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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

Morphology-controlled synthesis and novel microwave electromagnetic properties of hollow urchin-like chain Fe-doped MnO{sub 2} under 10 T high magnetic field

Fe-doped MnO{sub 2} with a hollow sea urchin-like ball chain shape was first synthesized under a high magnetic field of 10 T. The formation mechanism was investigated and discussed in detail. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EMPA, and vector network analysis. By doping MnO{sub 2} with Fe, the relative complex permittivity of MnO{sub 2} and its corresponding loss tangent clearly decreases, but its relative complex permeability and its corresponding loss tangent markedly increases. Moreover, the theoretically calculated values of reflection loss show that with increasing the Fe content, the as-prepared Fe-doped MnO{sub 2} exhibits good microwave absorption capability. -- Graphical Abstract: Fe-doped MnO{sub 2} with a hollow sea urchin-like ball chain shape was first synthesized in a high magnetic field of 10 T via a simple chemical process. Display Omitted Highlights: {yields} Fe-doped MnO{sub 2} with a hollow sea urchin-like ball chain shape was first synthesized. {yields} We investigated formation mechanism and electromagnetic properties of the Fe-doped MnO{sub 2}. {yields} By doping MnO{sub 2} with Fe, the electromagnetic properties are improved obviously.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hybrid SERS platform by adapting both chemical mechanism and electromagnetic mechanism enhancements: SERS of 4-ATP and CV by the mixture with GQDs on hybrid PdAg NPs

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a versatile analytical technique widely adapted for the identification of target analytes even at an extremely low concentration. Herein, a unique hybrid SERS platform is demonstrated by utilizing the graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and hybrid PdAg NPs for the detection of 4-amino-thiophenol (4-ATP) and crystal violet (CV). GQDs offer the rich charge transfer to the LUMO and HOMO of 4-ATP and CV by the CM enhancement. A significant EM enhancement is achieved by the strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of uniquely designed hybrid core-shell PdAg NP, possessing the narrow nano-gaps with the highly dense small Ag NPs and Pd core Ag shell configuration. As a result, orders of enhancement of originally weak 4-ATP and CV Raman signal is witnessed by the combination of electromagnetic mechanism (EM) and chemical mechanism (CM) enhancements on a single SERS substrate. The hybrid GQD/HNP SERS substrate demonstrates significantly improved hot spots and strongly localized electromagnetic fields as confirmed by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. There for a proper mixture ratio of GQDs and probe molecules presents largely enhanced SERS signals by a strong adsorption of probe molecules through π - π interaction and the enhancement factors vary by the mixture ratio depending on the adsorption kinetics and Raman cross-section of molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Systematic parameter study of a nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester with matched magnetic orientation: Numerical simulation and experimental investigation

Here, this paper reports the systematic parameter study of a tristable nonlinear electromagnetic energy harvester for ambient low-frequency vibration. Numerical simulations and experimental investigations are performed on the harvester which consists of a cantilever beam, a tip coil, two tip magnets and two external side magnets. The external side magnets are deployed symmetrically along a concave surface parallel to the trajectory of the cantilever tip with a controllable distance so that the magnetic orientation of the tip magnets are matched with that of the side magnets. Therefore, instead of the ternary position parameters (d, h, α), a binary parameters pair (d 0 , d) is used to characterize the position of the side magnets and the performance of the energy harvester. The magnetic force and magnetic field on the cantilever tip therefore depend on the relative distance in the tip displacement direction between the tip magnets and side magnets, but is independent of the position of the side magnets on the concave surface. The magnetic force (field)-distance relationship is measured experimentally and curve fitted to obtain explicit expressions, in order to characterize the magnetic force (field) when the side magnets are placed at varied positions along the concave surface. Numerical simulation is, then, performed to predict the electromagnetic voltage output and the bandwidth of the energy harvester. The simulation results coincided with the measured data. Significant broadband response is obtained experimentally and the maximum RMS power output is 40.2 mW at 0.45 g of excitation. Furthermore, the proposed structure showcasing the matched magnetic orientation is characterized by the binary parameters pair (d 0 , d) and the systematic parametric approach could contribute to the design and study of nonlinear broadband energy harvesters.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Localized Excitation of Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves From Anisotropic Protons Filtered by Magnetic Dips

The excitation of electrostatic and/or electromagnetic waves in the plasma universe is often associated with anisotropic velocity distributions of charged particles. In Earth's inner magnetosphere, this anisotropy can gradually develop as particles injected from the magnetotail drift around the Earth at different speeds depending on their energy and pitch angle. Here, we show that the perpendicular-moving and bouncing ions can be separated more abruptly near the injection front. These pitch-angle filters are localized magnetic dip structures formed by the diamagnetic behavior of the injected particles, which can trap perpendicular-moving ions and allow bouncing ions to overtake. The resulting ion anisotropy facilitates the rapid generation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, which in turn can largely reshape the Van Allen radiation belts. This scenario is examined by case and statistical observations, together with numerical simulations that reproduce most of the observational signatures, to support the causal relationship between magnetic dips, anisotropic ion distributions, and localized excitation of EMIC waves. Finally, our study highlights the important roles of magnetic dips in the inner magnetospheric dynamics, as pitch-angle filters of the injected ions and traveling hotspots of EMIC wave activities.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Cherenkov electromagnetic instability excited by an oscillating relativistic electron beam in ion channel

The Cherenkov electromagnetic instability excited by an oscillating relativistic electron beam in ion channel has been studied. It is shown that the complex boundary with beam-ion channel-plasma system and the perturbation of electrons induce several electromagnetic-electrostatic hybrid slow waves, which offer the possibility to excite the instability. Under such conditions, the electronic betatron motion plays a decisive role in exciting the instability. The necessary and sufficient conditions inducing the instability have been given, and related physical mechanisms have been discussed. Furthermore, the influence of the parameters, such as accelerating voltage, on the width of instability band and the growth rate of the instability has been given.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

Nucleon shape and electromagnetic form factors in the chiral constituent quark model

The electromagnetic form factors are the most fundamental quantities to describe the internal structure of the nucleon and the shape of a spatially extended particle is determined by its intrinsic quadrupole moment which can be related to the charge radii. We have calculated the electromagnetic form factors, nucleon charge radii and the intrinsic quadrupole moment of the nucleon in the framework of chiral constituent quark model. The results obtained are comparable to the latest experimental studies and also show improvement over some theoretical interpretations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Penetration and screening of perpendicularly launched electromagnetic waves through bounded supercritical plasma confined in multicusp magnetic field

The question of electromagnetic wave penetration and screening by a bounded supercritical ({omega}{sub p}>{omega} with {omega}{sub p} and {omega} being the electron-plasma and wave frequencies, respectively) plasma confined in a minimum B multicusp field, for waves launched in the k perpendicular B{sub o} mode, is addressed through experiments and numerical simulations. The scale length of radial plasma nonuniformity (|n{sub e}/({partial_derivative}n{sub e}/{partial_derivative}r)|) and magnetostatic field (B{sub o}) inhomogeneity (|B{sub o}/({partial_derivative}B{sub o}/{partial_derivative}r)|) are much smaller than the free space ({lambda}{sub o}) and guided wavelengths ({lambda}{sub g}). Contrary to predictions of plane wave dispersion theory and the Clemow-Mullaly-Allis (CMA) diagram, for a bounded plasma a finite propagation occurs through the central plasma regions where {alpha}{sub p}{sup 2}={omega}{sub p}{sup 2}/{omega}{sup 2}{>=}1 and {beta}{sub c}{sup 2}={omega}{sub ce}{sup 2}/{omega}{sup 2}<<1({approx}10{sup -4}), with {omega}{sub ce} being the electron cyclotron frequency. Wave screening, as predicted by the plane wave model, does not remain valid due to phase mixing and superposition of reflected waves from the conducting boundary, leading to the formation of electromagnetic standing wave modes. The waves are found to satisfy a modified upper hybrid resonance (UHR) relation in the minimum B field and are damped at the local electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) location.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Magnetic field effect on stimulated Raman scattering of electromagnetic waves from nanoparticle lattice

The influence of a static magnetic field on the Raman scattering of a millimeter pump wave propagating through periodic nanoparticles is studied. Formulas for the growth rate of the scattered electromagnetic wave and the electrostatic wave are derived and analyzed. It is found that the growth rate for the backscattering case is larger than that of forward scattering and the growth rate is increased by the static magnetic field. A resonance in the dispersion relation of the electromagnetic wave is found as a combination of the cyclotron and plasma frequency. However, no instability was found for this lower branch of the dispersion curve.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

The Study of Electromagnetic Field Response Using Very Low Frequency Methods in Geothermal Area, Sabang

Electromagnetic field measurements have been performed using the method of Very Low Frequency tilt angle pattern in Jaboi, Sabang. A site survey was conducted and carried out to identify the anomalies of location, depth and geometry of hydrothermal based on tilt angle measurement and ellipse. Objective of this study is to see the response of the magnetic and electric field in relation to location, depth and hydrothermal geometry. The devices of T-VLF-R IRIS was used in this study, while the (NWC) station was selected as main station and (JJF4) station was selected as comparison station. The electromagnetic field survey was recorded for a line spanned as long as 900 meters at the interval of 10 meter depth. The results of this study show the greatest anomaly occurred at line interval between 400-600 meters with a depth of 10-140 meters. Anomaly pattern of each depth shows that the propagation pattern of hydrothermal is in the form of vertical pipe flow.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

Comparison Of Electromagnetic, Electrostatic And Permanent Magnet Quadrupole Lens Probe-Forming Systems For High Energy Ions

The focusing system is an essential part of any ion microbeam system and focusing of MeV ion beams is generally accomplished using quadrupole lenses. There are two types of quadrupole lenses requiring the application of either voltage or current to provide the excitation, but there is also the possibility of utilizing lenses constructed from permanent magnets. All of these lens types have different advantages and disadvantages. Most microprobes employ electromagnetic quadrupoles for focusing, however electrostatic lenses have several advantages with respect to electromagnetic lenses, including significantly smaller size, no hysteresis effects, no heating, the utilization of highly stable voltage supplies, focusing which is independent of ion mass, and construction from industrial grade materials. The main advantage of the permanent magnetic lens is that it does not require the application of external power which can significantly reduce the overall lifetime cost. In this presentation, the short probe-forming systems comprised from all these types of quadrupole lenses are compared and the smallest beam spot size and appropriate optimal parameters of these probe-forming systems are determined.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Electromagnetic solitons in fully relativistic electron-positron plasmas with finite temperature

The existence of localized structure of electromagnetic waves in relativistic electron-positron plasmas is investigated based on the pseudo-potential theory, without making any assumptions on the magnitudes of the flow velocity and temperature of the medium. The conditions for the localization of electromagnetic wave in the form of dark (dip type) soliton are found. In the small amplitude approximation, it is found that the dip becomes deeper and narrower as the temperature is raised. In low temperature T << mc{sup 2}, localized solution exists only if the equilibrium longitudinal fluid velocity (parallel to the direction of propagation) in the wave frame is larger than the classical thermal velocity {radical}(T/m) of the plasma. For ultra-relativistically high temperature T >> mc{sup 2}, it is shown that dark soliton can exist if the equilibrium longitudinal velocity is larger than c/{radical}(3).

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Analytical model for electromagnetic cascades in rotating electric field

Electromagnetic cascades attract a lot of attention as an important quantum electrodynamics effect that will reveal itself in various electromagnetic field configurations at ultrahigh intensities. We study cascade dynamics in rotating electric field analytically and numerically. The kinetic equations for the electron-positron plasma and gamma-quanta are formulated. The scaling laws are derived and analyzed. For the cascades arising far above the threshold the dependence of the cascade parameters on the field frequency is derived. The spectra of high-energy cascade particles are calculated. The analytical results are verified by numerical simulations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2011

Shear driven electromagnetic drift-waves in a nonuniform dense magnetoplasma

Linear characteristic properties of high- and low-frequency (in comparison with the cyclotron frequency) electromagnetic drift-waves are studied in a nonuniform, dense magnetoplasma (composed of electrons and ions), in the presence of parallel (magnetic field-aligned) velocity shear, by using quantum magnetohydrodynamic model. By applying the drift-approximation (viz., |{partial_derivative} {sub t}|<<{omega}{sub ci}<<{omega}{sub ce}) to the quantum momentum equations, together with the continuity equations and the Poisson equation, we derive the governing equations for electromagnetic drift-waves with the shear flow. These linear equations are then Fourier transformed to obtain the dispersion relation in both high-frequency and low-frequency regimes. The dispersion relations are then discussed under various limiting cases.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Self-focusing of intense high frequency electromagnetic waves in a collisional magnetoactive plasma

The self-focusing of an intense electromagnetic beam in a collisional magnetoactive plasma has been investigated by the perturbation method. Considering the relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities and the first three terms of perturbation expansion for the electron density and velocity, the nonlinear wave equation is obtained. This wave equation is solved by applying the source dependent expansion method and the evolution of electromagnetic beam spot-size is discussed. It is shown that the laser spot-size decreases with increasing the collision frequency and external magnetic field strength.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Assessment and Mitigation of Diagnostic-Generated Electromagnetic Interference at the National Ignition Facility

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is an ever-present challenge at laser facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The major source of EMI at such facilities is laser-target interaction that can generate intense electromagnetic fields within, and outside of, the laser target chamber. In addition, the diagnostics themselves can be a source of EMI, even interfering with themselves. In this paper we describe EMI generated by ARIANE and DIXI, present measurements, and discuss effects of the diagnostic-generated EMI on ARIANE's CCD and on a PMT nearby DIXI. Finally we present some of the efforts we have made to mitigate the effects of diagnostic-generated EMI on NIF diagnostics.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2012

Low frequency electromagnetic oscillations in dense degenerate electron-positron pair plasma, with and without ions

Quantum plasma oscillations are studied in a strongly magnetized, ultra-dense plasma with degenerate electrons and positrons. The dispersive role of electron and positron quantum effects on low frequency (in comparison to electron cyclotron frequency) shear electromagnetic wave is investigated by employing hydrodynamic formulation. In the presence of ions, the density balance changes, and the electromagnetic wave (with frequency lower than the ion cyclotron frequency) is shown to couple with electrostatic ion mode under certain conditions. For such low frequency waves, it is also seen that the contribution of electron and positron degeneracy pressure is dominant as compared to their diffraction effects. The results are analyzed numerically for illustrative purpose pointing out their relevance to the dense laboratory (e.g., super-intense laser-dense matter interactions) and astrophysical plasmas.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Mathematical model of the seismic electromagnetic signals (SEMS) in non crystalline substances

The mathematical model of seismic electromagnetic waves in non crystalline substances is developed and the solutions are discussed to show the possibility of improving the electromagnetic waves especially the electric field. The shear stress of the medium in fourth order tensor gives the equation of motion. Analytic methods are selected for the solutions written in Hansen vector form. From the simulated SEMS, the frequency of seismic waves has significant effects to the SEMS propagating characteristics. EM waves transform into SEMS or energized seismic waves. Traveling distance increases once the frequency of the seismic waves increases from 100% to 1000%. SEMS with greater seismic frequency will give seismic alike waves but greater energy is embedded by EM waves and hence further distance the waves travel.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Influence of lateral target size on hot electron production and electromagnetic pulse emission from laser-irradiated metallic targets

The influences of lateral target size on hot electron production and electromagnetic pulse emission from laser interaction with metallic targets have been investigated. Particle-in-cell simulations at high laser intensities show that the yield of hot electrons tends to increase with lateral target size, because the larger surface area reduces the electrostatic field on the target, owing to its expansion along the target surface. At lower laser intensities and longer time scales, experimental data characterizing electromagnetic pulse emission as a function of lateral target size also show target-size effects. Charge separation and a larger target tending to have a lower target potential have both been observed. The increase in radiation strength and downshift in radiation frequency with increasing lateral target size can be interpreted using a simple model of the electrical capacity of the target.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗