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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1993

Tentative identification of formaldehyde in the Martian atmosphere

Solar occultation observations of the Martian atmosphere near the limb of the planet were performed during the Phobos mission by means of the Auguste infrared spectrometer in the ranges 2707-2740 and 5392-5272/cm with a resolving power of approximately = 1300. The spectra exhibit features at 2710 and 2730/cm which have not been identified previously. After applying a set of corrections to the data and examining the spectra of various molecules, we are led to conclude that the best candidate for the above-mentioned features is formaldehyde (CH2O). It was observed in eight of the nine successful occultation sequences, mainly between 8 and 20 km with an average mixing ratio of 0.5 (+0.8, - 0.3) ppm (there are no good data below 8 km). The observations are performed in equatorial spring conditions. The altitude distribution of formaldehyde reveals correlation with the permanent haze opacity.

Korablev, O. I.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Composition, Physical State, and Distribution of Ices at the Surface of Triton

This paper presents the analysis of near-infrared observations of the icy surface of Triton, recorded on 1995 September 7, with the cooled grating spectrometer CGS4 at the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (Mauna Kea, HI). This analysis was performed in two steps. The step consisted of identifying the molecules composing Triton's surface by comparing the observations with laboratory transmission spectra (direct spectral analysis ); this also gives information on the physical state of the components.

deBergh, Catherine↗
NASA NTRS2002

Quantifying Fractional Ground Cover on the Climate Sensitive High Plains Using AVIRIS and Landsat TM Data

The High Plains is an economically important and climatologically sensitive region of the United States and Canada. The High Plains contain 100,000 sq km of Holocene sand dunes and sand sheets that are currently stabilized by natural vegetation. Droughts and the larger threat of global warming are climate phenomena that could cause depletion of natural vegetation and make this region susceptible to sand dune reactivation. This thesis is part of a larger study that is assessing the effect of climate variability on the natural vegetation that covers the High Plains using Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 data. The question this thesis addresses is how can fractional vegetation cover be mapped with the Landsat instruments using linear spectral mixture analysis and to what accuracy. The method discussed in this thesis made use of a high spatial and spectral resolution sensor called AVIRIS (Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer) and field measurements to test vegetation mapping in three Landsat 7 sub-scenes. Near-simultaneous AVIRIS images near Ft. Morgan, Colorado and near Logan, New Mexico were acquired on July 10, 1999 and September 30, 1999, respectively. The AVIRIS flights preceded Landsat 7 overpasses by approximately one hour. These data provided the opportunity to test spectral mixture algorithms with AVIRIS and to use these data to constrain the multispectral mixed pixels of Landsat 7. The comparisons of mixture analysis between the two instruments showed that AVIRIS endmembers can be used to unmix Landsat 7 data with good estimates of soil cover, and reasonable estimates of non-photosynthetic vegetation and green vegetation. Landsat 7 derived image endmembers correlate with AVIRIS fractions, but the error is relatively large and does not give a precise estimate of cover.

Warner, Amanda Susan↗
NASA NTRS1992

VIMS/Cassini mission at Titan: Scientific objectives and observational scenarios

The scientific objectives and observational scenarios of the Cassini/Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) Mission at Titan are addressed. The VIMS represents a powerful and effective means to both investigate, in four dimensions (latitude, longitude, altitude, and time), Titan's atmospheric structure and to map the near infrared spectral character of Titan's surface. Its broad spectral coverage from 0.35 to 5.1 micrometers together with its significant spectral resolution allows it to determine minor constituent distributions and cloud optical/microphysical properties from the surface to several hundred km. A promising means of obtaining high vertical resolution stratospheric profiles of hydrocarbons, oxides, and hazes via stellar occultation observations is discussed.

Baines, Kevin H.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Space-Based Remote Imaging Spectroscopy of the Aliso Canyon CH4 Superemitter

The Aliso Canyon gas storage facility near Porter Ranch, California, produced a large accidental CH4 release from October 2015 to February 2016. The Hyperion imaging spectrometer on board the EO-1 satellite successfully detected this event, achieving the first orbital attribution of CH4 to a single anthropogenic superemitter. Hyperion measured shortwave infrared signatures of CH4 near 2.3 microns at 0.01 micron spectral resolution and 30 meter spatial resolution. It detected the plume on three overpasses, mapping its magnitude and morphology. These orbital observations were consistent with measurements by airborne instruments. We evaluate Hyperion instrument performance, draw implications for future orbital instruments, and extrapolate the potential for a global survey of CH4 superemitters.

Thompson, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Surface Temperatures on Titan During Northern Winter and Spring

Meridional brightness temperatures were measured on the surface of Titan during the 2004-2014 portion of the Cassini mission by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer. Temperatures mapped from pole to pole during five two year periods show a marked seasonal dependence. The surface temperature near the south pole over this time decreased by 2 K from 91.7 plus or minus 0.3 to 89.7 plus or minus 0.5 K while at the north pole the temperature increased by 1 K from 90.7 plus or minus 0.5 to 91.5 plus or minus 0.2 K. The latitude of maximum temperature moved from 19 S to 16 N, tracking the subsolar latitude. As the latitude changed, the maximum temperature remained constant at 93.65 plus or minus 0.15 K. In 2010 our temperatures repeated the north-south symmetry seen by Voyager one Titan year earlier in 1980. Early in the mission, temperatures at all latitudes had agreed with GCM predictions, but by 2014 temperatures in the north were lower than modeled by 1 K. The temperature rise in the north may be delayed by cooling of sea surfaces and moist ground brought on by seasonal methane precipitation and evaporation.

Cassini↗
NASA NTRS1992

Spectral mixture analysis of multispectral thermal infrared images

Remote spectral measurements of light reflected or emitted from terrestrial scenes is commonly integrated over areas sufficiently large that the surface comprises more than one component. Techniques have been developed to analyze multispectral or imaging spectrometer data in terms of a wide range of mixtures of a limited number of components. Spectral mixture analysis has been used primarily for visible and near-infrared images, but it may also be applied to thermal infrared data. Two approaches are reviewed: binary mixing and a more general treatment for isothermal mixtures of a greater number of components.

Gillespie, Alan R.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Compact near-IR and mid-IR cavity ring down spectroscopy device

This invention relates to a compact cavity ring down spectrometer for detection and measurement of trace species in a sample gas using a tunable solid-state continuous-wave mid-infrared PPLN OPO laser or a tunable low-power solid-state continuous wave near-infrared diode laser with an algorithm for reducing the periodic noise in the voltage decay signal which subjects the data to cluster analysis or by averaging of the interquartile range of the data.

Miller, J. Houston↗
NASA NTRS1981

Observations of the plasma torus of Jupiter with a Fabry-Perot/charge-coupled device /CCD/ imaging spectrometer

A description is presented of the use of a CCD imaging spectrometer which has been employed at a 2.1 m telescope to obtain monochromatic images in the red and near infrared. The system studied was Jupiter's plasma torus which circles the planet with radial extent about 5 RJ and 7 RJ (RJ is the radius of Jupiter). In ground based measurements the torus has been observed in the forbidden emission lines of S(plus) at 6716 A and 6731 A and S(plus plus) at 9531 A. Attention is given to aspects of instrumentation, observations, and performance. It is felt that the particular significance of the obtained results from the instrumental point of view is the demonstration that the CCD is an excellent detector for monochromatic imaging in the near infrared out to at least 10830 A and that pixel binning before readout can produce significantly improved S/N ratios for the study of faint, diffuse sources in cases where readout noise is dominant.

Roesler, F. L.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Atmospheric infrared emission of ClONO2 observed by a balloon-borne Fourier spectrometer

ClONO2 was observed in high-resolution infrared emission spectra obtained on Nov. 6, 1984, by a balloon-borne Fourier spectrometer. The observations took place near 0300 LT at a latitude of 35 N. Spectral simulations are used to determine the mixing ratios of ClONO2. This analysis incorporates line by line calculations and new ClONO2 cross sections measured in the laboratory at 223 K. The inferred mixing ratios of ClONO2 are 1.3 + or - 0.45 ppb and 0.98 + or - 0.35 ppb at 14 and 34 mbar. One-dimensional photochemical model predictions are compared to the observations. The ClONO2 mixing ratio at 34 mbar appears to be larger than theory, while there is agreement at 14 mbar.

Massie, S. T.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Exploration of crustal/mantle material for the earth and moon using reflectance spectroscopy

Near-infrared reflectance spectra have been acquired (1) for Moses Rock diatreme in SE Utah using an airborne imaging spectrometer (AIS) and (2) for small areas in and around the large lunar impact crater Copernicus using a spectrometer on earth-based telescopes. The high spectral resolution and precision of these data allow several mineral components of surface material to be identified and analyzed in a spatial context. The derived mineralogical information is used to address specific geological problems. For the terrestrial study the distribution of the measured abundance of mantle derived ultramafic microbreccia across Moses Rock dike indicates that flow stabilized into a few channels during the violent eruption. For the lunar study the variety of rock types identified in crustal material of deep-seated origin is distinct from the dominant rock types sampled from the upper lunar crust and suggests a complex crustal evolution.

Pieters, Carle M.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Early results from the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)

The Cosmic Background Explorer, launched 18 Nov. 1989, has nearly completed its first full mapping of the sky with all three of its instruments: A Far Infrared Absolute Spectrometer (FIRAS) covering 0.1 to 10 mm, a set of Differential Microwave Radiometers (DMR) operating at 3.3, 5.7, and 9.6 mm, and a diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) spanning 1 to 300 microns in ten bands. A preliminary map of the sky derived from DIRBE data is presented. Initial cosmological implications include: a limit on the comptonization parameter of 0.001, on the chemical potential parameter of 0.01, a strong limit on the existence of a hot smooth intergalactic medium, and a confirmation that the dipole anisotropy has the spectrum expected from a Doppler shift of a blackbody. There are no significant anisotropies in the microwave sky detected, other than from our own galaxy and a cos theta dipole anisotropy whose amplitude and direction agree with previous data. At shorter wavelengths, the sky spectrum and anisotropies are dominated by emission from local sources of emission within our Galaxy and Solar System. Preliminary comparison of IRAS (Infrared Astronomical Satellite) and DRIBE sky brightnesses toward the ecliptic poles shows the IRAS values to be significantly higher than found by DRIBE at 100 microns. The presence of gain and zero point errors in the IRAS total brightness data is suggested. The spacecraft, instrument designs, and data reduction methods are described.

Mather, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Titan Aerosol Analog Absorption Features Produced from Aromatics in the Far Infrared

We present results on the formation of Titan aerosol analogs produced via far-UV irradiation of five aromatic precursors: benzene, naphthalene, pyridine, quinoline and isoquinoline. This is the first reported evidence of far-IR emission features observed below 200 per cm in laboratory-created Titan aerosols. These laboratory studies were motivated by recent analyses of Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) spectra that show a broad aerosol emission feature in the far-IR spectral region centered near 140 per cm, which is unique to Titan's photochemically-produced aerosol. We find that all three of the aerosol analogs formed from nitrogen-containing aromatics have similar broad emission features near that of the observed CIRS far-IR aerosol spectral feature. In addition, the inclusion of 1.5% methane to that of trace amounts of benzene also gives rise to an aerosol with a weak far-IR emission feature located below 200 per cm.

atmosphere↗
NASA NTRS1992

The tropospheric emission spectrometer (TES) for the Earth Observing System (EOS)

In recent years, increasing concern has been expressed about Global Change - the natural and anthropogenic alteration of the Earth's environment involving global greenhouse warming and the associated climate change, urban and regional atmospheric pollution, acid deposition, regional increases in tropospheric zone, and the decrease in stratospheric ozone. A common theme among these problems is that they all involve those tropospheric trace gases which are fundamental to the biosphere-troposphere interaction, the chemistry of the free troposphere itself, and troposphere-stratosphere exchange. The chemical species involved all have spectral signatures within the near and mid infrared that can now be measured by advanced techniques of remote-sensing infrared spectroradiometry. Such a system is the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), now in Phase B definition for the Earth Observing System (EOS) polar platforms. TES addresses these objectives by obtaining radiometrically calibrated, linewidth-limited spectral resolution, infrared spectra of the lower atmosphere using both natural thermal emission and reflected sunlight (where appropriate) in three different, but fully programmable, modes: a gobal mode, a pointed mode, and a limb-viewing mode. The goals of TES, its instrumentation, operational modes, sensitivity and data handling are discussed.

Beer, R.↗
NASA NTRS1983

HgCdTe infrared focal plane arrays for imaging spectrometer applications

It is pointed out that the development of two-dimensional infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs) offers new alternatives in imaging and remote sensing. Attention is given to an imaging spectrometer which represents a new concept exploiting two-dimensional arrays. This instrument is to be used for the remote sensing of the earth on the basis of a utilization of reflected sunlight in both the visible (VIS) and short wavelength infrared (SWIR). The imaging spectrometer concept is to make it possible to obtain contiguous spectral coverage at high resolution without having to use increasingly complex scanners. The concept utilizes a prism spectrometer to disperse the image of the slit across the area arrays in the focal plane. The focal plane consists of silicon CCDs for the VIS and near infrared portions of the spectrum and HgCdTe hybrid arrays for the SWIR.

Rode, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Measurement of the abundance of several natural stratospheric trace constituents from high altitude aircraft

A summary report of the initial results obtained from near-infrared observations of the stratosphere from the Anglo-French SST Concorde is presented, together with the most recent results from previous flights aboard an Air Force NC-135. The measurements were made with a fast Fourier interferometer spectrometer operating in the 1.2- to 7.5-micron range of the infrared with a spectral resolution of 0.25 per cm. For the Concorde experiments, flight times and trajectories were selected which allowed the sun to be viewed near the horizon with the relative solar elevation angle held constant throughout the measurements. Results reported include the identification of features due to N2O, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, CH4, H2O and indications of their latitudinal variations.

Farmer, C. B.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Infrared spectrometer for Voyager

The Voyager IR investigation is described, which uses a Michelson interferometer in the 180-2500/cm range, and a single-channel radiometer for the visible and near-IR, sharing a 50-cm diameter telescope. Emphasis is placed on the differences between the Voyager and the previous designs, including reductions in the field of view and in the noise equivalent spectral radiance of the instrument. Attention is given to the optical layout, the electronics module, power supply placement, thermal control heaters and flash heaters, data reduction, and calibration. A sample spectrum of Jupiter is also discussed.

Hanel, R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Spectral Reflectance Studies of the Orientale Basin

Twelve near-infrared spectra were obtained at the Mauna Kea Observatory 2.2-m telescopy using the Planetary Geosciences Division indium antimonide spectrometer. These include spectra obtained for two fresh surfaces on the inner Rook ring, two fresh craters in the outer Rook Mts., and two inner Rook ring, two fresh craters in the outer Rook Mts., and two fresh 11-km. craters (Eichstadt G and H) which are located between the outer Rook ring and the Cordillera ring and exposed material from within the knobby facies of the Montes Rook Formation. In addition, spectra were collected for portions of the Maunder Formation. Special attention was paid to the spectra collected for six immature features within the Cordillers ring. Analyses of the 1-micron band positions and shapes as well as continuum slopes indicate that the spectra for craters in the knobby facies and in the outer Rook Mts., while differing in detail, exhibit many common spectral characteristics. These spectra represent relatively fresh highlands rocks dominated by abundant Fe-bearing plagioclase feldspar and Ca-poor orthopyroxene. Compositions ranging between noritic anorthosite and anorthositic norite are indicated.

Hawke, B. R.↗