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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Lunar Transport Vehicle Ocupant Protection Requirements

INTRODUCTION The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is preparing for future Artemis missions that will return humans to the lunar surface. A critical piece of these future missions is the Lunar Transport Vehicle (LTV), a transportation device to be used on the lunar surface. A vehicular method of transportation will allow for longer duration missions with increased capabilities to conduct research and transport soil, geological samples, or other materials of interest. The objective of this project is to provide occupant protection guidance for the design of the LTV. METHODS At the time of writing of occupant protection requirements, much of the LTV design is unknown. However, several general assumptions have been established. It is assumed that the LTV will be an unpressurized crewed rover with the occupant(s) wearing an EVA suit. Additionally, the occupant must be protected using established health limits as governing criteria to protect the occupant from hazardous levels of acceleration, jerk, and vibration. In addition to the health limits, it is expected that the LTV shall provide a comfortable transportation solution to Lunar operations. Several restraint configurations have been considered to allow for seated and standing operation of the vehicle. RESULTS Preliminary recommendations and metrics were put forward by a cross functional working group with members from Johnson Space Center and Ames Research Center. Exposure to acceleration, vibration, and jerk metrics above the proposed limits could create a risk of occupant injury. In addition to satisfying crew health needs, these limits permit the occupant to meet performance objectives including operating the vehicle and reading displays while traversing the Lunar surface. Initial guidance was refined during a Technical Interchange Meeting with external subject matter experts in industry, academia, and United States Air Force. CONCLUSION Operating a crewed vehicle in a lunar environment is a novel problem with few analogs to provide data. Based on terrestrial data from ISO & MIL Standards, occupant protection recommendations have been identified with several assumptions made about reduced gravity and deconditioned occupants. If the design of the vehicle attenuates energetics to levels below those put forward, there is high confidence the occupant will be able to repetitively operate the vehicle without physical harm or operational issues.

K Dolick↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Latest Results from NASA Ames’ COSmIC and Optical Constants Facility (OCF): Determining Optical Constants for Titan, Pluto and Protoplanetary Disks Applications

The NASA Ames COsmic SImulation Chamber (COSmIC) is a unique experimental facility that can be used, among many applications, to produce solid particles from gas phase molecular precursors at low temperature (150 K) using a plasma discharge to induce the chemistry in the stream of a free jet expansion. The choice of the initial gas mixture used to produce the solid sample allows the simulation of either cold planetary atmospheres like Titan or Pluto (with N2/CH4-based initial mixtures), or circumstellar environments (with Ar/CxHy-based initial mixtures). The Ames Optical Constants Facility (OCF) allows the determination of optical constants covering a broad wavelength range with high spectral resolution for solid materials, analogs of organic refractory materials formed in planetary and astrophysical environments. The core of the OCF is a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer that allows the continuous characterization of solid samples in the visible to far-infrared (FIR) range (0.59–200 μm, 16,950–50 cm−1). Modeling of the laboratory measurements conducted with the OCF allows the determination of accurate optical constants, n and k, over the full vis-FIR range. Here we present the latest results of two studies that combined (1) experiments performed with COSmIC to produce analogs of aerosols forming in Titan’s atmosphere and analogs of cosmic grains forming in circumstellar envelops, and (2) the characterization of these analogs with the OCF to provide the real and imaginary parts of their refractive indices, n + ik, to the community, from the visible to the FIR. These optical constants can be used as critical input parameters in radiative transfer, atmospheric and reflectance models to interpret observational data of, e.g., Titan’s atmosphere and protoplanetary disks. Providing optical constants for various materials of different compositions allows to explore a broad range of composition by simulating mixtures of materials. We also present a new project to produce analogs of Pluto’s atmospheric aerosols with COSmIC and determine their optical constants with OCF, to be used in reflectance spectra models for the interpretation of New Horizons observations of Lowell Regio, Sputnik Planitia and Cthulhu.

COsmic SImulation Chamber (COSmIC)↗
NASA NTRS2013

Postural Responses Following Space Flight and Ground Based Analogs

With the transition from the Shuttle program to the International Space Station (ISS), the opportunity to fly sensorimotor experiments in a weightless environment has become increasingly more difficult to obtain. As a result, more investigations have turned to ground-based analogs as a way of evaluating an experiment's viability. The two primary analogs available to most investigators are 6deg head down bed rest (HDBR) and dry immersion (DI). For the time being, HDBR investigations have been associated with studies conducted in the United States while the Russians and several other European Union states have concentrated their efforts on using DI as the space flight analog of choice. While either model may be viable for cardiovascular, bone and other system changes, vestibular and sensorimotor investigators have retained serious reservations of either analog's potential to serve as a replacement for a true weightless environment. These reservations have merit, but it is worthwhile to consider that not all changes associated with sensorimotor function during space flight are the result of top-down modifications, but may also be due to the lack, or change, of appropriate support surfaces applying force to the bottom of the feet. To this end we have compared quiet stance postural responses between short duration Space Shuttle flights, long duration ISS flights and HDBR of varying duration. Using these three platforms, representing different modifications of support we investigated postural ataxia using a quiet stance model. Quiet stance was obtained by asking the subjects to stand upright on a force plate, eyes open, arms at the side of the body for three min. From the force plate we obtained average sway velocity in two axes as well as length of line (stabilogram). These parameters were then related to EMG activity recorded from the medial gastrocnemius and lateral tibialis. It is significant to note that postural ataxia measured as quiet stance shows analogous changes between HDBR and space flight. Primary differences across short duration, long duration space flight and HDBR are related to the length of exposure associated with both space flight and HDBR.

Kofman, Igor S.↗
NASA NTRS2022

Risk of Performance and Behavioral Health Decrements Due to Inadequate Cooperation, Coordination, and Psychosocial Adaptions within a Team

The Risk of Performance and Behavioral Health Decrements Due to Inadequate Cooperation, Coordination, Communication, and Psychosocial Adaptation within a Team (the Team Risk) is primarily performance-focused, with a secondary emphasis on behavioral health outcomes resulting from team performance and interpersonal interactions. Monitoring tools, measures, and countermeasures are aimed at enhancing team processes and team composition configurations to optimize team performance and functioning. Long-duration exploration missions (LDEMs) will include major challenges that could affect team performance, including social isolation, physical confinement, a small and diverse crew, communication delays between crew and ground, limited or no crew rotation or evacuation options, limited or no resupply, and a high-consequence environment. Each of these conditions will affect the crew’s coordination, cooperation, psychological well-being, and performance. Although the International Space Station (ISS) remains important for studies that require spaceflight testing and validation, the current conditions on the ISS do not adequately mimic the exploration environment that is required for National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) teams research, and thus access to terrestrial or ground-based analogs of LDEM conditions is paramount. The emphasis on analogs for research is reflected in this updated evidence review of the Team Risk, and includes data from studies conducted at isolated, confined, extreme (ICE) environments (e.g., Antarctic stations), and from several mission simulation analogs such as the Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) (HERA Experiment Information Package, 2014), also known as isolated, confined, controlled (ICC) environments. These studies have characterized many team factors regarding LDEMs, and the Team Risk has now matured from risk characterization to focusing more on countermeasure development. Because spaceflight evidence for team-level research is lacking, no reliable data is available to quantify the impact of team-level variables on individual and team-level outcomes during spaceflight missions. Until recently, no systematic attempt had been undertaken to measure the performance effects of team cohesion, team composition, team training, or team-related psychosocial adaptation during spaceflight. The Team Risk is a relatively young research area for NASA, with substantial growth only since the 2000s, and with limited access to spaceflight performance data. As a result, spaceflight evidence is lacking to identify specifically what team composition, level of training, amount of cohesion, or quality of psychosocial adaptation is necessary to reduce the risk of performance errors in space. However, astronaut journals and interviews and reports from spaceflight subject matter experts (SMEs) provide testimonies that team performance during spaceflight is important for mission success and to maintain crew health. Team spaceflight data is now being collected as part of the Spaceflight Standard Measures task (Clement, 2021)—a set of core measurements related to many human spaceflight risks that are collected from astronauts before, during, and after long-duration missions. The team-related standard measures focus on team cohesion, team performance, group living, team climate, and team processes. Collection of standard measures data is ongoing and published data is not yet available. Finally, although spaceflight evidence is lacking, evidence gleaned from ground studies and spaceflight analog studies will help close the gaps outlined in the Team Risk. Ground-based studies provide quantitative evidence for team functioning in ICE environments. Academic research on teams has produced dozens of meta-analyses that can be used to understand the general relationships among team inputs (e.g., team member characteristics and skills, job context), team processes, and emergent states (e.g., coordination, communication, cooperation, cohesion, trust, shared cognition), and team outcomes (e.g., effectiveness, errors, adaptation). Teams are complex, incorporating individual characteristics of team members, but also existing at a level that is greater than the sum of its parts. Therefore, the Team Risk must be integrated with other individual-focused NASA Human Research Program (HRP) risks, including Behavioral Medicine (BMed), Sleep, and Human-Systems Integration Architecture (HSIA), and emerging research indicates more integration may needed between the Team Risk and the physiologically oriented risks. Much of this integration occurs through the Human Systems Risk Board (HSRB). A lack of team functioning may be a stressor in some circumstances, but the team often acts as a countermeasure. For example, support for team leaders and teammates can facilitate individual functioning and encourage psychological and physically healthy behaviors and attitudes. However, more research is needed regarding teams during LDEMs and the remaining gaps in the research are described in the current report.

Lauren Blackwell Landon↗
NASA NTRS1972

Low-g simulation testing of propellant systems using neutral buoyancy

A two liquid, neutral buoyancy technique is being used to simulate propellant behavior in a weightless environment. By equalizing the density of two immiscible liquids within a container (propellant tank), the effect of gravity at the liquid interface is balanced. Therefore the surface-tension forces dominate to control the liquid/liquid system configuration in a fashion analogous to a liquid/gas system in a zero gravity environment.

Balzer, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS2011

NEEMO 14: Evaluation of Human Performance for Rover, Cargo Lander, Crew Lander, and Exploration Tasks in Simulated Partial Gravity

The ultimate success of future human space exploration missions is dependent on the ability to perform extravehicular activity (EVA) tasks effectively, efficiently, and safely, whether those tasks represent a nominal mode of operation or a contingency capability. To optimize EVA systems for the best human performance, it is critical to study the effects of varying key factors such as suit center of gravity (CG), suit mass, and gravity level. During the 2-week NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 14 mission, four crewmembers performed a series of EVA tasks under different simulated EVA suit configurations and used full-scale mockups of a Space Exploration Vehicle (SEV) rover and lander. NEEMO is an underwater spaceflight analog that allows a true mission-like operational environment and uses buoyancy effects and added weight to simulate different gravity levels. Quantitative and qualitative data collected during NEEMO 14, as well as from spacesuit tests in parabolic flight and with overhead suspension, are being used to directly inform ongoing hardware and operations concept development of the SEV, exploration EVA systems, and future EVA suits. OBJECTIVE: To compare human performance across different weight and CG configurations. METHODS: Four subjects were weighed out to simulate reduced gravity and wore either a specially designed rig to allow adjustment of CG or a PLSS mockup. Subjects completed tasks including level ambulation, incline/decline ambulation, standing from the kneeling and prone position, picking up objects, shoveling, ladder climbing, incapacitated crewmember handling, and small and large payload transfer. Subjective compensation, exertion, task acceptability, and duration data as well as photo and video were collected. RESULTS: There appear to be interactions between CG, weight, and task. CGs nearest the subject s natural CG are the most predictable in terms of acceptable performance across tasks. Future research should focus on understanding the interactions between CG, mass, and subject differences.

Chappell, Steven P.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Data Collection and International Project Inventory

We present an interactive data collection to aggregate, understand, and disseminate the data that are publicly available to support offshore GCS which can be leveraged by stakeholders to understand where GCS may be viable offshore, create GCS project analogs, and address challenges to GCS in offshore environments. The Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Data Collection is an Experience Builder web application of multiple web mapping applications, aggregated into a single tool for each data type for access, visualization, and exploration. We also present a spatial inventory of global offshore GCS efforts to visualize the scale and locations of actualized and potential offshore GCS. It includes project location, project type and stage, CO2 storage resource potential, injection rate, reservoir and seal geology, and key literature references. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the distribution and magnitude of projects by their attributes lends spatial insight into the status of global GCS operations and storage resource potential, thereby enabling comparative assessments and cross-cutting knowledge transfer for projects in development. These datasets illuminate trends in ongoing offshore projects and can be leveraged by stakeholders to estimate storage resources, identify subsurface analogs, review regulations, and address challenges to offshore GCS. Additionally, opportunities for concurrent decarbonization strategies can be identified.

Mulhern, Julia↗
DOE OSTI2024

International Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Project Inventory and Data Collection

We present an interactive data collection to aggregate, understand, and disseminate the data that are publicly available to support offshore GCS which can be leveraged by stakeholders to understand where GCS may be viable offshore, create GCS project analogs, and address challenges to GCS in offshore environments. The Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Data Collection is an Experience Builder web application of multiple web mapping applications, aggregated into a single tool for each data type for access, visualization, and exploration. We also present a spatial inventory of global offshore GCS efforts to visualize the scale and locations of actualized and potential offshore GCS. It includes project location, project type and stage, CO2 storage resource potential, injection rate, reservoir and seal geology, and key literature references. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the distribution and magnitude of projects by their attributes lends spatial insight into the status of global GCS operations and storage resource potential, thereby enabling comparative assessments and cross-cutting knowledge transfer for projects in development. These datasets illuminate trends in ongoing offshore projects and can be leveraged by stakeholders to estimate storage resources, identify subsurface analogs, review regulations, and address challenges to offshore GCS. Additionally, opportunities for concurrent decarbonization strategies can be identified.

Mulhern, Julia↗
DOE OSTI2024

International Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Inventory and Data Collection

We present an interactive data collection to aggregate, understand, and disseminate the data that are publicly available to support offshore GCS which can be leveraged by stakeholders to understand where GCS may be viable offshore, create GCS project analogs, and address challenges to GCS in offshore environments. The Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Data Collection is an Experience Builder web application of multiple web mapping applications, aggregated into a single tool for each data type for access, visualization, and exploration. We also present a spatial inventory of global offshore GCS efforts to visualize the scale and locations of actualized and potential offshore GCS. It includes project location, project type and stage, CO2 storage resource potential, injection rate, reservoir and seal geology, and key literature references. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the distribution and magnitude of projects by their attributes lends spatial insight into the status of global GCS operations and storage resource potential, thereby enabling comparative assessments and cross-cutting knowledge transfer for projects in development. These datasets illuminate trends in ongoing offshore projects and can be leveraged by stakeholders to estimate storage resources, identify subsurface analogs, review regulations, and address challenges to offshore GCS. Additionally, opportunities for concurrent decarbonization strategies can be identified.

Mulhern, Julia↗
NASA NTRS1992

Earth-based analogs of lunar and planetary facilities

Antarctica contains areas where the environment and terrain are more similar to regions on the Moon and Mars than any other place on Earth. These features offer opportunities for simulations to determine performance capabilities of people and machines in harsh, isolated locales. The Sasakawa International Center for Space Architecture (SICSA) plans to create a facility on Antarctica for research, planning, and demonstrations in support of planetary exploration. The Antarctic Planetary Testbed (APT) will be financed and utilized by public and private organizations throughout the world. Established on a continent owned by no country, it can serve as a model for cooperation between spacefaring nations. APT science and technology programs will expand knowledge about the nature and origin of our solar system, and will support preparations for human settlements beyond Earth that may occur within the first quarter of the next century. The initial APT facility, conceived to be operational by the year 1992, will be constructed during the summer months by a crew of approximately 12. Six to eight of these people will remain through the winter. As in space, structures and equipment systems will be modular to facilitate efficient transport to the site, assembly, and evolutionary expansion. State-of-the-art waste recovery/recycling systems are also emphasized due to their importance in space.

Bell, Larry↗
NASA NTRS2025

Measuring Unique Contextual Factors: Group Living Skills

BACKGROUND The Human Factors and Behavioral Performance Exploration Measures (HFBP-EM) suite is a set of standardized measures used to assess behavioral health and performance risks related to future exploration-class space missions. During the HFBP-EM suite development, the importance of assessing unique contextual factors to understand the drivers of team dynamics was identified. Group living skills are a unique workplace skill which applies to those coworkers who live and work together. As mission lengths become longer, the line between work and non-work life may blur. Extreme living conditions such as spaceflight can result in increased stress over time, negatively impact mood and well-being, decrease team cohesion and increase conflict, deteriorate task performance, and potentially reduce mission success [1]. With no breaks in their isolated and confined environment possible, living with a messy, inconsiderate crewmember can add to the stress. Alternatively, crews with good group living skills may support one another, mitigating the negative effects of the extreme environment. There was no direct measure of group living skills. This work sought to fill this measurement gap and collect data related to group living in isolated, confined, extreme (ICE) environments. METHODS Group living skills as an astronaut competency area were developed with the input of experts familiar with ICE environments. Distinct aspects of this competency were reviewed and discussed by a NASA-invited group of spaceflight experts in 2015 to identify individual and team behavioral health and performance measures for operational environments. This work resulted in a 5-item measure focused on group living experiences with each crewmember (or the crew as a whole). A 6th item asks whether an individual would go on another mission with a particular crewmember or crew as a measure of future-oriented group living, or team viability. The measure was deployed in 24 teams living and working together in isolated and confined environments (e.g., International Space Station, space mission simulation analogs). RESULTS & DISCUSSION In this presentation, we will summarize results which indicate the Group Living Skills (GLS) Survey is a reliable, valid, and operationally feasible measure. Reliability was evaluated in several ways. Two-way multilevel mixed models revealed strong repeated measures reliability (ICC2 = .902, Omega between = .954). Reliability of change within teams was strong (Rc = .81). Factor analysis showed a consistent two-factor structure when individuals rated either the whole crew, all individuals, just peers, or a focal roommate. The latter used a sociometric approach to rating the GLS of the roommates. The two factors were tidiness and being considerate of others. We assessed the criterion-related validity of GLS, by examining GLS operationalized as the team-level aggregated GLS Survey scores as a predictor of team viability, team cohesion, and team performance. We used generalized mixed models to account for the repeated measures and longitudinal data. The marginal R2 change was used to determine the extent to which GLS were related to the team outcomes while controlling for mission day and campaign. Results suggested GLS was strongly related to team viability (marginal R2 change = .40), team cohesion (marginal R2 change = 0.28), social cohesion (marginal R2 change = 0.25), and moderately related to task cohesion (marginal R2 change = 0.18). GLS scores had a small relationship with team performance (marginal R2 change = .08). Results support GLS as a measure that can be used to capture group living skills of crews who live and work together in ICE. Because the items were written to be broadly applicable, less extreme environments with teams living and working together for some length of time also benefit from this measure (e.g., college roommates, camps). See Landon et al. (2024) for full results [2]. SUMMARY We report reliability and validity evidence for a new measure that assesses the Group Living Skills for teams that live and work in operational environments such as spaceflight.

J C W Miller↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effect of Gamma Radiation on TaOₓ ECRAM

Electrochemical random access memory (ECRAM) is an emerging three-terminal nonvolatile memory (NVM) with highly controllable channel conductance which is promising for use as an analog memory (or synapse) in analog in-memory computing (IMC) systems. Energy-efficient analog IMC computing is particularly desirable for power-constrained, high-radiation environments such as satellites. However, little is known about the suitability of ECRAM for use in a total ionizing dose (TID) environment. Here, this work investigates the effect of Co-60 gamma radiation on the channel conductance and noise—two properties critical for analog IMC systems—of a TaO x -based ECRAM up to 17.3 Mrad(SiO 2 ) for both low- and high-channel-conductance state devices. A transient increase in conductance is observed in response to radiation which consists of two elements: an immediate increase in conductivity due to photocurrent and a secondary increase in conductivity, which has a slower rise and saturation and can persist for hours after exposure. This secondary, persistent photoconductivity is attributed to charging caused by hole trapping. These transient effects would not likely occur in a space environment due to the low dose rate compared with this experiment. No permanent change is found in the low conductance state (LCS) following exposure and the minor shift in the high conductance change would be less significant than the regular retention decay in this state. A permanent increase in the random telegraph noise is observed, possibly due to increased traps created in the channel. This work demonstrates that TaO x -based ECRAM is suitable for use in spaceborne analog IMC systems that are subject to significant TID.

ECRAM↗
DOE OSTI2025

Trinuclear Copper(I) and Silver(I) Complexes of a Pentafluorosulfanyl-Decorated Pyrazolate

Here, this study reports the synthesis and characterization of the first fluorinated coinage metal pyrazolates with SF 5 groups, specifically {[3-(SF 5 )­Pz]­M} 3 (M = Cu, Ag), and compares them to trifluoromethylated analogs. X-ray analysis reveals different pyrazolyl ligand orientations and metallophilic interactions, as well as supramolecular structures influenced by fluorinated substituents and metals. The {[3-(SF 5 )­Pz]­M} 3 complexes form face-to-face sandwich adducts with benzene. Photophysical investigations show that copper complexes exhibit long-lived phosphorescence, while silver analogs display fast fluorescence, with emission properties modulated by substituents, solvent environment, and intermolecular interactions. Computational studies confirm the experimental geometries and demonstrate that SF 5 substituents increase the π-acidity and enhance arene binding over the analogs featuring the smaller and less-electron-withdrawing CF 3 groups and provide insights into metallophilic interactions and photoluminescence. These newly uncovered SF 5 decorated materials, with enhanced π-acidity and arene-binding ability, are promising materials for molecular sensing and tunable luminescence.

Vanga, Mukundam [University of Texas, Arlington, T↗
DOE OSTI2024

Characterization of Polyamide Thin Films by Atomic Force Microscopy

This study directly compares the mechanical behavior of novel molecular layer deposition (MLD) and analogous interfacial polymerization (IP) polyamide thin films in environments relevant to reverse osmosis (RO) membrane operation. The elastic modulus of the films was determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in dry, hydrated, and chlorinated states. Surface roughness characteristics were also obtained given their potential influence on AFM modulus measurements. The much smoother MLD films demonstrated a statistically higher modulus in all states as compared to their IP counterparts. The MLD films maintained a modulus ~3X and ~5X greater than that of IP films after hydration and chlorination, respectively. Such differences in behavior may be due to the higher density and correspondingly lower void content of the MLD films. Results from this study provide a rationale for future development of MLD for fabrication of polyamide films for incorporation in RO membranes.

atomic force microscopy↗
DOE OSTI2026

Integration of Multiple Real-time Simulation Platforms with AIO for Scalability

This paper introduces a practical and scalable approach to extend interoperability of Controller Hardware in the Loop (CHIL) validations for large scale microgrids, networked microgrids, and power electronics-based feeders. The work focuses on integrating multiple real-time simulators using Analog Input/Output (AIO) interface techniques in heterogeneous CHIL environment. It explores interfacing methods, highlighting key challenges related to dynamic accuracy and maintaining bidirectional power balance. A comparative evaluation of the Ideal Transformer Method is presented, assessing its effectiveness in multi-CHIL integration scenarios. The feasibility of this setup is demonstrated through a real-time use case involving multiple Typhoon HIL and Opal-RT platforms, showcasing its applicability for distributed system studies.

Khalid, Mohammad [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000179208805)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage (GCS) Data Collection Web Application

The Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Data Collection Web Application is an interactive data collection which aggregates and disseminates publicly available data to support offshore geologic carbon storage (GCS) in the United States. This data collection can be leveraged by stakeholders to understand where GCS may be viable offshore, create GCS project analogs, and address challenges to GCS in offshore environments. Use of this tool is solely at the discretion of the user. See full Federal Disclaimer for further information (https://netl.doe.gov/home/disclaimer).

Carbon Sequestration↗
DOE OSTI2024

Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Data Collection and Data Gaps Analysis

This is a TRS documenting the Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Data Collection. It describes the Data Collection web application and its creation as well as an accompanying Data Gaps Assessment. We present an interactive data collection and data gaps analysis to aggregate, understand, and disseminate the data that are publicly available to support offshore GCS in the United States. This data collection and data gaps analysis can be leveraged by stakeholders to understand where GCS may be viable offshore, create GCS project analogs, and address challenges to GCS in offshore environments.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗