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At least 397 records · Page 22

Sources of lunar magnetic anomalies and their bulk directions of magnetization - Additional evidence from Apollo orbital data

A relatively high-amplitude magnetic anomaly directly detected with the Apollo 15 subsatellite magnetometer and centered near the crater Gerasimovich on the southeastern lunar far side is found to correlate with the location of a conspicuous Reiner Gamma-type swirl marking visible on a Zond 8 photograph. Examinations of available direct and indirect orbital magnetics measurements demonstrate that most strong anomalies occur in areas where morphologically similar markings are concentrated. Even though photogeologic studies indicate an impact-related origin for the swirls, both the swirls and their associated strong anomalies tend to exist preferentially in or near areas that have been seismically modified. Modeling of improved vector magnetic anomaly maps is used to infer 28 independent bulk directions of magnetization for relatively strong and isolated lunar magnetic anomaly sources.

Hood, L. L.↗

Scalar Atomic Defect-Based Solid-State Self-calibrating Magnetometer (3SM) for Space Plasma Analysis

The Earth’s magnetosphere is a system of multiple, co-located particle populations interacting via plasma waves. Things to understand are driving processes, radiation belt and ring current issues, auroral physics, internal plasma processes, and magnetosphere-ionosphere mapping issues. These plasma-physics processes enable the Earth’s magnetosphere to evolve in response to temporal changes in the solar wind and they underlie the phenomena of space weather, which impacts spacecraft systems, astronauts, radio communications, and ground based electric-power grids. The objective of 3SM is to measure magnetic field strength and to calibrate the Vector Magnetometer (VM) device to maintain absolute accuracy during a mission. The 3SM features make the instrument preferably suited not only for the traditional role of scalar magnetometers as absolute references for the calibration of the on-board vector instruments, but also for extended operational capacities, such as higher frequency scalar measurements (of potential interest for magnetosphere studies for the low frequency part of the spectrum) or autonomous scalar / vector operations. Diamond has been the solid-state platform of choice for quantum device technologies for some time, however, it suffers from difficulties such as scalability, integration, and cost. While the diamond platform is very useful for quantum technologies, further development is needed to make it viable. The material platform of choice for NASA Glenn’s Quantum Sensing And Spin Physics (Q-SASP) is silicon carbide (SiC). This is due to the much higher industry development of the SiC material platform for high-power and high-temperature electronics. It leverages both the decades-long SiC development expertise and infrastructure at NASA Glenn and its growing capabilities in quantum metrology. To make SiC devices usable for quantum technologies such as quantum sources, a much deeper understanding of defects is needed. Q-SASP is developing quantum metrology capabilities to evaluate the energy structure, defect formation energy, band structure augmentation, generation/recombination rates, and limits of dipole-dipole coupling in non-metal implanted SiC devices. This can be achieved by analysis of zero-field splitting, low-field resonance, and singlet-triplet mixing through various forms of Electrically Detectable Magnetic Resonance (EDMR) and Near-Zero Field Magnetic Resonance (NZFMR) spectroscopy. This work will discuss recent system developments, device developments, computational modeling, and spectroscopy results and analysis of defects created by non-metal implantations in SiC devices. The defect formation energies of V Si ,V C , V C V Si , N C V Si , N Si , N C in 4H-SiC are previously reported values in other research [2]-[3]. The defect formation energies of PSi and PC were calculated in GPAW [fig 1A]. The basic underlying mechanism of the zero-field phenomenon is the mixing of singlet and triplet states [4]-[5]. In most spin-dependent transport, two electron spins are involved, and thus one must consider each of their interactions with the field. We investigated the electronic and magnetic properties of 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC. The defect formation energy helps us determine what types of defects we are observing in the SiC EDMR experiment. They have very low formation energy (it is negative). The phosphorus substitution in 4H-SiC is a very stable defect. The band diagrams provide us with vital information about how the electronic properties of SiC (such as band gap) change as we add non-metal defects. The zero-field splitting parameters allow us to study the inflection point in the NZFMR [fig 1B]. We clearly observed zero-field splitting. We also noted that the zero-field splitting remained constant with changing bias. We aspect it zero-field splitting to remain constant while the hyperfine and exchange interaction perturbations shift under the influence of an external magnetic field. This is the essence of quantum magnetometry and self-calibration.

space plasma↗

Space Flight Qualification Program for the AMS-2 Commercial Cryocoolers

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 (AMS-02) experiment is a state-of-the-art particle physics detector containing a large superfluid helium-cooled superconducting magnet. Highly sensitive detector plates inside the magnet measure a particle's speed, momentum, charge, and path. The AMS-02 experiment will study the properties and origin of cosmic particles and nuclei including antimatter and dark matter. AMS-02 will be installed on the International Space Station on Utilization Flight-4. The experiment will be run for at least three years. To extend the life of the stored cryogen and minimize temperature gradients around the magnet, four Stirling-cycle Sunpower M87N cryocoolers will be integrated with AMS-02. The cryocooler cold tip will be connected via a flexible strap to the outer vapor cooled shield of the dewar. Initial thermal analysis shows the lifetime of the experiment is increased by a factor of 2.8 with the use of the cryocooler. The AMS-02 project selected the Sunpower M87 cryocoolers and has asked NASA Goddard to qualify the cryocoolers for space flight use. This paper describes the interfaces with the cryocoolers and presents data collected during testing of the two engineering model cryocoolers. Tests include thermal performance characterization and launch vibration testing. Magnetic field compatibility testing will be presented in a separate paper at the conference.

Shirey, K. A.↗

High-spectral resolution solar microwave observations

The application of high-spectral resolution microwave observations to the study of solar activity is discussed with particular emphasis on the frequency dependence of microwave emission from solar active regions. A shell model of gyroresonance emission from active regions is described which suggest that high-spectral resolution, spatially-resolved observations can provide quantitative information about the magnetic field distribution at the base of the corona. Corresponding observations of a single sunspot with the Owens Valley frequency-agile interferometer at 56 frequencies between 1.2 and 14 Ghs are presented. The overall form of the observed size and brightness temperature spectra was consistent with expectations based on the shell model, although there were differences of potential physical significance. The merits and weaknesses of microwave spectroscopy as a technique for measuring magnetic fields in the solar corona are briefly discussed.

Hurford, G. J.↗

Stabilizing homogeneous CaMn6Sn6via oscillatory crystal growth: structural complexity in a kagome metal

CaMn6Sn6 is a member of the large family of Mn-based kagome metals derived by filling voids of the prototypical CoSn structure. We observed Ca-deficiency and structural complexity, with approximately 10% deficiency of calcium relative to the ideal 166 stoichiometry. These features are common in related Ca-based materials. We find that growth conditions stabilize different phases with varying Curie temperatures. Diffraction and magnetization measurements reveal that conventional growth profiles yield inhomogeneity both within and between crystals in a given batch, whereas an oscillatory temperature profile promotes homogeneous crystals that adopt a superstructure beyond the parent hexagonal structure type. We present the physical properties of crystals grown using the oscillatory approach. The crystals are highly conductive, with a c-axis residual resistivity ratio ρ(300 K)/ρ(2 K) exceeding 100 and a positive, linear magnetoresistance at base temperature. Magnetically, the crystals are quite similar to MgMn6Sn6, with easy-plane ferromagnetic behavior and a Curie temperature of TC ≈ 237 K. These results highlight the critical role of growth conditions in stabilizing homogeneous crystals of complex phases such as Ca0.9Mn6Sn6. The oscillatory growth approach provides an effective route for accessing the intrinsic properties of this complex material and may be broadly useful for the growth of related kagome systems.

May, Andrew [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000307778539)↗

Extracting Ocean-Generated Tidal Magnetic Signals from Swarm Data Through Satellite Gradiometry

Ocean-generated magnetic field models of the Principal Lunar, M2, and the Larger Lunar elliptic, N2, semidiurnal tidal constituents were estimated through a "Comprehensive Inversion" of the first 20.5 months of magnetic measurements from European Space Agency's (ESA) Swarm satellite constellation mission. While the constellation provides important north-south along-track gradiometry information, it is the unique low-spacecraft pair that allows for east-west cross-track gradiometry. This latter type is crucial in delivering an M2 estimate of similar quality with that derived from over 10 years of CHAMP satellite data but over a shorter interval, at higher altitude, and during more magnetically disturbed conditions. Recovered N2 contains nonoceanic signal but is highly correlated with theoretical models in regions of maximum oceanic amplitude. Thus, satellite magnetic gradiometry may eventually enable the monitoring of ocean electrodynamic properties at temporal resolutions of 1 to 2 years, which may have important implications for the inference of ocean temperature and salinity.

Magnetic↗

Native iron in the continental lower crust - Petrological and geophysical implications

Lower crustal granulite xenoliths recovered from a kimberlite pipe in western Africa contain native iron (Fe) as a decomposition product of garnet and ilmenite. Magnetic measurements show that less than 0.1 percent (by volume) of iron metal is present. Data from geothermometry and oxygen geobarometry indicate that the oxide and metal phases equilibrated between iron-wuestite and magnetite-wuestite buffers, which may represent the oxidation state of the continental lower crust, and the depleted lithospheric upper mantle. Ferromagnetic native iron could be stable to a depth of about 95 kilometers and should be considered in the interpretation of long-wavelength static magnetic anomalies.

Haggerty, S. E.↗

Frustration-mediated crossover from long-range to short-range magnetic ordering in Y 1 – x L u x BaC o 4 O 7

The R⁢BaC⁢o 4⁢ O 7 system is a prototype geometrically frustrated magnet in which kagome planes and triangular layers of Co-O tetrahedra interleave. For R=Y, an antiferromagnetic ground state is realized due to a frustration-breaking trigonal-orthorhombic phase transition. For R = Lu, however, a long-range ordered state has rarely, if ever, been reported despite a similar symmetry-breaking transition, albeit at a significantly lower temperature. To explore this dichotomy, we present a comprehensive magnetic and structural phase diagram for Y 1-x L⁢u x BaC⁢o 4 ⁢O 7 , established through complementary neutron diffraction and magnetization measurements. Our results outline the phase evolution of the nuclear structures in response to changes in composition and temperature. Further, the temperature of the trigonal (P⁢31⁢c) to orthorhombic (Pbn⁢2 1 ) transition, T s⁢1 , decreases monotonically with increasing Lu content from 310 K for x = 0.0 to 110 K for x = 1.0. In Lu-rich compositions (0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1.0), first-order structural transitions are observed with coexisting and competing orthorhombic Pbn⁢2 1 and metastable monoclinic Cc phases. For the magnetically ordered Y-rich compositions, T- and x-dependent refinements of the magnetic structure reveal an antiferromagnetic “ribbonlike” arrangement of Co spin pairs in both the triangular and the kagome layers. A gradual suppression of long-range magnetic order is observed with increasing the Lu content, accompanied by the development of short-range magnetic correlations present in all the samples.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

RF antenna helicity dependent particle heating in a helicon source

Experiments have demonstrated that ion phenomena, such as the lower hybrid resonance, play an important role in helicon source operation. Damping of the slow branch of the bounded whistler wave at the edge of a helicon source (i.e. the Trivelpiece-Gould mode) has been correlated with the creation of energetic electrons, heating of ions at the plasma edge, and anisotropic ion heating. Here we present ion velocity distribution function measurements, electron density and temperature measurements, and magnetic fluctuation measurements on both sides of an m = |1| helical antenna in a helicon source as a function of the driving frequency, magnetic field strength, and magnetic field orientation relative to the antenna helicity. Significant electron and ion heating (up to two times larger) occurs on the side of the antenna consistent with the launch of the m = +1 mode. The electron and ion heating occurs within one electron skin depth of the plasma edge, where slow wave damping is expected. The source parameters for enhanced particle heating are also consistent with lower hybrid resonance effects, which can only occur for Trivelpiece-Gould wave excitation.

wave modes↗

Dilute Paramagnetism and Non-Trivial Topology in Quasicrystal Approximant Fe4Al13

A very fundamental property of both weakly and strongly interacting materials is the nature of their magnetic response. In this work, we detail the growth of crystals of the quasicrystal approximant Fe4Al13 with an Al flux solvent method. We characterize our samples using electrical transport and heat capacity, yielding results consistent with a simple non-magnetic metal. However, magnetization measurements portray an extremely unusual response for a dilute paramagnet and do not exhibit the characteristic Curie behavior expected for a weakly interacting material at high temperature. Electronic structure calculations confirm metallic behavior but also indicate that each isolated band near the Fermi energy hosts non-trivial topologies, including strong, weak, and nodal components, with resultant topological surface states distinguishable from bulk states on the (001) surface. With half-filled flat bands apparent in the calculation, but an absence of long-range magnetic order, the unusual quasi-paramagnetic response suggests the dilute paramagnetic behavior in this quasicrystal approximant is surprising and may serve as a test of the fundamental assumptions that are taken for granted for the magnetic response of weakly interacting systems.

Avers, Keenan E. (ORCID:0000000223441939)↗

Exploring Nontrivial Topological Superconductivity in 2M-WS2 for Topological Quantum Computation

This project has two main research goals: (1) growing the high-quality two-dimensional (2D) 2M-pahse WS 2 (2M-WS 2 ) single crystals and identifying clear signatures of the unconventional superconductivity in the 2M-WS 2 ; and (2) establishing the layer-dependence of the Majorana zero mode in the 2M-WS 2 down to the monoatomic layer limit. These goals were planned to be achieved by growing high-quality and large-scale 2M-WS 2 single crystals and transferring their thin layers onto different substrates for the proposed measurements. The layer-dependent unconventional superconductivity in 2M-WS 2 were systematically studied by different techniques, including transport measurements (charge, thermal and spin), scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/S), angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), and theoretical calculations. The research team is comprised of researchers from University of Wyoming (UW) and three DOE National Laboratories (DOE NLs), including Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), with complete and complementary expertise: PI Tian: Handling 2D materials, nanofabrication, nanodevices, and quantum transport; Co-Is: Ackerman and Leonard: van der Waals material crystal growth and handling; Chien: Nanoimaging with STM/S; and Tang: Magnetic measurements and charge and thermal transport; National lab collaborators (NLs): Guisinger (ANL): STM/S and nanoimaging; Mo and Rotenberg (LBNL): ARPES and nano ARPES (nARPES); Lu (SNL): Quantum information science, quantum transport, and nanofabrication; and Baczewski (SNL): Theoretical modeling and calculations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Correlation of coercivity, microstructure, and surface defects in HDDR-processed Nd-Fe-B powders for bonded magnet applications

Hydrogenation-Disproportionation-Desorption-Recombination (HDDR) is an effective method for producing high coercivity, anisotropic powder from either fresh Nd-Fe-B alloy or recycled Nd-Fe-B magnets for use in bonded magnets. We investigated the impact of surface defects on the coercivity of HDDR-processed Nd-Fe-B using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), magnetic measurements, and micromagnetic simulations. We observed that coercivity decreases as particle size reduces, with SEM revealing surface defects and the detachment of Nd 2 Fe 14 B grains and Nd-rich phases from the particle surface. Micromagnetic simulations indicate that demagnetization initiates at the particle surface, where these defects are most concentrated, leading to reduced coercivity. The reduction in squareness of demagnetization curve, knee point field and coercivity for smaller HDDR particles is attributed to an increased specific surface area, which exhibits reduced nucleation field and weak domain wall pinning field during magnetization reversal. By addressing the role of surface defects in coercivity degradation, this study provides insights for improving both new powder production and recycling strategies, ultimately leading to enhanced performance of bonded magnets and contributing to more sustainable practices in the rare earth supply chain. One potential strategy to enhance the performance of HDDR Nd-Fe-B materials involves reducing the fraction of fine particles ($<$35 µm) and promoting the formation of grain boundary phases on particle surfaces.

Liu, Xubo B. [Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (Un↗

Anisotropic Ferromagnetism in CrAu 3 Sb 6

The crystal structure and properties of CrAu 3 Sb 6 are presented, determined by measurements on single crystal and polycrystalline samples and first-principles calculations. The trigonal structure (space group P$\overline{3}$1m) comprises a CdI 2 -like sublattice of AuSb 2 with Cr occupying octahedral holes in a fully ordered triangular array. It can be viewed as a variation of the interesting and well-known families of partially intercalated transition metal dichalcogenides, but with stronger interactions along the stacking direction evidenced by short Cr–Au distances. The compound is metallic and ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of 164 K. A strong anomalous contribution to the Hall effect is seen in the ferromagnetic state, and quantum oscillations are observed in magnetization at 2 K. Magnetization measurements show that the ordered moments of 1.5 μ B per Cr are oriented along the c-axis with relatively strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Electronic structure calculations confirm this uniaxial anisotropy and the important role of spin–orbit coupling in CrAu 3 Sb 6 and reveal strongly favored ferromagnetic ground state consistent with the measured Curie temperature. Through combined experiment and theory, this work provides a detailed picture of the basic properties and behaviors of this uniquely structured, Cr-based, anisotropic ferromagnet.

Crystal structure↗

Processing of strong flux trapping high T(subc) oxide superconductors: Center director's discretionary fund

Magnetic suspension effect was first observed in samples of YBa2Cu3O7/AgO(Y-123/AgO) composites. Magnetization measurements of these samples show a much larger hysteresis which corresponds to a large critical current density. In addition to the Y-123AgO composites, recently similar suspension effects in other RE-123/AgO, where RE stands for rare-Earth elements, were also observed. Some samples exhibit even stronger flux pinning than that of the Y-123/AgO sample. An interesting observation was that in order to form the composite which exhibits strong flux trapping effect the sintering temperature depends on the particular RE-123 compound used. The paper presents the detailed processing conditions for the formation of these RE-123/AgO composites, as well as the magnetization and critical field data.

Wu, M. K.↗

Observation of Unprecedented Fractional Magnetization Plateaus in a New Shastry-Sutherland Ising Compound

Geometrically frustrated magnetic systems, such as those based on the Shastry-Sutherland lattice (SSL), offer a rich playground for exploring unconventional magnetic states. The delicate balance between competing interactions in these systems leads to the emergence of novel phases. We present the characterization of Er 2 ⁢Be 2⁢ GeO 7 , an SSL compound with Er 3+ ions forming orthogonal dimers separated by nonmagnetic layers whose structure is invariant under the 𝑃⁢$\bar{4}21$⁢𝑚 space group. Neutron scattering reveals an antiferromagnetic dimer structure at zero field, typical of Ising spins on that lattice and consistent with the anisotropic magnetization observed. However, magnetization measurements exhibit fractional plateaus at 1/4 and 1/2 of saturation, in contrast to the expected 1/3 plateau of the SSL Ising model. By comparing the energy of candidate states with ground-state lower bounds we show that this behavior requires spatially anisotropic interactions, leading to an anisotropic Shastry-Sutherland Ising model symmetric under the 𝐶⁢𝑚⁢𝑚⁢2 space group. This anisotropy is consistent with the small orthorhombic distortion observed with single-crystal neutron diffraction. The other properties, including thermodynamics, which have been investigated theoretically using tensor networks, point to small residual interactions, potentially due to further couplings and quantum fluctuations. This study highlights Er 2 ⁢Be 2 ⁢GeO 7 as a promising platform for investigating exotic magnetic phenomena.

Yadav, Lalit [Duke University, Durham, NC (United ↗

Polar faculae - 1906-1990

The numbers of faculae at the sun's poles have been estimated from white-light images obtained at the Mount Wilson Observatory during 1970-1990 and have been combined with previous measurements extending back to 1906 when the observations began. The combined measurements now span four complete 22 year cycles and show the following: (1) the numbers of north and south polar faculae were about 50 percent larger around sunspot minimum in 1986 than in 1976, but were still smaller than some of the very large numbers that occurred near sunspot minima in earlier cycles; (2) in 1974, the number of south polar faculae exhibited a short-lived increase which coincided with the arrival of a surge of trailing-polarity flux at the pole, suggesting that similar poleward surges may have been responsible for previously unexplained bursts of faculae such as the one that occurred at the south pole in 1959; and (3) the numbers of polar faculae have been highly correlated with the Wilcox Solar Observatory polar field strengths since these magnetic measurements began in 1976.

Sheeley, N. R., Jr.↗

Depositional history of core section 74001 - Depth profiles of maturity, FeO, and metal

Samples from every 0.5-cm interval of soil in core section 74001 have been studied by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and magnetic techniques. The values of the FMR maturity index show that the 74001 samples are very immature (the index ranges from 0.14 to 0.29 units) and have not seen appreciable, if any, surface exposure since their deposition. In fact, the small amount of fine-grained metal in the 74001 samples is probably not acquired as a result of their exposure to the micrometeoroid flux at the lunar surface. Thus, the black-glass soil of 74001 was deposited very rapidly, probably in a single episode or several closely spaced episodes of lunar fire fountaining. The average concentration of FeO and its standard deviation for all the 74001 samples are 22.5 + or - 0.3 wt.%. Since the FeO concentration is so uniform, no large variations in the major-element chemistry of 74001 are expected, with the possible exception of the volatile elements. The concentration of coarse-grained metal, which is measured magnetically, and its standard deviation are 0.15 + or - 0.01 wt.%. The coarse-grained metal probably precipitated contemporaneously with the silicate and oxide phases in the black-glass droplets.

Morris, R. V.↗

Quadrupole wiggler for a collinear wakefield accelerator

A quadrupole wiggler consisting of a row of alternating-polarity permanent magnet-excited quadrupoles is used in a collinear wakefield accelerator under development at Argonne National Laboratory. Fine translational and angular adjustment mechanisms are implemented in all quadrupoles to obtain a better than 1−μ⁢m precision in the alignment of quadrupole wiggler assemblies. The quadrupole’s magnetic and mechanical designs are described. Two wiggler prototypes were fabricated, aligned, and characterized performing pulsed wire magnetic measurements. The sensitivity of the quadrupole wiggler alignment to the ambient temperature was measured.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗