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At least 397 records · Page 22

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NASA NTRS1984

Synthesis and characterization of phosphorus-containing polyamides and copolyamides based on 1methyl]-2,4- and -2,6-diaminobenzenes

Phosphorus containing polyamides and copolyamides were prepared from 1-(dialkoxyphosphinyl)methyl-2,4- and -2,6-diaminobenzenes. The polymers produced were characterized by infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Their thermal properties were compared with those of the corresponding common polyamides. In addition, by determining the limiting oxygen index value of some of these polyamides, their fire resistance was evaluated.

Mikroyannidis, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Fire- and heat-resistant laminating resins based on maleimido-substituted aromatic cyclotriphosphazenes

A novel class of flame- and heat-resistant polymers has been synthesized by the thermal polymerization of maleimido-substituted aromatic cyclotriphosphazenes. The polymer obtained from tris-(aminophenoxy)tris(maleimidophenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene has good thermal stability and is noteworthy for its high char yield, viz., 82 percent at 800 C in nitrogen and 81 percent at 700 C in air. Graphite-fabric laminates prepared with this polymer did not burn in pure oxygen, even at 300 C, and were tested for mechanical properties. Hexakis(4-maleimidophenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene and some fluorine-containing monomers have also been synthesized. The structures of these cyclic phosphazene precursors and polymers were characterized by FT IR spectrophotometry, H-1 NMR, F-19 NMR, and P-31 solid-state magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The curing behavior of the polymer precursors and the thermal stabilities of the polymers were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA).

Kumar, D.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Physical aging in graphite/epoxy composites

Sub-Tg annealing has been found to affect the properties of graphite/epoxy composites. The network epoxy studied was based on the chemistry of tetraglycidyl 4,4'-diamino-diphenyl methane (TGDDM) crosslinked by 4,4'-diamino-diphenyl sulfone (DDS). Differential scanning calorimetry, thermal mechanical analysis, and solid-state cross-polarized magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been utilized in order to characterize this process of recovery towards thermodynamic equilibrium. The volume and enthalpy recovery as well as the 'thermoreversibility' aspects of the physical aging are discussed. This nonequilibrium and time-dependent behavior of network epoxies are considered in view of the increasingly wide applications of TGDDM-DDS epoxies as matrix materials of structural composites in the aerospace industry.

Kong, E. S. W.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Mechanism and kinetics of the curing process in a resin system

The present investigation is concerned with the development of a cure reactivity model for a resin system consisting of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) and diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), taking into account the temperature range from 153 to 177 C. Differential scanning calorimetry and FT-IR spectroscopy have been used to investigate the cure kinetics of the resin with the objective to obtain a correlation between the total conversion and the rates of formation and disappearance of specific functionalities. It was found that the overall process can be satisfactorily described in terms of two first order processes.

Moacanin, J.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Influence of physical aging on the time-dependent properties of network epoxies and epoxy-matrix composites

The matrix-dominated properties of a network epoxy and its carbon fiber-reinforced composite are noted to be affected by sub-glass transition temperature T(g) annealing in a nitrogen atmosphere. The damping behavior, stress relaxation rate, and enthalpic state of the matrix material were found to decrease as functions of sub-T(g) annealing time. This time-dependent change in physical properties is explained on the basis of a free-volume collapse which is related to the recovery process of the nonequilibrium glassy network of the epoxy. The physical aging in network epoxies has been demonstrated to be thermoreversible. Aging kinetics are studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry, stress relaxation tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermomechanical analysis.

Kong, E. S. W.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Determination of the phase diagram for carbon tetrabromide and hexachloroethane

Differential scanning calorimetry is used to determine the binary eutectic phase diagram of the CBr4/C2Cl6 system and measure the enthalpies of fusion of various compositions. The eutectic composition and temperature are found to be 8.4 + or - 0.1 weight percent C2Cl67 and 83 + or - 0.1 C, respectively. A micrograph showing the coarse lamellar structure at the interface is provided.

Kaukler, W. F.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Formation of bulk metallic glass by fluxing

Bulk specimens (0.4-4 g mass) of the alloy Pd40Ni40P20 have been undercooled consistently to the glass state, with no detectable superficial crystallinity, in a molten flux of dehydrated boron oxide. The minimum dimension of the most massive glass specimen, so formed, was 1.0 cm. The absence of crystallinity in the specimens was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and calorimetry.

Kui, H. W.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Development of new and improved polymer matrix resin systems, phase 1

Vinystilbazole (vinylstryrylpyridine) and vinylpolystyrulpyridine were prepared for the purpose of modifying bismaleimide composite resins. Cure studies of resins systems were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The vinylstyrylpyridine-modified bismaleimide composite resins were found to have lower cure and gel temperatures, and shorter cure times than the corresponding unmodified composite resins. The resin systems were reinforced with commercially avialable satin-weave carbon cloth. Prepregs were fabricated by solvent or hot melt techniques. Thermal stability, flammability, moisture absorption, and mechanical properties of the composites (such as flexural strength, modulus, tensile and short beam shear strength) were determined. Composite laminates showed substantial improvements in both processability and mechanical properties compared to he bismaleimide control systems. The vinylstyrylpyridine modified bismaleimide resins can be used as advanced matrix resins for graphite secondary structures where ease of processing, fireworthiness, and high temperature stability are required for aerospace applications.

Hsu, M. S.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Design Evaluation of High Reliability Lithium Batteries

Within one year, a lithium battery design can be qualified for device use through the application of accelerated discharge testing, calorimetry measurements, real time tests and other supplemental testing. Materials and corrosion testing verify that the battery components remain functional during expected battery life. By combining these various methods, a high reliability lithium battery can be manufactured for applications which require zero defect battery performance.

Buchman, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Curing of epoxy resins with 1-/di(2-chloroethoxyphosphinyl)methyl/-2,4- and -2,6-diaminobenzene

Fire resistant compositions were prepared using 1-di(2-chloroethoxy-phosphinyl)methyl-2,4- and -2,6-diaminobenzene (DCEPD) as a curing agent for typical epoxy resins such as EPON 828 (Shell), XD 7342 (Dow), and My 720 (Ciba Geigy). In addition, compositions of these three epoxy resins with common curing agents such as m-phenylenediamine (MPD) or 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulphone (DDS) were studied to compare their reactions with those of DCEPD. The reactivity of the three curing agents toward the epoxy resins, measured by differential calorimetry (DSC), was of the order MPD DCEPD DDS. The relatively lower reactivity of DCEPD toward epoxy resins was attributed to electronic effects.

Mikroyannidis, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Preparation and characterization of a siloxane containing bismaleimide

A novel siloxane containing bismaleimide has been prepared by reacting maleic anhydride, benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and bis(gamma-aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane. Characterization of this monomer was done by comparing its nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (NMR) to those of model compounds. Solubility of the prepolymer was tested in amide, chlorinated and ether solvents. Films were cast from solution as well as by melt processing and a cure cycle was determined. Infrared spectrum (IR) of the resulting film was obtained. Thermal polymerization was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal properties of the cured resin were followed by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), torsional braid analysis (TBA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) was used to study the effect of postcure on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin. Adhesive strength of the resin was obtained at ambient temperature.

Maudgal, S.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Synthesis and characterization of phosphorus-containing polyamides and copolyamides based on 1-(dialkoxyphosphinyl)methyl-2,4- and -2,6-diaminobenzenes

Mikroyannidis, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Vinylstyrylpyridine-modified bismaleimide composite resins

Vinylstilbazole (vinylstyrylpyridine) and vinylpolystyrylpyridine was prepared for the purpose of modifying bismaleimide composite resins. Cure studies of resin systems were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The vinylstyrylpyridine-modified bismaleimide composite resins were found to have lower cure and gel temperatures, and shorter cure times than the corresponding unmodified composite resins. The resin systems were reinforced with commercially available satin-weave carbon cloth fabricated by hot melt (or solvent) techniques. Thermal stability, flammability, moisture absorption, and mechanical properties of the composites (such as flexural strength, modulus, tensile and short beam shear strength) were determined. Composite laminates showed substantial improvements in both processability and mechanical properties compared to the bismaleimide control systems.

Hsu, M.-T. S.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Enhancement of intensity-dependent absorption in InP and GaAs at 1.9 microns by doping

It is pointed out that the study of intensity-dependent absorption (IDA) in general, and two-photon absorption (TPA), in particular, has suffered from experimental difficulties and inadequate theoretical models. Bass et al. (1979) could improve the experimental situation by making use of laser calorimetry to obtain directly the TPA coefficient of a medium with a high degree of sensitivity. In the present investigation, the employed technique has been used to study the effect of deep level dopants on IDA in InP and GaAs. It is found that the coefficient for IDA is strongly dependent on the presence of Fe in InP and Cr in GaAs. The conducted investigation had the objective to examine the effect of deep level impurities on IDA processes in InP and GaAs. Fe-doped InP and Cr-doped GaAs were compared with undoped crystals.

Li, N.-L.↗

NASA NTRS1985

X-ray diffraction studies of phase transformations in heavy-metal fluoride glasses

Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry studies of the crystallization properties of five ZrF4-based glass compositions have indicated that the crystalline phase in Zr-Ba-La-Pb fluoride glass is beta-BaZrF6; no such identification of crystal phases was obtainable, however, for the other glasses. Reversible polymorphic phase transformations occur in Zr-Ba-La-Li and Zr-Ba-La-Na fluoride glasses, upon heating to higher temperatures.

Bansal, N. P.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Measurement of High Temperature Thermophysical Properties

Technique development and the application of electromagnetic levitation to thermophysical property measurement, including determining heats of fusion, heat capacities, and enthalpy increment functions for extremely refractory materials are discussed. Tungsten properties and the development of an apparatus employing electromagnetic levitation and electron beam heating capable of melting levitating tungsten high temperature heat content measurements by drop calorimetry are emphasized. The development of a prototype microcomputer data acquisition system suitable for controlling the ground based system, with consequent improvement in system handling, which can serve as a model for the system needed for flight experiments is described, which include the development of techniques for imaging pyrometry at temperatures above 3500 K, a semiautomatic calorimeter system capable of handling liquid tungsten, and development of a two color imaging pyrometer system.

Bonnell, D. W.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Quality assurance procedures for V378A matrix resin

A characterization methodology has been developed on which to base quality assurance procedures for U.S. Polymeric V378A bismaleimide matrix resin. Chemical composition is established by partition reverse phase and size exclusion liquid chromatography. Cure rheology behavior is quantitatively characterized by dynamic viscoelastic analysis using the parallel plate technique. The overall cure process is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. The sensitivity of the procedures is evaluated by studying the effects of ambient out time on the chemical end behaviorial properties of the resin.

Hamermesh, C. L.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Processing Science and Technology

The heat capacity at constant pressure,Cp, of poly-p-xylylene (PPX) was measured from 220 to 625 degrees K using differential scanning calorimetry. The heat capacities at constant volume, Cv, of both PPX and its isomer polystyrene (PS were interpreted using literature data on full normal mode calculations for PS and estimates from low molecular weight analogues for PPX for the 39 group vibrations. Nine skeletal vibrations were used with theta sub 1 and theta sub 3 temperatures of 534.5 degrees K and 43.1 degrees K for PS. It was also possible to calculate a heat capacity contribution of a phenylene group within a polymer chain. Single 48-vibration theta sub 1 temperatures of 3230 degrees K for PS and 2960 degrees K for PPX are sufficient to describe Cv above 220 degrees K. Below 140 deg K, PS heat capacity shows deviations from the Tarasov treatment.

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