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NASA NTRS2000

EOSDIS Terra Data Sampler #1: Western US Wildfires 2000

This CD-ROM contains sample data in HDF-EOS format from the instruments on board the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra satellite: (1) Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER); (2) Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES); (3) Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR); and (4) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Data from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument were not available for distribution (as of October 17, 2000). The remotely sensed, coincident data for the Western US wildfires were acquired August 30, 2000. This CD-ROM provides information about the Terra mission, instruments, data, and viewing tools. It also provides the Collage tool for viewing data, and links to Web sites containing other digital data processing software. Full granules of the data on this CD-ROM and other EOS Data and Information System (EOSDIS) data products are available from the NASA Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs).

Perkins, Dorothy C.↗
NASA NTRS1999

EOS Terra Validation Program

The EOS Terra mission will be launched in July 1999. This mission has great relevance to the atmospheric radiation community and global change issues. Terra instruments include ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS and MOPITT. In addition to the fundamental radiance data sets, numerous global science data products will be generated, including various Earth radiation budget, cloud and aerosol parameters, as well as land surface, terrestrial ecology, ocean color, and atmospheric chemistry parameters. Significant investments have been made in on-board calibration to ensure the quality of the radiance observations. A key component of the Terra mission is the validation of the science data products. This is essential for a mission focused on global change issues and the underlying processes. The Terra algorithms have been subject to extensive pre-launch testing with field data whenever possible. Intensive efforts will be made to validate the Terra data products after launch. These include validation of instrument calibration (vicarious calibration) experiments, instrument and cross-platform comparisons, routine collection of high quality correlative data from ground-based networks, such as AERONET, and intensive sites, such as the SGP ARM site, as well as a variety field experiments, cruises, etc. Airborne simulator instruments have been developed for the field experiment and underflight activities including the MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS), AirMISR, MASTER (MODIS-ASTER), and MOPITT-A. All are integrated on the NASA ER-2, though low altitude platforms are more typically used for MASTER. MATR is an additional sensor used for MOPITT algorithm development and validation. The intensive validation activities planned for the first year of the Terra mission will be described with emphasis on derived geophysical parameters of most relevance to the atmospheric radiation community. Detailed information about the EOS Terra validation Program can be found on the EOS Validation program homepage i/e.: http://ospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/validation/valpage.html).

Starr, David↗
NASA NTRS2002

Determining the Location and Radiative Impact of Thin Cirrus Clouds using Terra data

Thin cirrus clouds (with optical depth tau much less than 1) play a potentially important role in the Earth atmosphere. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra satellite has a channel at 1.375 microns that is specifically designed to detect these clouds. During two three-day periods from December 2000 and June 2001, I show that thin cirrus clouds are ubiquitous throughout the tropics. These thin cirrus generally have optical depths below 0.05 and appear with greater frequency and optical depth near deep convection. Regressing top-of-atmosphere outgoing longwave flux data from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) against optical depth, we calculate that these thin clouds decrease outgoing longwave flux by approx. 1 W/sq m/(0.01 tau). This translates into longwave forcing of several W/sq m near convection and zero away from convection. Averaging over the whole tropics, these thin cirrus decrease average longwave forcing is approx. 1.4 W/sq m.

Dessler, A. E.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Detection and Retrieval of Multi-Layered Cloud Properties Using Satellite Data

Four techniques for detecting multilayered clouds and retrieving the cloud properties using satellite data are explored to help address the need for better quantification of cloud vertical structure. A new technique was developed using multispectral imager data with secondary imager products (infrared brightness temperature differences, BTD). The other methods examined here use atmospheric sounding data (CO2-slicing, CO2), BTD, or microwave data. The CO2 and BTD methods are limited to optically thin cirrus over low clouds, while the MWR methods are limited to ocean areas only. This paper explores the use of the BTD and CO2 methods as applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer EOS (AMSR-E) data taken from the Aqua satellite over ocean surfaces. Cloud properties derived from MODIS data for the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Project are used to classify cloud phase and optical properties. The preliminary results focus on a MODIS image taken off the Uruguayan coast. The combined MW visible infrared (MVI) method is assumed to be the reference for detecting multilayered ice-over-water clouds. The BTD and CO2 techniques accurately match the MVI classifications in only 51 and 41% of the cases, respectively. Much additional study is need to determine the uncertainties in the MVI method and to analyze many more overlapped cloud scenes.

Minnis, Patrick↗
NASA NTRS2006

Coloration Determination of Spectral Darkening Occurring on a Broadband Earth Observing Radiometer: Application to Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES)

It is estimated that in order to best detect real changes in the Earth s climate system, space based instrumentation measuring the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) must remain calibrated with a stability of 0.3% per decade. Such stability is beyond the specified accuracy of existing ERB programs such as the Clouds and the Earth s Radiant Energy System (CERES, using three broadband radiometric scanning channels: the shortwave 0.3 - 5microns, total 0.3. > 100microns, and window 8 - 12microns). It has been shown that when in low earth orbit, optical response to blue/UV radiance can be reduced significantly due to UV hardened contaminants deposited on the surface of the optics. Since typical onboard calibration lamps do not emit sufficient energy in the blue/UV region, this darkening is not directly measurable using standard internal calibration techniques. This paper describes a study using a model of contaminant deposition and darkening, in conjunction with in-flight vicarious calibration techniques, to derive the spectral shape of darkening to which a broadband instrument is subjected. Ultimately the model uses the reflectivity of Deep Convective Clouds as a stability metric. The results of the model when applied to the CERES instruments on board the EOS Terra satellite are shown. Given comprehensive validation of the model, these results will allow the CERES spectral responses to be updated accordingly prior to any forthcoming data release in an attempt to reach the optimum stability target that the climate community requires.

Matthews, Grant↗
NASA NTRS2016

Determination of Celestial Body Principal Axes via Gravity Field Estimation

The determination of physical parameters of celestial bodies provides critical navigational and scientific information. Determining the mass, rotation state, and density distribution is an important task of the navigation team on an operational mission. One representation of the internal density distribution, spherical harmonics, may be leveraged to compute the orientation of the principal axis frame of the celestial body, which in turn informs the dynamics of the body’s motion. Using data from NASA’s Dawn mission to the massive asteroids (1) Ceres and (4) Vesta, a method is proposed that refines the knowledge of the principal axis frame by utilizing estimated spherical harmonic coefficients. Applying an iterative rotation scheme to the solved-for body-fixed frame leads to convergence on a frame that is very close to the actual dynamical principal axis frame.

Takahashi, Yu↗
NASA NTRS1998

The CERES S'COOL Project: Development and Operational Phases

As part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, the first Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument will be launched on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) spacecraft from the Tanegashima launch site in Japan in November 1997. The instrument will measure the radiation budget incoming and outgoing radiant energy - of the Earth. The major feature of interest is clouds, which play a very strong role in regulating our climate. CERES will identify clear and cloudy regions and determine cloud physical and microphysical properties using imager data from a companion instrument. Validation efforts for the remote sensing algorithms will be intensive. As one component of the validation, the S'COOL (Students' Cloud Observations On-Line) project will involve school children around the globe in making ground truth measurements at the time of a CERES overpass. They will report cloud type, height, fraction, and opacity, as well as the local surface conditions. Their observations will be collected at the NASA Langley Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) and made available over the Internet for educational purposes as well as for use by the CERES Science Team in validation efforts. Pilot testing of the S'COOL project began in January 1997 with two local schools in Southeastern Virginia and one remote site in Montana. National testing in April 1997 involved 8 schools (grades 3 to high school) across the United States. Global testing will be carried out in October 1997. Details of the S'COOL project, which is mainly Internet-based, are being developed in each of these phases according to feedback received from participants. In 1998, when the CERES instrument is operational, a global observer network should be in place providing useful information to the scientists and learning opportunities to the students. Broad participation in the S'COOL project is planned, both to obtain data from a wide range of geographic areas, and to involve as many students as possible in learning about clouds and atmospheric science. This paper reports on the development phase of the S'COOL project, including the reaction of the teachers and students who have been involved. It describes the operational state of the S'COOL network, and identifies opportunities for additional participants.

Chambers, Lin H.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Hydrazine Conservation for the Dawn Spacecraft Operations at the Dwarf Planet Ceres

Dawn is a low-thrust interplanetary spacecraft currently orbiting the dwarf planet Ceres. After successfully completing its Vesta and Ceres prime missions, Dawn is now in its extended mission, continuously exploring Ceres. After losing the second reaction wheel assembly at the end of the Vesta mission, the feasibility of the Ceres mission was at risk due to the potentially significant increase in hydrazine consumption from using only the reaction control system thrusters. This paper summarizes the intense, collaborative efforts undertaken by the project to conserve hydrazine prior to Vesta departure, during cruise to Ceres, and throughout the Ceres mission. The project’s efforts in minimizing the number of turns are discussed. A special emphasis is given to describing various efforts taken by the Attitude Control Subsystem team in an attempt to reduce hydrazine consumption. These efforts include: changing default slew rates, control gain tuning, changing nadir pointing strategy with Ahead Cross Nadir pointing, hybrid control implementation using hydrazine based thrusters and two remaining reaction wheels, optimal science turn location analysis, and reaction wheel angular momentum management strategies for reducing the number of momentum unloadings. In addition to the Attitude Control Subsystem team’s efforts, the Mission Design and Navigation team’s efforts taken in designing hydrazine friendly orbit transfers are discussed. The trade study performed collaboratively by the Attitude Control Subsystem team and the Science Operations Support Team in choosing hydrazine friendly off-nadir targets is also discussed. Various simulation results are presented and compared against actual flight data obtained. Lastly, remaining hydrazine status at the end of the prime Ceres mission and the hydrazine management planning for the extended mission are discussed.

Salami, Mana↗
NASA NTRS1974

The temperature gradient in the solar nebula

The available compositional data on planets and satellites can be used to place stringent limits on the thermal environment in the solar nebula. The densities of the terrestrial planets, Ceres and Vesta, the Galilean satellites, and Titan; the atmospheric compositions of several of these bodies; and geochemical and geophysical data on the earth combine to define a strong dependence of formation temperature on heliocentric distance. It is impossible to reconcile the available compositional data with any model in which the formation temperatures of these bodies are determined by radiative equilibrium with the sun, regardless of the sun's luminosity. Rather, the data support Cameron's hypothesis of a dense, convective solar nebula, opaque to solar radiation, with an adiabatic temperature-pressure profile.

Lewis, J. S.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Creating A Consistent Historical NASA POWER Solar Radiation Dataset to Support Renewable Energy, Building Energy Efficiency and Agro-Climatology Decisions

Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER) project provides irradiance dataset to support renewable energy, building energy efficiency and agricultural needs. These datasets are derived from Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Surface Radiation Budget (GEWEX SRB) and Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES SYN1Deg). A systematic bias has been reported between these two datasets for the years with overlapping observations. For obtaining a consistent climate data record spanning the entire time record of observations, it is crucial to understand and remove the bias in the irradiance dataset. Inconsistency in solar radiation data can lead to inaccurate conclusions about solar energy potential and obscure real trends in solar radiation patterns that would impact energy availability assessments. In this study, we adapt quantile mapping approach to remove the systematic bias and to improve reliability of shortwave and longwave irradiance data. We present a validation of the bias corrected data against ground truth. For each 1° latitude and 1° longitude grid box across the globe, we match the CDFs of the reference dataset (CERES SYN1Deg) to that of the SRB dataset, thereby, adjusting the irradiance values to match the empirical distribution of two different measurements. The performance of quantile mapping is evaluated by using the metrics such as Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD). The results indicate that the quantile mapping significantly improves the accuracy and reliability of solar irradiance dataset especially for the weather conditions associated with high cloud cover and extreme irradiance values. The initial range of MAD for the studied sites for daily data was 4 to 19 Wm-2. After correction these reduced to 3 to 7 Wm-2. The findings from this study have important implications for solar energy system design, agricultural planning, and climate modeling community. Reducing the inconsistency and biases in solar irradiance dataset can enable better planning and operation of solar energy systems, leading to increased efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, this work also contributes to the statistical post-processing techniques in the renewable energy domain and highlights the potential of historical and near-real-time NASA POWER dataset as a valuable resource for solar energy research and applications.

POWER↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Quantitative Highlights of 20 years Aqua Data Archive and Data Usage

NASA’s Aqua satellite carries six Earth-observing instruments Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E), Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES), Humidity Sounder for Brazil (HSB) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Currently only four of six instruments are collecting data, two instruments that stopped transmitting data are AMSR-E that suffered a major anomaly in October 2011 and was powered off in March 2016 while as HSB failed in February 2003. NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project makes these data, along with derived products, available to worldwide data users. Since the launch of Aqua on May 4, 2002, more than 10,000 data products have been archived and distributed by NASA-funded Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) that are part of NASA’s Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). At the end of the 2021 Fiscal Year with over 100,000 orbits data, about 1,000 Aqua data products constituted almost 16.5 % of the entire EOSDIS data archive volume (8.6 PB out of approximately 55.2 PB), and 7.5 PB of Aqua data were distributed to over half-a-million public users worldwide. By categorizing the Aqua data products and their distribution, we can get a quantitative assessment of Aqua data usage. NASA’s ESDIS Project has collected archive, distribution, and user information from EOSDIS data users since February 2000. These metrics are available through the ESDIS Metrics System (EMS). EMS information is stored in a relational database from which quantitative metrics of Aqua data use can be retrieved and analyzed. The purposes of this study are to: 1) perform a comprehensive investigation of the 20-year trend in the archive and distribution of Aqua data products; 2) identify and characterize data product usage over the last 20 years; and 3) identify and characterize the global user community for these data. In addition to revealing how Aqua data use has evolved over time, the results of this study provide insights on identifying the various user communities for different kinds of Earth science data products. Also, because of the enormous quantity of data handled by EOSDIS DAACs, the study provides guidance of the requirements for future data systems that will be needed to effectively and efficiently handle the ever-increasing amounts of Earth science data produced by future (and ongoing) Earth science missions.

Lalit Wanchoo↗
NASA NTRS2001

Relationship Between the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Measurements and Surface Temperatures of Selected Ocean Regions

Clear sky longwave radiances and fluxes are compared with the sea surface temperatures for three oceanic regions: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific. The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) measurements were obtained by the three thermistor bolometers: total channel which measures the radiation arising from the earth-atmosphere system between 0.3 - greater than 100 micrometers; the window channel which measures the radiation from 8-12 micrometers; and the shortwave channel which measures the reflected energy from 0.3 - less than 5.0 micrometers. These instruments have demonstrated measurement precisions of approximately 0.3% on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) between ground and on-orbit sensor calibrations. In this work we have used eight months of clear sky earth-nadir-view radiance data starting from January 1998 through August 1998. We have found a very strong correlation of 0.97 between the CERES window channel's weekly averaged unfiltered spectral radiance values at satellite altitude (350 km) and the corresponding weekly averaged sea surface temperature (SST) data covering all the oceanic regions. Such correlation can be used in predicting the sea surface temperatures using the present CERES Terra's window channel radiances at satellite altitude very easily.

Pandey, Dhirendra, K.↗
NASA NTRS2018

TPSAS-NF1676L-32099-DND

This talk provides a short overview of the new POWER web site that provides data parameters to energy sector societal benefit areas from NASA research projects. The NASA research projects include the GEWEX Surface Radiation Budget project, the CERES Fast Shortwave and Longwave radiative flux project (FLASHFlux) and NASA Goddard's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) MERRA-2 atmospheric reanalysis. Data products are customized to the energy industry and make products available from the daily time scale to long-term climatological averages. The web services allow uses to choose multiple parameters and obtain the data in multiple file formats. This short talk is designed to be delivered at the NASA booth area at the 2018 Fall American Geophysical Union conference.

Paul W Stackhouse, Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Observations for CMIP5 Simulations

The objective of this is to provide the community of researchers that will access and evaluate the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) model results access to analogous, analogous sets in terms of periods, variables, temporal/spatial frequency, sets of observational data. A collaborative effort between JPL/NASA and PCMDI is underway to provide the community of researchers that will access and evaluate the CMIP5 model results access to analogous sets of observational data. A number of NASA satellite data sets have been identified that have model equivalents. Thus far: AIRS, MLS, TES, QuikSCAT, CloudSat, Topex/Poseidon, CERES, TRMM, AMSR-E have been identified.

data archive↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Studying the 2019 Australian Bushfires Disaster using NASA Data: A Data-Driven Storytelling Approach

The 2019-2020 Australian fire season was particularly devastating, with millions of acres of land burned and impacts affecting Australian ecology, local populations and air quality, and the atmosphere. Australia saw unprecedented heat waves, with temperatures reaching 120 F (49.1 C) in January across central and eastern Australia. The fires gave rise to a host of atmospheric phenomenon, including smoke transport and lofting generated by storm-induced by fires, known as pyrocumulonimbus, reaching the stratosphere. NASA’s satellites not only tracked the event in real time, but also gathered data to further inform forecasting and response methods in the future. To better assist the public in understanding the lead up, impacts, and aftermath effects of these fires, the Science Outreach Team at NASA Langley Research Center’s Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) used Esri’s storymap tool to guide users through understanding relevant phenomenon, contributing factors, the effects this event has had on global atmospheric composition, and the science behind researching the tie between disasters and public health. The storymap uses data from the ASDC-supported NASA missions Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT), Cloud-Aerosol and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO), Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES), the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE III), and Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR). By using data-driven storytelling to communicate impacts of a large fire event, we hope to provide an accessible, engaging science outreach tool format.

Sanjana Paul↗
NASA NTRS2013

Dawn Orbit Determination Team: Trajectory and Gravity Prediction Performance During Vesta Science Phases

The Dawn spacecraft was launched on September 27th, 2007. Its mission is to consecutively rendezvous with and observe the two largest bodies in the asteroid belt, Vesta and Ceres. It has already completed over a year's worth of direct observations of Vesta (spanning from early 2011 through late 2012) and is currently on a cruise trajectory to Ceres, where it will begin scientific observations in mid-2015. Achieving this data collection required careful planning and execution from all spacecraft teams. Dawn's Orbit Determination (OD) team was tasked with accurately predicting the trajectory of the Dawn spacecraft during the Vesta science phases, and also determining the parameters of Vesta to support future science orbit design. The future orbits included the upcoming science phase orbits as well as the transfer orbits between science phases. In all, five science phases were executed at Vesta, and this paper will describe some of the OD team contributions to the planning and execution of those phases.

gravity gradient torque↗
NASA NTRS2015

Long Term Cloud Property Datasets From MODIS and AVHRR Using the CERES Cloud Algorithm

Cloud properties play a critical role in climate change. Monitoring cloud properties over long time periods is needed to detect changes and to validate and constrain models. The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) project has developed several cloud datasets from Aqua and Terra MODIS data to better interpret broadband radiation measurements and improve understanding of the role of clouds in the radiation budget. The algorithms applied to MODIS data have been adapted to utilize various combinations of channels on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on the long-term time series of NOAA and MetOp satellites to provide a new cloud climate data record. These datasets can be useful for a variety of studies. This paper presents results of the MODIS and AVHRR analyses covering the period from 1980-2014. Validation and comparisons with other datasets are also given.

Minnis, Patrick↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

TPSAS-NF1676L-27246-DND

Work done after the last CERES meeting: evaluation of Ed4 SYN (with ship, buoy, and land sites data), start revising C3M, Production of Ed2.8 EBAF-surface (available through August 2016), development of the algorithm of Ed4 EBAF-surface, start evaluating GMAO products, MERRA2 and FP (Ham’s presentation), and the evaluation of the effect of multilayer cloud on surface radiation.

Seiji Kato↗