even more peculiar, nonmonotonic sign-changing behavior of the Hall resistivity, which has been speculated to arise from a chiral CDW. We argue here that this unusual magnetotransport derives not from such unconventional phenomena, but rather from the unique fermiology of the 𝐴⁢V 3 ⁢Sb 5 materials. Specifically, it is caused by a large, concave hexagonal Fermi surface sheet formed in the close proximity to the van Hove singularities, which is backfolded into a small hexagonal sheet and two large triangular sheets in the CDW state. We introduce and analyze a model of the electronic structure of these Fermi surface sheets that allows for a full analytical treatment within Boltzmann kinetic theory and that enables semi-quantitative fits of our transport data. Specifically, we find that the anomalous magnetotransport behavior is caused by the confluence of strong reduction of the Fermi velocity near the van Hove singularities located near the vertices of the hexagonal sheet and sharp corners in Fermi surface generated by the CDW reconstruction. In conclusion, our analytical approach not only explains the anomalous magnetotransport in the kagome superconductors but also can be extended to a variety of metallic systems hosting singular features in their Fermi surfaces.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Geometric Acoustics for Aircraft Noise Scattering

This paper discusses aircraft noise scattering by geometric acoustics, which consists of the basic features of sound propagation and reflection in rays or ray tubes, diffraction by smooth geometry in terms of surface creeping waves, and diffraction by abrupt geometry features such as the wing trailing edges. Based on the classic theories of these features, prediction methodologies can be constructed for aircraft noise scattering. The methodologies, however, require important modifications and extensions to account for unique features in aircraft noise applications, for both current conventional aircraft and future unconventional designs. These modifications and extensions include the derivation of a general reflection coefficient that contains the effects of surface geometry curvature, surface impedance, and mean flow. Corrections to the basic formulation of diffraction, both smooth geometry and sharp edges, are formulated to account for the finite dimensions of practical applications. For smooth geometry diffraction, a second order correction is used to continuously transition from insolified to shadow zones and an approach is presented to compute the properties of the geodesic path of surface wave propagation. A model is developed to make use of the ray propagation formulation for incoherent and partially coherent propagation and scattering, which is an important phenomenon in aircraft noise. Mean flow effect is also included in the methodology for low Mach number flows. Examples of calculations based on these theoretical developments are presented to illustrate the unique features in aircraft noise applications.

Yueping Guo↗

NASA NTRS2005

Ice-Ridge Pile Up and the Genesis of Martian "Shorelines"

Unique geomorphologic features such as basin terraces exhibiting topographic continuity have been found within several Martian craters as shown in Viking, MOC, and THEMIS images. These features, showing similarity to terrestrial shorelines, have been mapped and cataloged with significant effort [1]. Currently, open wave action on the surface of paleolakes has been hypothesized as the geomorphologic agent responsible for the generation of these features [2]. As consequence, feature interpretations, including shorelines, wave-cut benches, and bars are, befittingly, lacustrine. Because such interpretations and their formation mechanisms have profound implications for the climate and potential biological history of Mars, confidence is crucial. The insight acquired through linked quantitative modeling of geomorphologic agents and processes is key to accurately interpreting these features. In this vein, recent studies [3,4] involving the water wave energy in theoretical open water basins on Mars show minimal erosional effects due to water waves under Martian conditions. Consequently, sub-glacial lake flattens the surface, produces a local velocity increase over the lake, and creates a deviation of the ice flow from the main flow direction [11]. These consequences of ice flow are observed at Lake Vostok, Antarctica an excellent Martian analogue [11]. Martian observations include reticulate terrain exhibiting sharp inter-connected ridges speculated to reflect the deposition and reworking of ice blocks at the periphery of ice-covered lakes throughout Hellas [12]. Our model determines to what extent ice, a terrestrial geomorphologic agent, can alter the Martian landscape. Method: We study the evolution of crater ice plugs as the formation mechanism of surface features frequently identified as shorelines. In particular, we perform model integrations involving parameters such as ice slope and purity, atmospheric pressure and temperature, crater shape and composition, and an energy balance between solar flux, geothermal flux, latent heat, and ablation. Our ultimate goal is to understand how an intracrater ice plug could create the observed shoreline features and how these

Barnhart, C. J.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Steady supersonic Navier-Stokes solutions of a 75 deg delta wing

Steady solutions about a slender sharp edged delta wing in a supersonic freestream for moderate and high angles of attack are obtained numerically by time integration of the unsteady compressible three dimensional laminar Navier-Stokes equations. The main features of the flow, including primary and secondary separation, and vortex position and strength, are adequately simulated in the numerical solutions. Improved resolution of the computational grid in the leading edge region from a previous solution had considerable effect on the accuracy of the solutions. Good agreement between numerical solutions and experimental data was obtained for two cases. A local timestepping procedure is used to speed convergence by approximately a factor of two.

Buter, T. A.↗

NASA NTRS2018

The Geology of the Pluto System

NASA's New Horizons mission acquired a large set of images and other data making possible thorough geological analysis of landscapes in the Pluto System. Pluto and Charon exhibit strikingly different surface appearances, despite their similar densities and presumed bulk compositions. Systematic investigation, modelling and mapping revealed that much of Pluto's surface is attributed to surface-atmosphere interactions and the mobilization of volatile ices by insolation. Many mapped valley systems appear to be the consequence of glaciation involving nitrogen ice. Other geological activity requires or required long periods of internal heating, such as Pluto's extensive tectonic fabric. The convection and advection of volatile ices in Sputnik Planitia are thought to be powered by present-day radiogenic heat loss. The prominent mountains at the western margin of Sputnik Planitia, and the strange, multi-km-high mound features to the south, probably composed of H2O, are young geologically as inferred by light cratering and superposition relationships. These multi-km-high mound features might be cryo-volcanoes. Their origin, and what drove their formation so late in Solar System history, is under investigation. East of Sputnik Planitia are large fields of aligned ranks of sharp-crested ridges found only at high altitude that are apparently composed of massive deposits of CH4 ice, referred to as Bladed Terrain. New Horizons found evidence that Bladed Terrain may cover much of Pluto's low latitudes and may have originally formed there as a consequence of Pluto's very high obliquity. Currently Bladed Terrain is undergoing net erosion. This observation, along with evidence for formally more extensive nitrogen glaciation implies that Pluto undergoes significant climate evolution. The dynamic remolding of landscapes by volatile transport seen on Pluto is not unambiguously evident in the mapping of Charon. Charon does, however, display a large resurfaced plain and globally engirdling extensional tectonic network attesting to its early endogenic vigor.

Moore, J. M.↗

DOE OSTI2023

High Resolution Polar Kerr Effect Studies of CsV 3 Sb 5 : Tests for Time-Reversal Symmetry Breaking below the Charge-Order Transition

We report high resolution polar Kerr effect measurements on CsV 3 Sb 5 single crystals in search for signatures of spontaneous time reversal symmetry breaking below the charge order transition at T * = 94 K. Utilizing two different versions of zero-area loop Sagnac interferometers operating at 1550 nm wavelength, each with the fundamental attribute that without a time reversal symmetry breaking sample at its path, the interferometer is perfectly reciprocal, we find no observable Kerr effect to within the noise floor limit of the apparatus at 30 nanoradians. Simultaneous coherent reflection ratio measurements confirm the sharpness of the charge order transition in the same optical volume as the Kerr measurements. At finite magnetic field we observe a sharp onset of a diamagnetic shift in the Kerr signal at T *, which persists down to the lowest temperature without change in trend. Since 1550 nm is an energy that was shown to capture all features of the optical properties of the material that interact with the charge order transition, we are led to conclude that it is highly unlikely that time reversal symmetry is broken in the charge ordered state in CsV 3 Sb 5 .

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2020

Convective Transition Statistics over Tropical Oceans for Climate Model Diagnostics: GCM Evaluation

To assess deep convective parameterizations in a variety of GCMs and examine the fast-time-scale convective transition, a set of statistics characterizing the pickup of precipitation as a function of column water vapor (CWV), PDFs and joint PDFs of CWV and precipitation, and the dependence of the moisture–precipitation relation on tropospheric temperature is evaluated using the hourly output of two versions of the GFDL Atmospheric Model, version 4 (AM4), NCAR CAM5 and superparameterized CAM (SPCAM). The 6-hourly output from the MJO Task Force (MJOTF)/GEWEX Atmospheric System Study (GASS) project is also analyzed. Contrasting statistics produced from individual models that primarily differ in representations of moist convection suggest that convective transition statistics can substantially distinguish differences in convective representation and its interaction with the large-scale flow, while models that differ only in spatial–temporal resolution, microphysics, or ocean–atmosphere coupling result in similar statistics. Most of the models simulate some version of the observed sharp increase in precipitation as CWV exceeds a critical value, as well as that convective onset occurs at higher CWV but at lower column RH as temperature increases. While some models quantitatively capture these observed features and associated probability distributions, considerable intermodel spread and departures from observations in various aspects of the precipitation–CWV relationship are noted. For instance, in many of the models, the transition from the low-CWV, nonprecipitating regime to the moist regime for CWV around and above critical is less abrupt than in observations. Additionally, some models overproduce drizzle at low CWV, and some require CWV higher than observed for strong precipitation. For many of the models, it is particularly challenging to simulate the probability distributions of CWV at high temperature.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1983

An analysis of spanwise gust gradient data

Plots of winds encountered during flight are presented for severe turbulence cases from flights 6 and 7 of the Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) Project (McCarthy et al., 1982). During run 10 of flight 7, analyzed here in considerable detail, the B-57B Cambera aircraft showed a sharp increase in airspeed of 15 m/sec over a distance of about 130 m and then a more gradual decrease of 20 to 25 m/sec over a distance of about 2 km. This suspected outflow feature was associated with a downdraft exceeding 10 m/sec. The horizontal wind direction changed nearly 180 deg during the pass through the feature. Unexpectedly, the intensity of the velocity differences decreased for all three components within the downdraft. Calculated probability density functions for u, v, and w show a jagged character, whereas delta-u, delta-v, and delta-w show a much smoother, unimodal behavior. The distributions for delta-u, delta-v, and delta-w are distinctly non-Gaussian.

Campbell, W.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Detection of Crystalline Hematite Mineralization on Mars by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer: Evidence for Near-surface Water

The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) mission has discovered a remarkable accumulation of crystalline hematite ((alpha-Fe2O3) that covers an area with very sharp boundaries approximately 350 by 350-750 km in size centered near 2 S latitude between 0 and 5 W longitude (Sinus Meridiani). Crystalline hematite is uniquely identified by the presence of fundamental vibrational absorption features centered near 300, 450, and >525/cm, and by the absence of silicate fundamentals in the 1000/cm region. Spectral features resulting from atmospheric CO2, dust, and water ice were removed using a radiative transfer model. The spectral properties unique to Sinus Meridiani were emphasized by removing the average spectrum of the surrounding region. The depth and shape of the hematite fundamental bands show that the hematite is crystalline and relatively coarse grained (>5-10 micron). Diameters up to and greater than 100s of micrometers are permitted within the instrumental noise and natural variability of hematite spectra. Hematite particles <5-10 micron in diameter (either as an unpacked or hard-packed powders) fail to match the TES spectra. The spectrally-derived areal abundance of hematite varies with particle size from approximately 10% for particles >30 micron in diameter to 40-60% for unpacked 10 micron powders. The hematite in Sinus Meridiani is thus distinct from the fine-grained (diameter <5-10 micron), red, crystalline hematite considered, on the basis of visible, near-IR data, to be a minor spectral component in Martian bright regions like Olympus-Amazonis. Sinus Meridiani hematite is closely associated with a smooth, layered, friable surface that is interpreted to be sedimentary in origin. This material may be the uppermost surface in the region, indicating that it could be a late-stage sedimentary unit, or it could be a layered portion of the heavily cratered plains units. We consider five possible mechanisms for the formation of coarse-grained, crystalline hematite. These processes fall into two classes depending on whether they require a significant amount of near-surface water: (1) chemical precipitation that includes origin by (a) precipitation from oxygenated, Fe-rich water (iron formations), (b) hydrothermal extraction and crystal growth.

Christensen, P. R.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Wind Tunnel Application of a Pressure-Sensitive Paint Technique to a Faceted Missile Model at Subsonic and Transonic Speeds

A pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique was applied in a wind tunnel experiment in the NASA Langley Research Center 8-Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel to quantify the vortex-induced surface static pressures on a slender, faceted missile model at subsonic and transonic speeds. Satisfactory global calibrations of the PSP were obtained at =0.70, 0.90, and 1.20, angles of attack from 10 degrees to 20 degrees, and angles of sideslip of 0 and 2.5 degrees using an in-situ method featuring the simultaneous acquisition of electronically-scanned pressures (ESP) at 57 discrete locations on the model. Both techniques clearly revealed the significant influence on the surface pressure distributions of the vortices shed from the sharp, chine-like leading edges. The mean error in the PSP measurements relative to the ESP data was approximately 0.6 percent at M infinity =0.70 and 2.6 percent at M infinity =0.90 and 1.20. The vortex surface pressure signatures obtained from the PSP and ESP techniques were correlated with the off-surface vortex cross-flow structures obtained using a laser vapor screen (LVS) flow visualization technique. The on-surface and off-surface techniques were complementary, since each provided details of the vortex-dominated flow that were not clear or apparent in the other.

Erickson, Gary E.↗

NASA NTRS2005

Investigating Long-term Behavior of Outlet Glaciers in Greenland

Repeat surveys by airborne laser altimetry in the 1990s have revealed significant thinning of outlet glaciers draining the interior of the Greenland Ice Sheet, with thinning rates up to several meters per year. To fully appreciate the significance of these recent glacier changes, the magnitude of retreat and surface lowering must be placed within the broader context of the retreat since the Last Glacial Maximum and, more significantly, of the retreat following the temporary glacier advance during the Little Ice Age (LIA). The LIA maximum stand is marked by trimlines, sharp boundaries between recently deglacifated unvegetated rocks, and vegetated surfaces at higher elevations. The objective of this project was to demonstrate the use of remote sensing data to map these trimlines and other glacial geomorphologic features.

Csatho, Beata↗