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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

Development of long life lightweight nickel-cadmium cells and batteries

The paper describes the development of a high-specific energy Ni-Cd cell for a lightweight battery. After preliminary cycling tests on laboratory and commercial cells, a cell was produced that features electrochemically impregnated positive and negative electrodes, a single terminal, and increased amount of electrolyte. This cell weighed an average of 948 g and had a measured specific energy of over 50 Wh/kg at a C/2 discharge to 1.0 V. The epoxy graphite case capable of withstanding internal pressures in excess of 300 psig represents a 35% weight reduction from a lightweight 0.30 mm Ni-Cd case. A pack of these cells was cycled at 70% maximum depth of discharge beyond 10 simulated geosynchronous orbit-eclipse seasons, and high end-of-charge voltages were obtained. A prototype battery consisting of 14 such cells was fabricated and has a measured specific energy of 46 Wh/kg.

Ritterman, P. F.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Large silver-cadmium technology program

The effects of varying cell design on operation factors on the electrochemical performance of sealed, silver-cadmium cells were determined. A factorial experiment was conducted for all test cells constructed with organic separators. Three operating factors were evaluated: temperature, depth of discharge, and charge rate. The six construction factors considered were separator, absorber, electrolyte quantity, cadmium electrode type, cadmium-to-silver ratio, and auxiliary electrode. Test cells of 4 ampere-hour capacity were fabricated and cycled. The best performing cells, on a 94 minute orbit, at 40% depth of discharge, were those containing silver-treated fibrous sausage casings as the separator, and Teflon-ated, pressed cadmium electrodes. Cycling data of cells with inorganic separators (Astroset) are given. Best performance was shown by cells with nonwoven nylon absorbers. Rigid inorganic separators provided the best barrier to silver migration.

Charlip, S.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Moderate temperature sodium cells. V - Discharge reactions and rechargeability of NiS and NiS2 positive electrodes in molten NaAlCl4

NiS2 and NiS have been characterized as high energy density rechargeable positive electrodes for moderate-temperature Na batteries of the configuration, Na(1)/beta double prime-Al2O3/NaAlCl4(1), NiSx. The batteries operate in the temperature range 170 - 190 C. Positive electrode reactions during discharge/charge cycles have been characterized. Excellent rechargeability of the batteries has been demonstrated by extended cell cycling. A Na/NiS2 cell, operating at 190 C, exceeded 600 deep discharge/charge cycles with practically no capacity deterioration. The feasibility of secondary Na/NiSx batteries with specific energies equal to or greater than 50 Wh/lb and cycle lifes exceeding 1000 deep discharge/charge cycles has been demonstrated.

Abraham, K. M.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Raman Spectral Observation of a "New Phase" Observed in Nickel Electrodes Cycled to Failure

A "new phase" is reported in nickel electrodes from Ni/H boilerplate cells which were cycled to failure in electrolyte of variable kOH concentration. Raman spectra clearly show the presence of this phase, and these spectra have been used to quantify the amounts present in these electrodes (in the volume sampled by the laser beam) Raman spectroscopy has been found to be capable of differentiating the various phases which can be present in nickel .This differentiation is possible because of the structural variation observed for these phases. Ten of twelve electrodes examined contain at least some of this new phase. The presence of this "new phase" correlates with cell failure, and it is proposed that the presence of this phase may play a role in early electrode failure.

Loyselle, P. L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Performance characteristics of ambient temperature secondary lithium cells

State of art ambient temperature secondary lithium cells were evaluated to determine their performance capability and limitations and to assess the present status of the technology of these cells. Li-MoS2, Li-NbSe3 and Li-TiS2 cells were evaluated for their charge/discharge characteristics, rate capability, and cycle life performance. The cells evaluated have a cycle life of 100-250 cycles at moderate discharge rates (C/5). The specific energy of these cells is between 50 and 100 Wh/Kg, depending upon the system. This paper describes the details of the cell designs, the test procedures, and the results of the evaluation studies.

Deligiannis, F.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Effect of LEO cycling on 125 Ah advanced design IPV nickel-hydrogen battery cells

An advanced 125 Ah individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel-hydrogen cell was designed. The primary function of the advanced cell, is to store and deliver energy for long term, low earth-orbit (LEO) spacecraft missions. The new features of this design are: (1) use of 26 percent rather than 31 percent potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte, (2) use of a patented catalyzed wall wick, (3) use of serrated edge separators to facilitate gaseous oxygen and hydrogen flow within the cell, while still maintaining physical contact with the wall wick for electrolyte management, and (4) use of a floating rather than a fixed stack (state-of-the-art) to accommodate nickel electrode expansion. Six 125 Ah flight cells based on this design were fabricated by Eagle-Picher. Three of the cells contain all of the advanced features (test cells) and three are the same as the test cells except they don't have catalyst on the wall wick (control cells). All six cells are in the process of being evaluated in a LEO cycle life test. The cells have accumulated about 4700 LEO cycles (60 percent DOD 10 C). There have been no cell failures, the catalyzed wall wick cells however, are performing better.

Smithrick, John J.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Effect of LEO cycling on 125 Ah advanced design IPV nickel-hydrogen battery cells

An advanced 125 Ah individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel-hydrogen cell was designed. The primary function of the advanced cell is to store and deliver energy for long-term, low earth-orbit (LEO) spacecraft missions. The new features of this design are: (1) use of 26 percent rather than 31 percent potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte, (2) use of a patented catalyzed wall wick, (3) use of serrated-edge separators to facilitate gaseous oxygen and hydrogen flow within the cell, while still maintaining physical contact with the wall wick for electrolyte management, and (4) use of a floating rather than a fixed stack (state-of-the-art) to accommodate nickel electrode expansion. Six 125-Ah flight cells based on this design were fabricated by Eagle-Picher. Three of the cells contain all of the advanced features (test cells) and three are the same as the test cells except they don't have catalyst on the wall wick (control cells). All six cells are in the process of being evaluated in a LEO cycle life test. The cells have accumulated about 4700 LEO cycles (60 percent DOD 10 C). There have been no cell failures; the catalyzed wall wick cells, however, are performing better.

Smithrick, John J.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Capacity decline of ambient temperature secondary lithium battery

The use of ambient temperature secondary lithium cells is limited primarily because of the poor cycle life performance. Much of the cell capacity is irreversibly lost upon cycling. Studies have been undertaken to understand the problem of capacity decline. Experimental Li-TiS2 cells were fabricated and tested for their cycle life performance. Cells were disassembled at different stages of cycle life, and cell active components were analyzed by various analytical techniques. The results of this study indicate that all the cell's active components/materials are undergoing degradation. Details of the experiments carried out and the results obtained are described.

Shen, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Performance of 12Ah aerospace nickel-cadmium cells of design variable groups

The design variable program of NASA is a systematic approach to evaluate the performance of 12Ah aerospace nickel-cadmium cells of 9 important cell designs. These cells were life cycled in a Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) regime for 3 to 4 years. Representative cells taken from the design variable groups after different cycling periods have been examined. The results show that: (1) positive swelling and carbonate content in the electrolyte increases as a function of the number of cycles, (2) electrolyte distribution follows the order NEG greater than POS greater than SEP, 3) control and no PQ groups outperformed the rest of the groups and (4) the polypropylene group shows very heavy cadmium migration and poor performance.

Vasanth, K. L.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Selecting NiCd flight cells for the NOAA/TIROS program

Data from Standard NiCd battery cell vendors is found to be useful for identifying defective cells. A method has been developed to screen cells for flight battery use and identify prime candidate cells for life-cycle testing. Specific points from the cell vendor's data, which are related to fundamentals of NiCd cell chemistry (primarily oxygen recombination) and electrical performance (voltage and capacity), when sampled at key points, are found to be related to long-term LEO life-cycle performance.

Toft, Mark R.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Development of a 10 Ah, Prismatic, Lithium-Ion Cell for NASA/GSFC

MSA's 10 Ah Li-ion cell is a rugged design suitable for the stringent requirements of aerospace applications. Eighteen cells demonstrate consistent cycling performance over a wide range of rates and temperatures. The cell passes qualification requirements for vibration survivability technology improvements at MSA continue to enhance cell performance.

Stein, Brian↗
NASA NTRS1991

Cycle life characteristics of Li-TiS2 cells

The development of lithium ambient temperature rechargeable cells is discussed. During the development process, we hope to gain a greater understanding of the materials and the properties of the Li-TiS2 cell and its components. The design will meet the requirements of 100 Wh/Kg and 1000 cycles, at 50 percent depth-of-discharge, by 1995.

Deligiannis, Frank↗
NASA NTRS1976

Cycle life test. Evaluation program for secondary spacecraft cells

Considerable research is being done to find more efficient and reliable means of starting electrical energy for orbiting satellites. Rechargeable cells offer one such means. A test program is described which has been established in order to further the evaluation of certain types of cells and to obtain performance and failure data as an aid to their continued improvement. The purpose of the program is to determine the cycling performance capabilities of packs of cells under different load and temperature conditions. The various kinds of cells tested were nickel-cadmium, silver-cadmium, and silver-zinc sealed cells. A summary of the results of the life cycling program is given in this report.

Harkness, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Results of deep DoD life cycle tests at high rates on 12Ah NiCd cells

A 12 Ah Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Low Earth Orbit (LEO) life cycle test that induced 47 percent more deep Depth Of Discharge cycles by mixing them with shallow DOD cycles is discussed. The test showed how aggressive recharging to a C/D ratio of 1.15 nearly doubled performance over cycling below a C/D of 1.11.

Panneton, Paul E.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Accelerated cycle life performance for ovonic nickel-metal hydride cells

Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) rechargeable batteries have emerged as the leading candidate for commercial replacement of nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries. An important incentive is that the Ni-MH cell provides approximately twice the capacity of a Ni-Cd cell for a given size. A six-cell battery was committed to an accelerated cycle life test to determine the effect of separation type on performance. Results of the test may also show the Ni-MH battery to be a replacement candidate for the aerospace Ni-Cd battery.

Otzinger, Burton M.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Capacity decline of ambient temperature secondary Li-TiS2 cells

The main objective of the study described was to identify the causes responsible for the capacity losses observed during cycling of secondary Li-TiS2 cells. Experimental Li-TiS2 cells were fabricated and tested for their cycle life performance. The open circuit voltage of the cells was monitored during the rest period between the charging and discharging. The polarization at the Li and TiS2 electrodes was also monitored during cycling. Cycled cells were disassembled and the cathodes were analyzed by various analytical techniques. The results of the study indicate that the observed capacity loss is almost entirely due to the increased polarization of the TiS2 electrode with cycling. The electrolyte was found to degrade during cycling and the degradation products were found to deposit at the TiS2 electrode, which probably lead to the higher polarization.

Subbarao, S.↗