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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2026

Towards an Improved Understanding of the Antarctic Coastal Zone and Its Contribution to Future Global Sea Level

Understanding the coastal zone of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), where it interacts with the Southern Ocean and warmer air masses, is crucial for predicting Antarctica's influence on the global climate and sea level. This region has multiple tipping mechanisms that could trigger large, rapid, and potentially irreversible changes in the AIS, the Southern Ocean and their global connections in the coming centuries. The AIS remains the largest source of uncertainty in future sea-level projections. Bed topography beneath the ice shelves and the coastal ice sheet is not yet well documented, and is a major source of this uncertainty. This review assesses current knowledge of the coastal zone and highlights methods to investigate it, including aerogeophysical surveys, ground- and ship-based measurements, satellite observations, and computer modeling. An ensemble analysis of published bed topography data sets identifies significant data gaps and their regional distribution, framed in the context of current ice-sheet behavior and potential instability. We propose scientific priorities and guidelines for future aerogeophysical surveys, advocating for a comprehensive, coordinated international effort to build a next-generation data set of Antarctic bed properties. Such an initiative would significantly advance understanding of the role of coastal processes in ice-sheet dynamics, reducing uncertainties in sea-level rise projections and improving predictions of future ocean and climate changes.

Kenichi Matsuoka↗
NASA NTRS2016

Climate Analytics as a Service

Exascale computing, big data, and cloud computing are driving the evolution of large-scale information systems toward a model of data-proximal analysis. In response, we are developing a concept of climate analytics as a service (CAaaS) that represents a convergence of data analytics and archive management. With this approach, high-performance compute-storage implemented as an analytic system is part of a dynamic archive comprising both static and computationally realized objects. It is a system whose capabilities are framed as behaviors over a static data collection, but where queries cause results to be created, not found and retrieved. Those results can be the product of a complex analysis, but, importantly, they also can be tailored responses to the simplest of requests. NASA's MERRA Analytic Service and associated Climate Data Services API provide a real-world example of climate analytics delivered as a service in this way. Our experiences reveal several advantages to this approach, not the least of which is orders-of-magnitude time reduction in the data assembly task common to many scientific workflows.

big data↗
NASA NTRS1967

Computer program generates averaged value data tapes

Computer program generates a magnetic output tape containing time and averaged data values of a specified number of major frames over a specified time interval. A decommutation system is used to acquire the raw data, which is then reformatted and averaged.

Watkins, F. L.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Anomaly Detection for the Roman Space Telescope Wide Field Instrument’s Science Data Processing Pipeline

The Roman Space Telescope (RST) Wide Field Instrument (WFI) will be utilizing a preliminary Science Data Processing (SDP) pipeline during its Integration and Test, and to some extent during Operations, to track basic statistics and identify known features such as cosmic rays, snowballs as well as possible anomalies in raw detector data. In our detectors, these anomalies appear as jumps in the ramp of a readout and are classified as cosmic rays if they appear as a streak or snowballs if they’re more circular. The WFI employs an array of 18 H4RG-10 detectors that collect image samples. Each set of raw frames within a non-destructive exposure is packaged by the SDP pipeline into image cubes for each detector. Each cube is a time series of 4096 × 4096 accumulating pixel frames. The preliminary analysis pipeline is used to locate anomalies in these time-series accumulation frames and identify the type of anomaly, either natural phenomena or detector characteristic. To compare different methods, we’ve implemented both heuristic-based and data-driven methods to identify anomalies. For the heuristic-based approach, we identify snowballs and cosmic rays by the size and shape of outlier pixel clusters between consecutive frames. For data driven methods, we evaluated a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model, and more traditional methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA). CNN is a supervised learning/classification method. Thus, we used a labeled dataset of anomalies to perform segmentation of the image and identify anomalies. We used previously identified cosmic rays and snowballs to measure the accuracy and efficiency of the mentioned approaches. In evaluating these methods, we aim to pick the best fit for the SDP pipeline’s anomaly detection in terms of both performance and runtime.

Paul Horton↗
NASA NTRS1994

Test Telemetry And Command System (TTACS)

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed a multimission Test Telemetry and Command System (TTACS) which provides a multimission telemetry and command data system in a spacecraft test environment. TTACS reuses, in the spacecraft test environment, components of the same data system used for flight operations; no new software is developed for the spacecraft test environment. Additionally, the TTACS is transportable to any spacecraft test site, including the launch site. The TTACS is currently operational in the Galileo spacecraft testbed; it is also being provided to support the Cassini and Mars Surveyor Program projects. Minimal personnel data system training is required in the transition from pre-launch spacecraft test to post-launch flight operations since test personnel are already familiar with the data system's operation. Additionally, data system components, e.g. data display, can be reused to support spacecraft software development; and the same data system components will again be reused during the spacecraft integration and system test phases. TTACS usage also results in early availability of spacecraft data to data system development and, as a result, early data system development feedback to spacecraft system developers. The TTACS consists of a multimission spacecraft support equipment interface and components of the multimission telemetry and command software adapted for a specific project. The TTACS interfaces to the spacecraft, e.g., Command Data System (CDS), support equipment. The TTACS telemetry interface to the CDS support equipment performs serial (RS-422)-to-ethernet conversion at rates between 1 bps and 1 mbps, telemetry data blocking and header generation, guaranteed data transmission to the telemetry data system, and graphical downlink routing summary and control. The TTACS command interface to the CDS support equipment is nominally a command file transferred in non-real-time via ethernet. The CDS support equipment is responsible for metering the commands to the CDS; additionally for Galileo, TTACS includes a real-time-interface to the CDS support equipment. The TTACS provides the basic functionality of the multimission telemetry and command data system used during flight operations. TTACS telemetry capabilities include frame synchronization, Reed-Solomon decoding, packet extraction and channelization, and data storage/query. Multimission data display capabilities are also available. TTACS command capabilities include command generation verification, and storage.

Fogel, Alvin J.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Equalization in redundant channels

A miscomparison between a channel's configuration data base and a voted system configuration data base in a redundant channel system having identically operating, frame synchronous channels triggers autoequalization of the channel's historical signal data bases in a hierarchical, chronological manner with that of a correctly operating channel. After equalization, symmetrization of the channel's configuration data base with that of the system permits upgrading of the previously degraded channel to full redundancy. An externally provided equalization command, e.g., manually actuated, can also trigger equalization.

Tulpule, Bhalchandra R.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Investigation of fast and efficient lossless compression algorithms for macromolecular crystallography experiments

Structural biology experiments benefit significantly from state-of-the-art synchrotron data collection. One can acquire macromolecular crystallography (MX) diffraction data on large-area photon-counting pixel-array detectors at framing rates exceeding 1000 frames per second, using 200 Gbps network connectivity, or higher when available. In extreme cases this represents a raw data throughput of about 25 GB s −1 , which is nearly impossible to deliver at reasonable cost without compression. Our field has used lossless compression for decades to make such data collection manageable. Many MX beamlines are now fitted with DECTRIS Eiger detectors, all of which are delivered with optimized compression algorithms by default, and they perform well with current framing rates and typical diffraction data. However, better lossless compression algorithms have been developed and are now available to the research community. Here one of the latest and most promising lossless compression algorithms is investigated on a variety of diffraction data like those routinely acquired at state-of-the-art MX beamlines.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1978

Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE). Detecting and monitoring agricultural vegetative water stress over large areas using LANDSAT digital data

The author has identified the following significant results. The Green Number Index technique which uses LANDSAT digital data from 5X6 nautical mile sampling frames was expanded to evaluate its usefulness in detecting and monitoring vegetative water stress over the Great Plains. At known growth stages for wheat, segments were classified as drought or non drought. Good agreement was found between the 18 day remotely sensed data and a weekly ground-based crop moisture index. Operational monitoring of the 1977 U.S.S.R. and Australian wheat crops indicated drought conditions. Drought isoline maps produced by the Green Number Index technique were in good agreement with conventional sources.

Thompson, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Remote sensing of benthic microalgal biomass with a tower-mounted multispectral scanner

A remote sensing instrument was mounted on a 50-ft tower overlooking North Inlet Estuary, South Carolina in order to conduct a remote sensing study of benthic microalgae. The instrument was programmed to take multispectral imagery data along a 90 deg horizontal frame in six spectral bands ranging from 400-1050 nm and had a ground resolution of about 3 cm. Imagery measurements were encoded in digital form on magnetic tape and were stored, decoded, and manipulated by computer. Correlation coefficients were calculated on imagery data and chlorophyll a concentrations derived from ground truth data. The most significant correlation occurred in the blue spectral band with numerical values ranging from -0.81 to -0.88 for three separate sampling periods. Mean values of chlorophyll a for a larger section of mudflat were estimated using regression equations. The scanner has provided encouraging results and promises to be a useful tool in sampling the biomass of intertidal benthic microalgae.

Jobson, D. J.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Radio-planetary from tie from Phobos-2 VLBI data

In an ongoing effort to improve the knowledge of the relative orientation (the 'frame tie') of the planetary ephemeris reference frame used in deep navigation and a second reference frame that is defined by the coordinates of a set of extragalactic radio sources, VLBI observations of the Soviet Phobos-2 spacecraft and nearby (in angle) radio sources were obtained at two epochs in 1989, shortly after the spacecraft entered orbit about Mars. The frame tie is an important systematic error source affecting both interplanetary navigation and the process of improving the theory of the Earth's orientation. The data from a single Phobos-2 VLBI session measure one component of the direction vector from Earth to Mars in the frame of the extragalactic radio sources (the 'radio frame'). The radio frame has been shown to be stable and internally consistent with an accuracy of 5 nrad. The planetary ephemeris reference frame has an internal consistency of approximately 15 nrad. The planetary and radio source reference frames were aligned prior to 1989 and measurements of occulations of the radio source 3C273 by the Moon. The Phobos-2 VLBI measurements provide improvement in the accuracy of two of the three angles describing a general rotation between the planetary and radio reference frames. A complete set of measurements is not available because data acquisition was terminated prematurely by loss of spacecraft. The analysis of the two Phobos-2 VLBI data sets indicates that, in the directions of the two rotation components determined by these data, the JPL planetary ephemeris DE200 is aligned with the radio frame as adopted by the International Earth Rotation Service within an accuracy of 20-40 nrad, depending on direction. The limiting errors in the solutions for these offsets are spacecraft trajectory (20 nrad), instrumental biases (19 nrad), and dependence of quasar coordinates on observing frequency (24 nrad).

Hildebrand, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Research Activities for the DORIS Contribution to the Next International Terrestrial Reference Frame

For the preparation of ITRF2008, the IDS processed data from 1993 to 2008, including data from TOPEX/Poseidon, the SPOT satellites and Envisat in the weekly solutions. Since the development of ITRF2008, the IDS has been engaged in a number of efforts to try and improve the reference frame solutions. These efforts include (i) assessing the contribution of the new DORIS satellites, Jason-2 and Cryosat2 (2008-2011), (ii) individually analyzing the DORIS satellite contributions to geocenter and scale, and (iii) improving orbit dynamics (atmospheric loading effects, satellite surface force modeling. . . ). We report on the preliminary results from these research activities, review the status of the IDS combination which is now routinely generated from the contributions of the IDS analysis centers, and discuss the prospects for continued improvement in the DORIS contribution to the next international reference frame.

Soudarin, L.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Dynamic (computer) modelling of the particulate environment: Transformations from the LDEF reference frame to decode geocentric and interplanetary populations

The Long Duration Exposure Facility's impact signature record and the size frequency distribution of craters and perforations offers a unique record of environmental data referenced conveniently to the geocentric reference frame. Chemical analysis of residues can offer only limited assistance. Hence, flux modelling has been developed to transform from both geocentric orbital distributions and geocentrically unbounded interplanetary source distributions. This is applied to the foil and crater penetration records in the Ram (E), Trailing (W), and Space Pointing directions to offer the means of decoding the records. It shows that the mix of the components is size dependent. Parametric forms of the modelling transformations are presented for the orbital and unbound populations.

Mcdonnell, J. A. M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Dynamic (computer) modelling of the particulate environment: Transformations from the LDEF reference frame to decode geocentric and interplanetary populations

The Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) impact signature record and the size frequency distribution of craters and perforations offers a unique record of environmental data referenced conveniently to the geocentric reference frame. Chemical analysis of residues can offer only limited assistance. Hence, flux modeling has been developed to transform both geocentric orbital distributions and geocentrically unbounded interplanetary source distributions. This is applied to the foil and crater penetration records in the Ram (E), Trailing (W), and Space Pointing directions to offer the means of decoding the records. It shows that the mix of the components is size dependent. Parametric forms of the modeling transformations are presented for the orbital and unbounded populations.

Mcdonnell, J. A. M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Automated digital motion-video abstraction - A fuzzy measure approach

This paper addresses a solution to the problem of scene estimation of motion video data in the fuzzy set theoretic framework. Using fuzzy image feature extractors, a new algorithm is developed to compute the change of information in each of two successive frames to classify scenes. This classification process of raw input visual data can be used to establish structure for correlation. The algorithm attempts to fulfill the need for non-linear, frame-accurate access to video data for applications such as video editing and visual document archival/retrieval systems in multimedia environments.

Leigh, Albert B.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Codiscovering graphical structure and functional relationships within data: A Gaussian Process framework for connecting the dots

Most problems within and beyond the scientific domain can be framed into one of the following three levels of complexity of function approximation. Type 1: Approximate an unknown function given input/output data. Type 2: Consider a collection of variables and functions, some of which are unknown, indexed by the nodes and hyperedges of a hypergraph (a generalized graph where edges can connect more than two vertices). Given partial observations of the variables of the hypergraph (satisfying the functional dependencies imposed by its structure), approximate all the unobserved variables and unknown functions. Type 3: Expanding on Type 2, if the hypergraph structure itself is unknown, use partial observations of the variables of the hypergraph to discover its structure and approximate its unknown functions. These hypergraphs offer a natural platform for organizing, communicating, and processing computational knowledge. While most scientific problems can be framed as the data-driven discovery of unknown functions in a computational hypergraph whose structure is known (Type 2), many require the data-driven discovery of the structure (connectivity) of the hypergraph itself (Type 3). We introduce an interpretable Gaussian Process (GP) framework for such (Type 3) problems that does not require randomization of the data, access to or control over its sampling, or sparsity of the unknown functions in a known or learned basis. Its polynomial complexity, which contrasts sharply with the super-exponential complexity of causal inference methods, is enabled by the nonlinear ANOVA capabilities of GPs used as a sensing mechanism.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2026

PRISMA: PARALLEL REFINEMENT AND INTEGRATION SYSTEM FOR MULTI-AZIMUTHAL ANALYSIS

The Parallel Refinement and Integration System for Multi-azimuthal Analysis (PRISMA, version 1.1.0) is a Python application for processing X-ray diffraction (XRD) image data. PRISMA wraps GSAS-II to perform azimuthally-binned peak refinement, computes per-frame strain and d-spacing from those fits, and provides three PyQt5 graphical interfaces: (1) a Recipe Builder for selecting GSAS-II control (.imctrl) files, optional mask (.immask) files or threshold-ased masking, reference and experiment image sets, peaks, zimuthal range and bin size, and an optional ceria-based auto-calibration; (2) a Batch Processor that uses Dask on local workstations and pure MPI (mpi4py.futures.MPICommExecutor) on HPC to distribute GSAS-II refinement across cores or compute nodes and write results to a 4-dimensional (peaks x frames x azimuths x measurements) Zarr dataset; and (3) a Data Analyzer that renders heatmaps of fit parameters, strain, frame-to-frame deltas, and percent-change-vs-reference, and exports user-defined subsections to CSV or Excel. The peak-refinement algorithm is deterministic. Benchmark on ALCF Crux: a 20,000-image set, single-peak fit in frame mode with 44 azimuthal bins on 128 nodes x 128 workers, 48 seconds total wall time.

Lorenzo Martin, Maria De La Cinta [Argonne Nationa↗
NASA NTRS2019

Comparing Level-2 and Level-3 Satellite Ocean Color Retrieval Validation Methodologies

Many ocean color data applications leverage global spatially composited Level-3(L3) satellite data, because of their regular Earth-grid frame of reference. However, ocean color satellite retrieval performance is routinely evaluated on Level-2 (L2) data at the native satellite swath resolution and geometries. This study assesses how accurately binned and gridded L3 data represent L2 satellite data products via satellite-to-in situ match-up activities.L2 and L3 satellite data retrievals of the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll-a are compared with a common in situ data set, revealing similar L2 and L3 satellite-to-in situ performance for both MODIS-Aqua and VIIRS-SNPP. This agreement implies that L2 validation results are generally applicable to L3 data. However, uncertainties are introduced during the generation of L3 data from L2 data. L3 data comparisons introduce a wider temporal window between the time of in situ measurement and the time of the satellite observation, which can unintentionally reflect on the quality of the satellite retrieval or algorithm performance. The choice of L3 map projection may introduce additional uncertainty by spatially distorting the true location of the satellite retrievals. Each manipulation of satellite data beyond theinstrument's native spatio temporal reference (L2) reduces the applicability of L2 validation results to higher data processing levels.

Ocean Color↗
NASA NTRS1993

Distributed Active Archive Center

The Goddard Space Flight Center Version 0 Distributed Active Archive Center (GSFC V0 DAAC) is being developed to enhance and improve scientific research and productivity by consolidating access to remote sensor earth science data in the pre-EOS time frame. In cooperation with scientists from the science labs at GSFC, other NASA facilities, universities, and other government agencies, the DAAC will support data acquisition, validation, archive and distribution. The DAAC is being developed in response to EOSDIS Project Functional Requirements as well as from requirements originating from individual science projects such as SeaWiFS, Meteor3/TOMS2, AVHRR Pathfinder, TOVS Pathfinder, and UARS. The GSFC V0 DAAC has begun operational support for the AVHRR Pathfinder (as of April, 1993), TOVS Pathfinder (as of July, 1993) and the UARS (September, 1993) Projects, and is preparing to provide operational support for SeaWiFS (August, 1994) data. The GSFC V0 DAAC has also incorporated the existing data, services, and functionality of the DAAC/Climate, DAAC/Land, and the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) Systems.

Bodden, Lee↗