Observations of whistler mode waves with nonlinear parallel electric fields near the dayside magnetic reconnection separatrix by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission
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Victoria Wilder↗
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Langmuir-Slow Extraordinary Mode Magnetic Signature Observations with Parker Solar Probe
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A. Larosa↗
First Observation of Edge Localized Modes Mitigation with Resonant and Nonresonant Magnetic Perturbations in ASDEX Upgrade
First experiments with nonaxisymmetric magnetic perturbations, toroidal mode number n=2, produced by newly installed in-vessel saddle coils in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak show significant reduction of plasma energy loss and peak divertor power load associated with type-I edge localized modes (ELMs) in high-confinement mode plasmas. ELM mitigation is observed above an edge density threshold and is obtained both with magnetic perturbations that are resonant and not resonant with the edge safety factor profile. Compared with unperturbed type-I ELMy reference plasmas, plasmas with mitigated ELMs show similar confinement, similar plasma density, and lower tungsten impurity concentration.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
A tunneling current measurement scheme to observe Majorana-zero-mode-induced crossed Andreev reflection
We propose a scheme to observe the Majorana-zero-mode-induced crossed Andreev reflection by measuring tunneling current directly. In this scheme a metallic ring structure is utilized to separate electron and hole signals. Since tunneling electrons and holes have different propagating wave vectors, the conditions for them to be constructively coherent in the ring differ. We find that when the magnetic flux threading the ring varies, it is possible to observe adjacent positive and negative tunneling current peaks of about equal amplitudes.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Experimental Observation of an Unstable Mode in Theoretically Ideal MHD Stable Plasmas Confined in the L-2M Stellarator
In net-free current plasmas that are confined in the L-2M stellarator, an electromagnetic mode having thresholds in the plasma density and pressure was observed. The characteristic frequency of the unstable mode was 70–90 kHz, and the direction of its rotation pointed toward the direction of ion diamagnetic drift. The instability was observed at n(0) > 1.5 × 10{sup 13} cm{sup -3} and 〈β〉 > 0.14%, where n(0) is the plasma density averaged over the central chord and 〈β〉 is volume-averaged ratio of the gas kinetic pressure to the magnetic pressure. This phenomenon cannot be described within the theory of resistive interchange modes. Possible reasons for the occurrence of the observed electromagnetic mode are discussed using analytical estimations.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing
Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing of metals employs high-power focused laser beams. Typically, the depth of the molten pool is controlled by conduction of heat in the underlying solid material. But, under certain conditions, the mechanism of melting can change from conduction to so-called “keyhole-mode” laser melting. In this mode, the depth of the molten pool is controlled by evaporation of the metal. Keyhole-mode laser melting results in melt pool depths that can be much deeper than observed in conduction mode. In addition, the collapse of the vapor cavity that is formed by the evaporation of the metal can result in a trail of voids in the wake of the laser beam. In this paper, the experimental observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in a laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing setting for 316L stainless steel is presented. Finally, the conditions required to transition from conduction controlled melting to keyhole-mode melting are identified.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Verification and validation of linear gyrokinetic simulation of Alfven eigenmodes in the DIII-D tokamak
A verification and validation study is carried out for a sequence of reversed shear Alfven instability time slices. The mode frequency increases in time as the minimum (q{sub min}) in the safety factor profile decreases. Profiles and equilibria are based upon reconstructions of DIII-D discharge (no. 142111) in which many such frequency up-sweeping modes were observed. Calculations of the frequency and mode structure evolution from two gyrokinetic codes, GTC and GYRO, and a gyro-Landau fluid code TAEFL are compared. The experimental mode structure of the instability was measured using time-resolved two-dimensional electron cyclotron emission imaging. The three models reproduce the frequency upsweep event within {+-}10% of each other, and the average of the code predictions is within {+-}8% of the measurements; growth rates are predicted that are consistent with the observed spectral line widths. The mode structures qualitatively agree with respect to radial location and width, dominant poloidal mode number, ballooning structure, and the up-down asymmetry, with some remaining differences in the details. Such similarities and differences between the predictions of the different models and the experimental results are a valuable part of the verification/validation process and help to guide future development of the modeling efforts.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Numerical investigation of edge plasma phenomena in an enhanced D-alpha discharge at Alcator C-Mod: Parallel heat flux and quasi-coherent edge oscillations
Reduced-model scrape-off layer turbulence (SOLT) simulations of an enhanced D-alpha (EDA) H-mode shot observed in the Alcator C-Mod tokamak were conducted to compare with observed variations in the scrape-off-layer (SOL) width of the parallel heat flux profile. In particular, the role of the competition between sheath- and conduction-limited parallel heat fluxes in determining that width was studied for the turbulent SOL plasma that emerged from the simulations. The SOL width decreases with increasing input power and with increasing separatrix temperature in both the experiment and the simulation, consistent with the strong temperature dependence of the parallel heat flux in balance with the perpendicular transport by turbulence and blobs. The particularly strong temperature dependence observed in the case analyzed is attributed to the fact that these simulations produce SOL plasmas which are in the conduction-limited regime for the parallel heat flux. A persistent quasi-coherent (QC) mode dominates the SOLT simulations and bears considerable resemblance to the QC mode observed in C-Mod EDA operation. The SOLT QC mode consists of nonlinearly saturated wave-fronts located just inside the separatrix that are convected poloidally by the mean flow, continuously transporting particles and energy and intermittently emitting blobs into the SOL.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
LYRA OBSERVATIONS OF TWO OSCILLATION MODES IN A SINGLE FLARE
We analyze light curves from the LYRA irradiance experiment on board PROBA2 during the flare of 2010 February 8. We see both long- and short-period oscillations during the flare. The long-period oscillation is interpreted in terms of standing slow sausage modes; the short-period oscillation is thought to be a standing fast sausage mode. The simultaneous presence of two oscillation modes in the same flaring structure allows for new coronal seismological applications. The periods are used to find seismological estimates of the plasma-{beta} and the density contrast of the flaring loop. Also the wave mode number is estimated from the observed periods.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Observation of a beam-driven low-frequency mode in Heliotron J
A low-frequency electromagnetic mode (LF-mode) has been observed in a stellarator/heliotron device, Heliotron J. The LF-mode is observed only in neutral beam heated plasmas with a co-current, which increases the rotational transform. The observed LF-mode peaks at rho = 0.86–0.91, where rho = r/a is the normalized minor radius. The LF-mode propagates in the ion diamagnetic drift direction, and the poloidal mode number is m ~ 6–8, determined with a combination of Mirnov coil arrays and 2D fast camera measurement. A high m number induces significant Doppler shift from the background ion flow. The frequency is corrected with both E × B rotation and the ion diamagnetic flow. The corrected frequency is almost consistent with the beta-induced Alfvén eigenmode gap evaluated with the STELLGAP code, although very close to the accumulation point. The mode could also be a global Alfvén eigenmode.
BAE↗
Wave modes of collective vortex gyration in dipolar-coupled-dot-array magnonic crystals
Lattice vibration modes are collective excitations in periodic arrays of atoms or molecules. These modes determine novel transport properties in solid crystals. Analogously, in periodical arrangements of magnetic vortex-state disks, collective vortex motions have been predicted. Here, we experimentally observe wave modes of collective vortex gyration in one-dimensional (1D) periodic arrays of magnetic disks using time-resolved scanning transmission x-ray microscopy. The observed modes are interpreted based on micromagnetic simulation and numerical calculation of coupled Thiele equations. Dispersion of the modes is found to be strongly affected by both vortex polarization and chirality ordering, as revealed by the explicit analytical form of 1D infinite arrays. A thorough understanding thereof is fundamental both for lattice vibrations and vortex dynamics, which we demonstrate for 1D magnonic crystals. Such magnetic disk arrays with vortex-state ordering, referred to as magnetic metastructure, offer potential implementation into information processing devices.
FERROMAGNETISM↗
Studies on intrinsic defects related to Zn vacancy in ZnO nanoparticles
Graphical abstract: Display Omitted Highlights: ► Williamson–Hall analysis of ZnO indicates strain in the lattice and size is of 20 nm. ► PL shows a broad emission peak in visible range due to native defects. ► Raman active modes corresponding to P6{sub 3}mc and a few additional modes are observed. ► FTIR detects few local vibrational modes of hydrogen attached to zinc vacancies. ► V{sub Zn}-H and Zn + O divacancies are confirmed by PAS. -- Abstract: ZnO being a well known optoelectronic semiconductor, investigations related to the defects are very promising. In this report, we have attempted to detect the defects in ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by the conventional coprecipitation route using various spectroscopic techniques. The broad emission peak observed in photoluminescence spectrum and the non zero slope in Williamson–Hall analysis indicate the defects induced strain in the ZnO lattice. A few additional modes observed in Raman spectrum could be due to the breakdown of the translation symmetry of the lattice caused by defects and/or impurities. The presence of impurities can be ruled out as XRD pattern shows pure wurtzite structure. The presence of the vibrational band related to the Zn vacancies (V{sub Zn}), unintentional hydrogen dopants and their complex defects confirm the defects in ZnO lattice. Positron life time components τ{sub 1} and τ{sub 2} additionally support V{sub Zn} attached to hydrogen and to a cluster of Zn and O di-vacancies respectively.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
White Dwarf Rotation as a Function of Mass and a Dichotomy of Mode Line Widths: Kepler Observations of 27 Pulsating DA White Dwarfs through K2 Campaign 8
We present photometry and spectroscopy for 27 pulsating hydrogen-atmosphere white dwarfs (DAVs; a.k.a. ZZ Ceti stars) observed by the Kepler space telescope up to K2 Campaign 8, an extensive compilation of observations with unprecedented duration (>75 days) and duty cycle (>90%). The space-based photometry reveals pulsation properties previously inaccessible to ground-based observations. We observe a sharp dichotomy in oscillation mode line widths at roughly 800 s, such that white dwarf pulsations with periods exceeding 800 s have substantially broader mode line widths, more reminiscent of a damped harmonic oscillator than a heat-driven pulsator. Extended Kepler coverage also permits extensive mode identification: we identify the spherical degree of 87 out of 201 unique radial orders, providing direct constraints of the rotation period for 20 of these 27 DAVs, more than doubling the number of white dwarfs with rotation periods determined via asteroseismology. We also obtain spectroscopy from 4 m-class telescopes for all DAVs with Kepler photometry. Using these homogeneously analyzed spectra, we estimate the overall mass of all 27 DAVs, which allows us to measure white dwarf rotation as a function of mass, constraining the endpoints of angular momentum in low- and intermediate-mass stars. We find that 0.51–0.73 M {sub ⊙} white dwarfs, which evolved from 1.7–3.0 M {sub ⊙} ZAMS progenitors, have a mean rotation period of 35 hr with a standard deviation of 28 hr, with notable exceptions for higher-mass white dwarfs. Finally, we announce an online repository for our Kepler data and follow-up spectroscopy, which we collect at http://k2wd.org.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Pedestal characterization and stability of small-ELM regimes in NSTX
An instability near the plasma edge known as the edge harmonic oscillation (EHO) is thought to enable access to the ELM-free quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) in tokamaks, which is a highly desirable operational regime for ITER because of the avoidance of periodic ELM heat loads. The EHO has been hypothesized to be a saturated kink driven unstable by toroidal rotational shear that provides sufficient transport near the plasma edge to keep the edge plasma below the peeling-ballooning stability limit. NSTX has observed unstable modes with similar characteristics to the EHO coincident with transition to a small-ELM regime (called Type-V). These small ELMs do not have a measurable effect on the plasma stored energy (< 1%). Transition to this regime is associated with a downward biased plasma as evidenced by drsep < -5 mm. Soft x-ray emission indicates that these modes are localized just inside the pedestal and are correlated with increased density fluctuations in the pedestal as measured by microwave reflectometry. The lowest order mode rotates at the plasma rotation frequency, indicating n=1, and harmonics up to n=6 have been observed simultaneously with the n=1, as determined by the rotation frequency of the higher harmonics. Increased edge collisionality is required to access Type-V ELMs. Stability analysis during the observed modes indicates instability to n=1-3 with n=3 having the highest growth rate and unstable mode eigenfunctions peaked near the plasma edge. Discharges with Type-V and Type-I ELMs are both calculated to be on the peeling unstable side of the peeling ballooning stability curve, with the Type-V case at higher normalized pressure gradient.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Comment on 'Mapping of localized spin-wave excitations by near-field Brillouin light scattering' [Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 152502 (2010)].
The authors reported in their letter some outstanding experimental results of spin excitations in nano-particles investigated by near-field Brillouin scattering. They conclude from their observations that existing theories -- in particular micromagnetic simulations -- do not correctly describe the behavior of the spin modes. Since excellent agreement has been reported between spin-wave mode frequencies obtained from Brillouin scattering experiments and those obtained from micromagnetic-based simulations, it is somewhat surprising that the simulations should fail for the particles investigated in Ref. 1. In the literature, there is also evidence of various kinds and degrees of mode localization when exchange competes with dipolar interactions. When dipolar long-range interactions are taken into account, the eigenmodes can be seen as the superposition of plane waves, leading to different localizations and in particular to the appearence of bulk-dead modes. We have simulated the normal modes of the particles used in Ref. 1, with the dynamical matrix method; the results are shown in Fig. 1 for different values of the applied field. In addition to the lowest frequency non-localized mode (1-BA), several localized modes are present. Large particles exhibit modes with oscillations along the field direction;8 for such modes, we use the label n-BA-loc, with n the number of nodes. While the profile of the pure end-mode, i.e., 0-BA-loc, has its maximum at the edge with the amplitude monotonously decreasing toward the interior of the ellipse, as correctly described by the authors, the localized modes with n > 0, not considered by them, do not have this characteristic: see inset of Fig. 1. Based on Fig. 1, we believe that the assumption that the mode they observe is 'the' localized spin mode is not correct. Instead, we believe that the mode detected in the experiment at H > 700 Oe is a combinations (due to non-linear excitation conditions of the experiment) of several n-BA-loc modes, with n?>?0. In this picture, the sharp peaks of the n-BA-loc modes are smoothed in the experimental measurements, thanks to the superposition of modes with different nodal lines. Finally, at 350 Oe, the measured profile and frequency suggest that the mode seen in the experiment may be well due to the 1-BA mode. The observed change in mode profile at 350 Oe is substantiated by the frequency behavior shown in Fig. 3(b) of Ref. 1, where it can be observed that the frequency of the low-field point does not lie on the same curve as the high-field points. In summary, before concluding that micromagnetic-based simulations of spin wave modes in nano-particles are unreliable, we believe that it is necessary to await either the simulation of large particles using small cell sizes or for more exhaustive experiments reaching lower frequencies on particles of varying size. The comparison of calculations with experiment would greatly benefit if the authors were to provide the field dependence of all the modes detected in their experiment (in order to achieve a proper assignment).
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Surface vibrational modes of the topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3 observed by Raman spectroscopy
Not Available
Kung, H. -H.↗
Van Allen Probes observations of structured whistler mode activity and coincident electron Landau acceleration inside a remnant plasmaspheric plume
We present observations from the Van Allen Probes spacecraft that identify a region of intense whistler mode activity within a large density enhancement outside of the plasmasphere. We speculate that this density enhancement is part of a remnant plasmaspheric plume, with the observed wave being driven by a weakly anisotropic electron injection that drifted into the plume and became nonlinearly unstable to whistler emission. Particle measurements indicate that a significant fraction of thermal (<100 eV) electrons within the plume were subject to Landau acceleration by these waves, an effect that is naturally explained by whistler emission within a gradient and high-density ducting inside a density enhancement.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Inflationary magnetogenesis without the strong coupling problem II: constraints from CMB anisotropies and B-modes
Recent observational claims of magnetic fields stronger than 10{sup −16} G in the extragalactic medium motivate a new look for their origin in the inflationary magnetogenesis models. In this work we shall review the constraints on the simplest gauge invariant model f{sup 2}(φ)F{sub μν}F{sup μν} of inflationary magnetogenesis, and show that in the optimal region of parameter space the anisotropic constraints coming from the induced bispectrum, due to the generated electromagnetic fields, yield the strongest constraints. In this model, only a very fine tuned scenario at an energy scale of inflation as low as 10{sup −2} GeV can explain the observations of void magnetic fields. These findings are consistent with the recently derived upper bound on the inflationary energy scale. However, if the detection of primordial tensor modes by BICEP2 is confirmed, the possibility of low scale inflation is excluded. Assuming the validity of the BICEP2 claim of a tensor-to-scalar ratio r = 0.2{sup +0.07}{sub −0.05}, we provide the updated constraints on this model of inflationary magnetogenesis. On the Mpc scale, we find that the maximal allowed magnetic field strength from inflation is less than 10{sup −30} G.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗