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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22

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NASA NTRS1979

On attaining lower sidelobes and new antenna envelopes for better orbit spectrum utilization in satellite broadcasting

The concept of using beam-shaping techniques to reduce sidelobe levels at the expense of efficiency is introduced and analyzed with respect to the potential for improving orbit-spectrum utilization. Emphasis is placed on a simple method: improving the antenna patterns used in satellite systems, for both the satellite antennas and the ground station antennas. Only broadcasting applications are considered. The discussion includes how the antenna envelope can be improved, how this improvement can be interpreted in terms of orbit spectrum utilization efficiency, and whether this improved envelope is actually realizable and feasible. It is noted that the magnitude of the improvement with a better spacecraft antenna increases rapidly as the coverage area decreases.

Janky, J. M.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Antenna of the space radiotelescope KRT-3

The questions of antenna design with a diameter of 3 m for space radio-interferometry are examined. The basic characteristics of the antenna are determined, on the basis of which a model of the antenna of a space radiotelescope of 3.1 m KRT-3 is developed and prepared. The technological peculiarities of the antenna preparation are examined. The results of measurement of the reflecting surfaces of the telescope are cited, which point to the fact that the antenna may operate to wave lengths in the order of 2 mm.

Kostenko, V. I.↗

NASA NTRS1980

A parametric analysis of performance characteristics of satellite-borne multiple-beam antennas

An analytical and empirical model is presented for parametric study of multiple beam antenna frequency reuse capacity and interbeam isolation. Two types of reflector antennas, the axisymmetric parabolic and the offset-parabolic reflectors, are utilized to demonstrate the model. The parameters of the model are introduced and their limitations are discussed in the context of parabolic reflector antennas. The model, however, is not restricted to analysis of reflector antenna performance. Results of the analyses are covered in two tables. The model parameters, objectives, and descriptions are given, multiple-beam antenna frequency reuse capacity and interbeam isolation analysis of the two types of reflectors are discussed as well as future developments of the program model.

Salmasi, A. B.↗

NASA NTRS1979

UHF coplanar-slot antenna for aircraft-to-satellite data communications

The initiative for starting the Aircraft-to-Satellite Data Relay (ASDAR) Program came from a recognition that much of the world's weather originates in the data sparse area of the tropics which are primarily ocean. The ASDAR system consists of (1) a data acquisition and control unit to acquire, store and format these data; (2) a clock to time the data sampling and transmission periods; and (3) a transmitter and low-profile upper hemisphere coverage antenna to relay the formatted data via satellite to the National Weather Service ground stations, as shown schematically. The low-profile antenna is a conformal antenna based on the coplanar-slot approach. The antenna is circular polarized and has an on-axis gain of nearly 2.5 dB and a HPBW greater than 90 deg. The discussion covers antenna design, radiation characteristics, flight testing, and system performance.

Myhre, R. W.↗

NASA NTRS1980

The Seasat scanning multichannel microwave radiometer /SMMR/: Antenna pattern corrections - Development and implementation

The antenna temperatures measured by the Seasat scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) differ from the true brightness temperatures of the observed scene due to antenna pattern effects, principally from antenna sidelobe contributions and cross-polarization coupling. To provide accurate brightness temperatures convenient for geophysical parameter retrievals the antenna temperatures are processed through a series of stages, collectively known as the antenna pattern correction (APC) algorithm. A description of the development and implementation of the APC algorithm is given, along with an error analysis of the resulting brightness temperatures.

Njoku, E. G.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Ku-band multiple beam antenna

The frequency reuse capability is demonstrated for a Ku-band multiple beam antenna which provides contiguous low sidelobe spot beams for point-to-point communications between any two points within the continental United States (CONUS), or regional coverage beams for direct broadcast systems. A spot beam antenna in the 14/21 GHz band which provides contiguous overlapping beams covering CONUS and two discrete beams covering Hawaii and Alaska were designed, developed, and tested. Two reflector antennas are required for providing contiguous coverage of CONUS. Each is comprised of one offset parabolic reflector, one flat polarization diplexer, and two separate planar array feeds. This antenna system provides contiguous spot beam coverage of CONUS, utilizing 15 beams. Also designed, developed and demonstrated was a shaped contoured beam antenna system which provides contiguous four time zone coverage of CONUS from a single offset parabolic reflector incorporating one flat polarization diplexer and two separate planar array feeds. The beams which illuminate the eastern time zone and the mountain time zone are horizontally polarized, while the beams which illuminate the central time zone and the pacific time zone are vertically polarized. Frequency reuse is achieved by amplitude and polarization isolation.

Chen, C. C.↗

NASA NTRS1981

The 34-meter antenna drive control system

Detailed definitions of the baseline antenna drive and control/instrumentation equipment for 34 meter antennas included in Network Consolidation Program of the Deep Space Network are presented. The overall antenna control and monitor system and its interfaces with other higher level control and monitor equipment is described. Explicit descriptions of the antenna axis drive motors and motor controllers, the axis angle encoding systems, and miscellaneous antenna located components are presented, and related to system functional and performance requirements. Some potential alternates to the baseline system configuration are described and discussed.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1981

The design of a microstrip antenna array for a UHF space telemetry link

An array of microstrip antenna panels was designed for use on a small instrumented satellite as part of a 400-MHz telemetry link between that satellite and NASA's shuttle spacecraft. A roughly omnidirectional phi-plane pattern was desired. The 1.4-wavelength diameter of the satellite and the various ports and structures on its surface presented strong constraints on the antenna array design. Eight antennas, each one a quarter-wavelength panel with one radiating and one shorted edge, were chosen. A phi-plane pattern ripple of 4.4 dB and a gain of at least 0.1 dB relative to a half-wavelength dipole were realized. The design technique used for the individual antenna panels included the study of feed-point location for impedance matching and the effect of losses in the dielectric. A superposition method was used to synthesize the radiation patterns for different numbers and different excitations of antennas on the satellite.

Post, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Dipole-Excited Ring Antenna

Dipole radiator drives ring radiator in compact C-band antenna. Antenna can be mounted flush with surface. Compared with horn or parabolic dish with same aperature, new ring antenna has greater gain, lower side lobes, and narrower beam width. Used on vehicles requiring flush-mounted antennas with very directive signals. Used as radar altimeter antenna for aircraft.

Ellis, H., Jr↗

NASA NTRS1982

Imaging antenna arrays

Many millimeter and far-infrared imaging systems are limited in sensitivity and speed because they depend on a single scanned element. Because of recent advances in planar detectors such as Schottky diodes, superconducting tunnel junctions, and microbolometers, an attractive approach to this problem is a planar antenna array with integrated detectors. A planar line antenna array and optical system for imaging has been developed. The significant advances are a 'reverse-microscope' optical configuration and a modified bow-tie antenna design. In the 'reverse-microscope' configuration, a lens is attached to the bottom of the substrate containing the antennas. Imaging is done through the substrate. This configuration eliminates the troublesome effects of substrate surface waves. The substrate lens has only a single refracting surface, making possible a virtually aplanatic system, with little spherical aberration or coma. The array is characterized by an optical transfer function that is easily measured. An array with 19 dB crosstalk levels between adjacent antennas has been tested and it was found that the array captured 50 percent of the available power. This imaging system was diffraction limited.

Rutledge, D. B.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Survey of deployable antenna concepts

Deployable space antenna concepts are surveyed. Precision reflector antennas, stiffened membrane antennas, truss antennas, infrared antennas, and electrostatically figured membrane reflectors are described.

Freeland, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Low gain and steerable vehicle antennas for communications with land mobile satellite

Current development activities at JPL for ground mobile vehicle antennas to be used with the Land Mobile Satellite Service (LMSS) system are described. Both low gain and electronically steerable high gain type antennas are discussed in terms of their design concept and RF performance. For the low gain type, three classes of antennas are under various stages of development. These are the crossed-drooping dipole, quadrifilar helix, and microstrip patch designs. The antennas are intended to provide circularly-polarized radiation with a minimum of 3-dB gain in the angular region from 19 degrees to 60 deg from the horizon in elevation plane and with an omnidirectional pattern in azimuthal plane. For the electronically steerable high gain type, circularly-polarized microstrip patch phased arrays formed on a planar surface and on the surface of a truncated cone are under study. The arrays are intended to provide a minimum of 12 dB gain in the same angular region in elevation plane at all azimuthal angles. This coverage is accomplished by scanning the high gain pencil beam in both elevation and azimuthal directions. Both types of antennas are to transmit at 821-831 MHz band and to receive at 866-876 MHz band. They must be of low cost design and reasonably conformal to the vehicle.

Woo, K.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Synthesis of offset dual shaped subreflector antennas for control of Cassegrain aperture distributions

The method presented for antenna upgrading involves a redesign of only the subreflector portion of a Cassegrain antenna or the introduction of a subreflector feed system for a paraboloid. A pair of offset subreflectors are synthesized which will produce a controllable high gain amplitude distribution in the aperture of the large paraboloid. The synthesis method is based on the approximate formulation for an offset dual shaped high gain antenna first presented by Galindo-Israel and Mittra (1977). It is pointed out that in their approximate formulation, the geometrical optics energy was scattered from a subreflector and then from a second large reflector, which reflected a uniform phase distribution. In the offset dual shaped subreflector (DSS) antenna proposed here, the second reflection is from a smaller (sub) reflector, and it scatters a spherical wave that feeds a hyperboloid or feeds a large paraboloid directly. The DSS synthesis is tested on the 210-ft-diameter Cassegrain antenna at Goldstone, California.

Galindo-Israel, V.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Extreme Precision Antenna Reflector Study Results

Thermal and mechanical distortion degrade the RF performance of antennas. The complexity of future communications antennas requires accurate, dimensionally stable antenna reflectors and structures built from materials other than those currently used. The advantages and disadvantages of using carbon fibers in an epoxy matrix are reviewed as well as current reflector fabrications technology and adjustment. The manufacturing sequence and coefficient of thermal expansion of carbon fiber/borosilicate glass composites is described. The construction of a parabolic reflector from this material and the assembling of both reflector and antenna are described. A 3M-aperture-diameter carbon/glass reflector that can be used as a subassembly for large reflectors is depicted. The deployment sequence for a 10.5M-aperture-diameter antenna, final reflector adjustment, and the deployment sequence for large reflectors are also illustrated.

Sharp, G. R.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Electro-science Requirements for Shuttle-attached Antenna Flight Experiments

The activities of an in-house electro-science task group organized to conduct studies of shuttle-attached flight experiments using the 15-meter hoop-column antennas as a research tool for developing both improved sensor technology and LSA technology are described. Some experiments could provide significant amounts of scientific data such as radio star mapping and definition of ocean current eddies over limited geographic regions. The experiments originate from the microwave remote sensing community and other areas which require the inherently higher resolution and boresite gain of large space antennas. Technology experiments are also being studied which would use the 15-meter antenna experiments as a stepping stone to 50 to 100 meter class reflector technology in the future. An antenna technology experiment using the 15-meter antenna in a shuttle-attached mission is discussed. Electromagnetic modeling is correct for each major subsystem and also to verify the interrelations of the subsystems.

Grantham, W. L.↗

NASA NTRS1948

Concepts and cost trade-offs for land vehicle antennas in satellite mobile communications

Several antenna design concepts, operating at UHF (821 to 825 MHz transmit and 866 to 870 MHz receive bands), with gain ranging between 6 and 12 dBic, that are suitable for land mobile vehicles are presented. The antennas may be used within CONUS and ALASKA to communicate to and from a geosynchronous satellite. Depending on the type of steering mechanism, the antennas are broken down into three categories; (1) electronically scanned arrays with phase shifters, (2) electronically switched arrays with switchable power dividers/combiners, and (3) mechanically steered arrays. The operating characteristics of two of these design concepts, one a conformal antenna with electronic beam steering and the other a nonconformal design with mechanical steering, were evaluated with regard to two and three satellite system. Cost estimates of various antenna concepts were made and plotted against their overall gain performance.

Haddad, H. A.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Relationship of spaced antenna and Doppler techniques for velocity measurements (keynote paper), part 3

The Doppler, spaced-antenna and interferometric methods of measuring wind velocities all use the same basic information, the Doppler shifts imposed on backscattered radio waves, but they process it in different ways. The Doppler technique is most commonly used at VHF since the narrow radar beams are readily available. However, the spaced antenna (SA) method has been successfully used with the SOUSY and Adelaide radars. At MF/HF the spaced antenna method is widely used since the large antenna arrays (diameter 1 km) required to generate narrow beams are expensive to construct. Where such arrays of this size are available then the Doppler method has been successfully used (e.g., Adelaide and Brisbane). In principle, the factors which influence the choice of beam pointing angle, the optimum antenna spacing will be the same whether operation is at MF or VHF. Many of the parameters which govern the efficient use of wind measuring systems have been discussed at previous MST workshops. Some of the points raised by these workshops are summarized.

Vincent, R. A.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Survey of deployable antenna concepts

Freeland, R. E.↗