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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 379 records · Page 21
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NASA NTRS2022

MOA-2019-BLG-008Lb: A New Microlensing Detection of an Object at the Planet/Brown Dwarf Boundary

We report on the observations, analysis and interpretation of the microlensing event MOA-2019-BLG-008. The observed anomaly in the photometric light curve is best described through a binary lens model. In this model, the source did not cross caustics and no finite-source effects were observed. Therefore, the angular Einstein ring radius θ E cannot be measured from the light curve alone. However, the large event duration, t E ∼ 80 days, allows a precise measurement of the microlensing parallax π E . In addition to the constraints on the angular radius θ* and the apparent brightness I s of the source, we employ the Besançon and GalMod galactic models to estimate the physical properties of the lens. We find excellent agreement between the predictions of the two galactic models: the companion is likely a resident of the brown dwarf desert with a mass M p ∼ 30 M Jup , and the host is a main-sequence dwarf star. The lens lies along the line of sight to the Galactic bulge, at a distance of ≤4 kpc. We estimate that in about 10 yr the lens and source will be separated by ∼55 mas, and it will be possible to confirm the exact nature of the lensing system by using high-resolution imaging from ground- or space-based observatories.

E. Bachelet↗
NASA NTRS1994

Spectral properties of blast-wave models of gamma-ray burst sources

We calculate the spectrum of blast-wave models of gamma-ray burst sources, for various assumptions about the magnetic field density and the relativistic particle acceleration efficiency. For a range of physically plausible models we find that the radiation efficiency is high and leads to nonthermal spectra with breaks at various energies comparable to those observed in the gamma-ray range. Radiation is also predicted at other wavebands, in particular at X-ray, optical/UV, and GeV/TeV energies. We discuss the spectra as a function of duration for three basic types of models, and for cosmological, halo, and galactic disk distances. We also evaluate the gamma-ray fluences and the spectral characteristics for a range of external densities. Impulsive burst models at cosmological distances can satisfy the conventional X-ray paucity constraint S(sub x)/S(sub gamma)less than a few percent over a wide range of durations, but galactic models can do so only for bursts shorter than a few seconds, unless additional assumptions are made. The emissivity is generally larger for bursts in a denser external environment, with the efficiency increasing up to the point where all the energy input is radiated away.

Meszaros, P.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Thermal Systems Modeling of Chemical Integrated Power Source (CHIPS) to Survive Lunar Night Environments

This paper presents the results of the systems level thermal modeling for a conceptual Chemical Heat Integrated Power Source (CHIPS). This proposed system offers a combined thermal and electrical power source to support survival of spacecraft operating in extreme low temperature lunar environments, without the use of radioisotope-based sources. A conceptual design study has been completed for this system, that uses heat generated by an exothermic chemical reaction in place of radioisotope or electrical heat sources. The goal of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of such as system through thermodynamic and chemical analysis and thermal modeling, and to identify technology gaps to inform a technology development and maturation plan. The specific technical objectives focused on delivery of 90-100 Wth thermal power and 30-40 We electrical power for 336 hours to a representative Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) lander, to support lunar surface survival and limited operations through a lunar night. The total system mass was targeted at ≤50 kg. A highly exothermic chemical reaction system is used to generate on-board electrical power for spacecraft systems, and thermal power to maintain critical spacecraft/lander systems within their allowable flight temperature (AFTs). Based on the very high energy content of the chemical reaction system, a much higher amount of heat per unit mass can be delivered to the spacecraft, relative to a rechargeable lithium-ion battery and electrical heater(s). Since radioisotope heaters or generators are not used, the system will be orders of magnitude lower in cost than a radioisotope heating/power unit, without the attendant regulatory complexities. As part of the CHIPS concept, a fraction of the thermal power generated is converted to electrical power via an appropriate thermal-to-electric converter technology (such as a free piston Stirling converter or a thermoelectric generator module), to provide power to critical loads. This approach is ideally suited to support operation of commercial landers (e.g., via the CLPS program). In most cases, these landers are only designed to operate during a portion of the lunar day, with no provision for survival through the lunar night. By supporting lunar night survival, a mission can be extended through the lunar night and at least into another lunar day, thus turning a nominal eight-day mission into a 36-day mission. Therefore, the current system demonstration will focus on scalability to support at least 336 hours (one lunar night) of continuous thermal and electrical power generation. Although initially targeted to support lunar equatorial landings, the technology is extensible to missions at the lunar poles, other extreme environments in the Solar System or even air-independent applications on Earth (e.g., ocean exploration).

West, William↗
NASA NTRS1980

Radio emission evolution of nonstationary sources in the Hedgehog model

Correlations are obtained for numerical calculation of flux F sub v and polarized radiation intensity of a cloud of arbitrary geometry, consisting of ultrarelativistic electrons that dissipate in a radial magnetic field of the nucleus at a random angle to the observer. It is possible that some of the variable extragalactic objects that were previously described by the Shklovskiy model are young formations in the examined model. Radio astronomical observations would permit a determination of their distance, age, and lifetime.

Kovalev, Y. A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

A quasi-Hertzian stress field from an internal source: A possible working model for the Vredefort structure

The Vredefort structure is a large domal feature about 110 km southeast of Johannesburg, South Africa, situated within and almost central to the large intracratonic Witwatersrand Basin. This structure consists of an Archean core of ca. 45 km in diameter, consisting largely of granitic gneiss, surrounded by a collar of metasedimentary and metavolcanic supracrustal rocks of the Dominian Group, Witwatersrand and Ventersdorp Supergroups, and Transvaal Sequence. The interpretation of images of the gravity and magnetic fields over Vredefort has permitted the delineation of several important features of the structure and of its environment. The outline of the collar strata is a prominent feature of both the gravity and the magnetic fields. The Vredefort structure shares this distinctive geometry with other structures (e.g., Manicouagan, Decaturville, Sierra Madera) of debated impact origin. In all these, successively older strata with steep outward dips are encountered while traversing inward to the center of the structure. A further attribute of these structures is the shortening of the outcrop of a particular stratigraphic unit compared to the original perimeter of that unit. To account for the geometric attributes of the Vredefort structure a mechanical scheme is required where there is radial movement of horizontal strata toward, with uplift in, the center of the Vredefort structure. Two models can be proposed: (1) one in which there is a rapid rise and violent disruption of cover rocks in response to expansion of a fluid accumulation; and (2) one in which there is, in contrast, a nonexplosive, quasi-Hertzian stress field resulting from a diapiric process. Both models can accommodate the geometry and structural components of Vredefort.

Antoine, L. A. G.↗
NASA NTRS2000

BOREAS RSS-4 1994 Jack Pine Leaf Biochemistry and Modeled Spectra in the SSA

The BOREAS RSS-4 team focused its efforts on deriving estimates of LAI and leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations from remotely sensed data for input into the Forest BGC model. This data set contains measurements of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) needle biochemistry from the BOREAS SSA in July and August 1994. The data contain measurements of current and year-1 needle chlorophyll, nitrogen, lignin, cellulose, and water content for the OJP flux tower and nearby auxiliary sites. The data have been used to test a needle reflectance and transmittance model, LIBERTY (Dawson et al., in press). The source code for the model and modeled needle spectra for each of the sampled tower and auxiliary sites are provided as part of this data set. The LIBERTY model was developed and the predicted spectral data generated to parameterize a canopy reflectance model (North, 1996) for comparison with AVIRIS, POLDER, and PARABOLA data. The data and model source code are stored in ASCII files.

Hall, Forrest G.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Target Recognition Using Neural Networks for Model Deformation Measurements

Optical measurements provide a non-invasive method for measuring deformation of wind tunnel models. Model deformation systems use targets mounted or painted on the surface of the model to identify known positions, and photogrammetric methods are used to calculate 3-D positions of the targets on the model from digital 2-D images. Under ideal conditions, the reflective targets are placed against a dark background and provide high-contrast images, aiding in target recognition. However, glints of light reflecting from the model surface, or reduced contrast caused by light source or model smoothness constraints, can compromise accurate target determination using current algorithmic methods. This paper describes a technique using a neural network and image processing technologies which increases the reliability of target recognition systems. Unlike algorithmic methods, the neural network can be trained to identify the characteristic patterns that distinguish targets from other objects of similar size and appearance and can adapt to changes in lighting and environmental conditions.

Ross, Richard W.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Remanent magnetization and 3-dimensional density model of the Kentucky anomaly region

A three-dimensional model of the Kentucky body was developed to fit surface gravity and long wavelength aeromagnetic data. Magnetization and density parameters for the model are much like those of Mayhew et al (1982). The magnetic anomaly due to the model at satellite altitude is shown to be much too small by itself to account for the anomaly measured by Magsat. It is demonstrated that the source region for the satellite anomaly is considerably more extensive than the Kentucky body sensu stricto. The extended source region is modeled first using prismatic model sources and then using dipole array sources. Magnetization directions for the source region found by inversion of various combinations of scalar and vector data are found to be close to the main field direction, implying the lack of a strong remanent component. It is shown by simulation that in a case (such as this) where the geometry of the source is known, if a strong remanent component is present its direction is readily detectable, but by scalar data as readily as vector data.

Mayhew, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Lidar aerosol backscatter measurements - Systematic, modeling, and calibration error considerations

Sources of systematic, modeling, and calibration errors that affect the interpretation and calibration of lidar aerosol backscatter data are discussed. The treatment pertains primarily to ground-based pulsed CO2 lidars that probe the troposphere and are calibrated using hard calibration targets. However, a large part of the analysis is relevant to other types of lidar system such as lidars operating at other wavelengths; CW focused lidars; airborne or earth-orbiting lidars; lidars measuring other regions of the atmosphere; lidars measuring nonaerosol elastic or inelastic backscatter; and lidars employing other calibration techniques.

Kavaya, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Coherence effects on quasi-periodic oscillations from Galactic X-ray sources

Shot noise models provide a useful mathematical representation for some physical models for the quasi-periodic oscillations recently observed from several Galactic bulge and burst X-ray sources. For such models, correlations between the shot onset times and oscillation phases can have important effects on the expected autocorrelation function and power spectrum, with important consequences for the interpretation of observed power spectra. Making use of analytic and Monte Carlo techniques, two physically plausible correlations of this kind, one corresponding to drift and jitter in the oscillation phase and the other to a random walk in the oscillation phase, are examined.

Elsner, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS2007

The Chaotic Light Curves of Accreting Black Holes

We present model light curves for accreting Black Hole Candidates (BHC) based on a recently developed model of these sources. According to this model, the observed light curves and aperiodic variability of BHC are due to a series of soft photon injections at random (Poisson) intervals and the stochastic nature of the Comptonization process in converting these soft photons to the observed high energy radiation. The additional assumption of our model is that the Comptonization process takes place in an extended but non-uniform hot plasma corona surrounding the compact object. We compute the corresponding Power Spectral Densities (PSD), autocorrelation functions, time skewness of the light curves and time lags between the light curves of the sources at different photon energies and compare our results to observation. Our model reproduces the observed light curves well, in that it provides good fits to their overall morphology (as manifest by the autocorrelation and time skewness) and also to their PSDs and time lags, by producing most of the variability power at time scales 2 a few seconds, while at the same time allowing for shots of a few msec in duration, in accordance with observation. We suggest that refinement of this type of model along with spectral and phase lag information can be used to probe the structure of this class of high energy sources.

Kazanas, Demosthenes↗