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At least 397 records · Page 22

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DOE OSTI2024

Design-Point Techno-Economics of Brayton Cycle PTES for Combined Heat and Power

Pumped thermal energy storage (PTES) systems are grid batteries that use heat pumps to create both hot and cold thermal energy stores when there is excess electricity and then use a power cycle to convert the thermal energy into electricity when there is demand for electricity. In normal operation, Joule-Brayton PTES discharges low-grade heat at temperatures useful for thermal energy consumers like district and industrial heating. Furthermore, PTES designs, like conventional combined heat and power (CHP) technology, can be modified to sacrifice some round-trip efficiency RTE to increase the temperature of heat rejection. This paper uses design-point performance and cost models that provide a detailed understanding of the efficiency and cost trade-offs of rejecting heat at various temperatures in ideal-gas Brayton PTES configurations. First, we keep the heat rejection in its nominal location in the PTES system: in the discharge cycle after the low-pressure exit of the recuperator before the cold-storage heat exchanger. Next, we move the heat rejection to the discharge turbine exit. We define design-point metrics that isolate both the cost and performance penalty associated with the hotter heat rejection and attribute it exclusively to the heat economic metrics. Finally, we estimate the performance of electric heater technology to generate heat at equivalent temperatures. We find that the levelized cost of heat, including the cost of thermal energy storage (TES) buffering the PTES and heat off-taker, compares favorable versus electric technologies and is less than the cost of natural gas for low temperature scenarios and competitive with the cost of natural gas in some regions of the contiguous United States in high temperature scenarios.

CHP↗

DOE OSTI2025

A small number of point mutations confer formate tolerance in Shewanella oneidensis

ABSTRACT Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a sustainable approach to chemical production from CO 2 and clean electricity. However, limitations in electron transfer efficiency and gaps in understanding of electron transfer pathways in MES systems prevent full realization of this technology. Shewanella oneidensis could serve as an MES biocatalyst because it has a well-studied, efficient transmembrane electron transfer pathway. A key first step in MES in this organism could be CO 2 reduction to formate. However, we report that wild-type S. oneidensis does not tolerate high levels of formate. In this work, we created and characterized formate-tolerant strains of S. oneidensis for further engineering and future use in MES systems through adaptive laboratory evolution. Two different point mutations in a gene encoding a predicted sodium-dependent bicarbonate transporter and a DUF2721-containing protein separately confer formate tolerance to S. oneidensis . The mutations were further evaluated to understand their role in improving formate tolerance. We also show that the wild-type and mutant versions of the putative sodium-dependent bicarbonate transporter improve formate tolerance of Zymomonas mobilis , indicating the potential of transferring this formate tolerance phenotype to other organisms. IMPORTANCE Shewanella oneidensis is a bacterium with a well-studied, efficient extracellular electron transfer pathway. This capability could make this organism a suitable host for microbial electrosynthesis using CO 2 or formate as feedstocks. However, we report here that formate is toxic to S. oneidensis , limiting the potential for its use in these systems. In this work, we evolve several strains of S. oneidensis that have improved formate tolerance, and we investigate some mutations that confer this phenotype. The phenotype is confirmed to be attributed to several single point mutations by transferring the wild-type and mutant versions of each gene to the wild-type strain. Finally, the formate tolerance mechanism of one variant is studied using structural modeling and expression in another host. This study, therefore, presents a simple method for conferring formate tolerance to bacterial hosts.

Cross, Megan C. Gruenberg (ORCID:0000000291589900)↗

DOE OSTI2024

S-OPT: A Points Selection Algorithm for Hyper-Reduction in Reduced Order Models

While projection-based reduced order models can reduce the dimension of full order solutions, the resulting reduced models may still contain terms that scale with the full order dimension. Hyper-reduction techniques are sampling-based methods that further reduce this computational complexity by approximating such terms with a much smaller dimension. The goal of this work is to introduce the points selection algorithm developed by Shin and Xiu as a hyper-reduction method. The selection algorithm was originally proposed as a stochastic collocation method for uncertainty quantification. Since the algorithm aims at maximizing a quantity $\mathcal{S}$ that measures both the column orthogonality and the determinant, we refer to the algorithm as S-OPT. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the performance of S-OPT and to compare its performance with a gappy proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) algorithm. Here, we found that using the S-OPT algorithm is shown to predict the full order solutions with higher accuracy than gappy POD especially when the number of sampling points is small, although we note that S-OPT shows slow asymptotic convergence with respect to the number of samples for some applications, e.g., Lagrangian hydrodynamics.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2026

Enhancing ZFP: A Statistical Approach to Understanding and Reducing Error Bias in a Lossy Floating-Point Compression Algorithm

The amount of data generated and gathered in scientific simulations and data collection applications is continuously growing, putting mounting pressure on storage and bandwidth concerns. A means of reducing such issues is data compression; but, lossless data compression is typically ineffective when applied to floating-point data. Thus, users tend to apply a lossy data compressor, which allows for small deviations from the original data. It is essential to understand how the error from lossy compression impacts the accuracy of the data analytics. Thus, we must analyze not only the compression properties but the error as well. In this paper, we provide a statistical analysis of the error caused by ZFP compression, a state-of-the-art, lossy compression algorithm explicitly designed for floating-point data. We show that the error is indeed biased and propose simple modifications to the algorithm to neutralize the bias and further reduce the resulting error.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Light-nuclei production and search for the QCD critical point

We discuss the potential of light-nuclei measurements in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies for the search of the hypothetical QCD critical end-point. A previous proposal based on neutron density fluctuations has brought appealing experimental evidences of a maximum in the ratio of the number of tritons times protons, divided over deuterons square, $\mathcal{O}_{tpd}$. However these results are difficult to reconcile with the state-of-the-art statistical thermal model predictions. Based on the idea that the QCD critical point can lead to a substantial attraction among nucleons, we propose new light-nuclei multiplicity ratios involving 4 He in which the maximum would be more noticeable. We argue that the experimental extraction is feasible by presenting these ratios formed from actual measurements of total and differential yields at low and high collision energies from FOPI and ALICE experiments, respectively. We also illustrate the possible behavior of these ratios at intermediate energies applying a semiclassical method based on flucton paths using the preliminary NA49 and STAR data for $\mathcal{O}_{tpd}$ as input.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Development of planar P-type point contact germanium detectors for low-mass dark matter searches

The detection of low-energy deposition in the range of sub-eV through ionization using germanium (Ge) with a bandgap of ~ 0.7 eV requires internal amplification of the charge signal. This can be achieved through high electric field that accelerates charge carriers, which can then generate more charge carriers. The minimum electric field required to generate internal charge amplification is derived for different temperatures. We report the development of a planar point contact Ge detector in terms of its fabrication and the measurements of its leakage current and capacitance as a function of applied bias voltage. With the determination of the measured depletion voltage, the field distribution is calculated using GeFiCa, which predicts that the required electric field for internal charge amplification can be achieved in proximity to the point contact. The energy response to an Am-241 source is characterized and discussed. We conclude that such a detector with internal charge amplification can be used to search for low-mass dark matter.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

FloatGuard: Efficient Whole-Program Detection of Floating-Point Exceptions in AMD GPUs

FloatGuard is a tool that captures floating-point exceptions in AMD HIP kernels. FloatGuard leverages AMD GPU hardware registers to detect floating-point exceptions, overcoming the limitations of AMD's built-in trapping mechanisms through a novel algorithm that combines assembly- and source-level instrumentation with debugger-guided execution.

MIAO, WENJUN [Lawrence Livermore National Laborato↗

DOE OSTI2023

Frozen Hydrometeor Terminal Fall Velocity Dependence on Particle Habit and Riming as Observed by Vertically Pointing Radars

Vertically pointing Ka-band radar measurements are used to derive fall velocity–reflectivity factor ($V$ t = $aZ$$^{b}_{e}$) relations for frozen hydrometeor populations of different habits during snowfall events observed at Oliktok Point, Alaska, and at the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC). Case study events range from snowfall with highly rimed particles observed during periods with large amounts of supercooled liquid water path (LWP > 320 g m –2 ) to unrimed snowflakes including instances when pristine planar crystals were the dominant frozen hydrometeor habit. The prefactor a and the exponent b in the observed $V$ t –$Z$ e relations scaled to the sea level vary in the approximate ranges 0.5–1.4 and 0.03–0.13, respectively (reflectivities are in mm 6 m –3 and velocities are in m s –1 ). The coefficient a values are the smallest for planar crystals (a ~ 0.5) and the largest (a > 1.2) for particles under severe riming conditions with high LWP. There is no clear distinction between b values for high and low LWP conditions. The range of the observed $V$ t –$Z$ e relation coefficients is in general agreement with results of modeling using fall velocity–size (υ t = αD β ) relations for individual particles found in literature for hydrometeors of different habits, though there is significant variability in α and β coefficients from different studies even for a same particle habit. Correspondences among coefficients in the $V$ t –$Z$ e relations for particle populations and in the individual particle υ t –$D$ relations are analyzed. Furthermore, these correspondences and the observed $V$ t –$Z$ e relations can be used for evaluating different frozen hydrometeor fall velocity parameterizations in models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Vertically Resolved Convective–Stratiform Echo-Type Identification and Convectivity Retrieval for Vertically Pointing Radars

Using data from the airborne HIAPER Cloud Radar (HCR), a partitioning algorithm (ECCO-V) that provides vertically resolved convectivity and convective versus stratiform radar-echo classification is developed for vertically pointing radars. The algorithm is based on the calculation of reflectivity and radial velocity texture fields that measure the horizontal homogeneity of cloud and precipitation features. The texture fields are translated into convectivity, a numerical measure of the convective or stratiform nature of each data point. The convective–stratiform classification is obtained by thresholding the convectivity field. Subcategories of low, mid-, and high stratiform, shallow, mid-, deep, and elevated convective, and mixed echoes are introduced, which are based on the melting-layer and divergence-level altitudes. As the algorithm provides vertically resolved classifications, it is capable of identifying different types of vertically layered echoes, and convective features that are embedded in stratiform cloud layers. Its robustness was tested on data from four HCR field campaigns that took place in different meteorological and climatological regimes. The algorithm was adapted for use in spaceborne and ground-based radars, proving its versatility, as it is adaptable not only to different radar types and wavelengths, but also different research applications.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Surface Water Disinfection Byproducts and Organic Matter Characterization Data Associated with: “Disinfection byproducts formed during drinking water treatment reveal an export control point for dissolved organic matter in a subalpine headwater stream”

This dataset is associated with the publication “Disinfection byproducts formed during drinking water treatment reveal an export control point for dissolved organic matter in a subalpine headwater stream” published in Water Research X (Leonard et al. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2022.100144). The associated study analyzed temporal trends from the Town of Crested Butte water treatment facility and synoptic sampling at Coal Creek in Crested Butte, Colorado, US. This work demonstrates how drinking water quality archives combined with synoptic sampling and targeted analyses can be used to identify and understand export control points for dissolved organic matter. This dataset is comprised of one main data folder containing (1) file-level metadata; (2) data dictionary; (3) metadata and international geo-sample number (IGSN) mapping file; (4) dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nanometers (UV254), total nitrogen (TN), and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) data; (5) disinfection bioproduct formation potential (DBP-FP) data; (6) readme; (7) methods codes; (8) water collection protocol; (9) folder of high resolution characterization of organic matter via 12 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) through the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL; https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory); and (10) folder of excitation emissions matrix (EEM) spectra. The FTICR folder contains a file of DOC (measured as non-purgeable organic carbon; NPOC) used for FTICR sample preparation. The FTICR folder also contains three subfolders: one subfolder containing the raw .xml data files, one containing the processed data, and the other containing instructions for using Formularity (https://omics.pnl.gov/software/formularity) and an R script to process the data based on the user's specific needs. All files are .csv, .pdf, .dat, .R, .ref, or .xml

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

LiDAR Point Cloud Data from the 2018 NGEE Arctic UAS Campaign at the Teller 47 Field Site, Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Airborne remote sensing data collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory’s (LANL) heavy-lift unoccupied aerial system (UAS) hexacopter platform operated by NGEE Arctic scientists from the EES-14 group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. These data were collected in July 2018 at a field site near mile marker 47 along the Teller Road between Nome, Alaska and Teller, Alaska. A DJI Matrice 600 Pro Airframe and Routescene UAV LiDAR System was used to collect LiDAR data. The LiDAR data has undergone basic post-processing using Routescene LidarViewer Pro software to create point cloud data (.laz files). This data package contains point clouds (.laz), processing metadata files (json.lvp), and post-processed kinematic files (.csv). Ancillary aircraft data, flight mission parameters, weather conditions, and lidar data and imagery can be found in NGA281 (https://doi.org/10.5440/1671794).The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2026

Automated point dendrometer, soil moisture and temperature, and meteorological variables datasets, Oct 2024 – Nov 2025, G.A. Pearson Natural Area, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

This data package includes parsed, cleaned, and calibrated data from 48 TOMST automated point dendrometers, 48 TOMST 15 cm soil moisture sensors, and 12 TOMST 30 cm soil moisture sensors. The point dendrometers were cleaned with the “dendRoAnalyst” package in RStudio. The soil sensors were cleaned and calibrated for volumetric water content (VWC) with the “myClim” package in RStudio using the soil texture of the site (sandy clay loam). Additionally, this data package also includes raw data from 2 METER weather stations. Dendrometers and soil sensors have both their sensor ID, as well as the ID for the specific tree they were instrumented on at the G.A. Pearson Natural Area (GPNA) site and their experimental group. The purpose of these data is to understand how ponderosa pine trees in restored (thinned and burned) vs. unrestored (no treatment) areas are responding to drought and seasonal precipitation. These data use radial growth and soil moisture data to answer the following question: how are active season length, growth on different time scales (weekly, monthly, seasonally, and annually), growth during dry periods and after precipitation events, and environmental and biological drivers of radial growth different between restored versus unrestored areas?

Air temperature↗

DOE OSTI2022

Analyzing the effect of pressure on the properties of point defects in $\gamma\mathrm{U–Mo}$ through atomistic simulations

Uranium–molybdenum (U–Mo) alloys in monolithic fuel foil are the primary candidate for the conversion of high-performance research reactors in the USA. Monolithic fuel is utilized in a plate-type design with a zirconium diffusion barrier and aluminum cladding. These fuel types are unique in that they contain no plenum for the release of fission gases, which, in conjunction with the aluminum cladding, can lead to large stress states within the fuel. The nature of how fundamental processes of radiation damage, including the evolution of point defects, under such stresses occur is unknown. In this work, we present molecular dynamics simulations of the formation energy of point defects under applied stress. We report this work will allow for the implementation of stress-dependent microstructural evolution models of nuclear fuels, including those for both fission gas bubble growth and creep, which are critical to ensure the stable and predictable behavior of research reactor fuels.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Compact Absorber Technology Leads to Significant Reduction in the Cost of Point Source CO 2 Capture

The size of columns in traditional absorption-based processes for CO 2 capture contributes significantly to the overall capital cost. A demonstrated method to reduce the cost of point source CO 2 capture, focusing on reducing the absorber height by increasing the liquid-to-gas reaction contact area and decreasing the CO 2 diffusion resistance without increasing gas-side pressure drop is presented along with techno-economic analysis results. Bench-scale tests on the unique Compact Absorber showed overall CO 2 mass transfer enhancement of varying degrees compared to a traditional packed column for similar process conditions, demonstrating that a 60+% reduction in size of a typical post-combustion absorber with a packing height of 70-100 ft and total height of 150-180 ft can be achieved. The techno-economic analysis showed significant cost reductions when the Compact Absorber is combined with other transformative aspects of the University of Kentucky Institute for Decarbonization and Energy Advancement point source CO 2 capture process compared to the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory pertinent reference case for pulverized coal plants with CO 2 capture. Here, a levelized cost of electricity excluding CO 2 transportation and storage of $\$95.6$/MWh was estimated, which is a 9% reduction, with a total capital cost contribution of $45/MWh, which is a 12% reduction. Additionally, a breakeven CO 2 sales price also referred to as the cost of CO 2 capture, of $36.70/tonne was estimated when the UK hindered primary amine solvent is used, which is a 20% reduction compared to the reference case.

CO2 capture↗

DOE OSTI2022

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-TP3 Ontario - Turkey Point 1974 Plantation White Pine

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-TP3 Ontario - Turkey Point 1974 Plantation White Pine. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-TP3 Ontario - Turkey Point 1974 Plantation White Pine produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - White pine plantation established in 1974 over sandy abandoned land

Arain, M. Altaf↗

DOE OSTI2022

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-TPD Ontario - Turkey Point Mature Deciduous

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-TPD Ontario - Turkey Point Mature Deciduous. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-TPD Ontario - Turkey Point Mature Deciduous produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - The forest is approximately 90 years old. Naturally regenerated on sandy terrain and abandoned agricultural land. Predominantly hardwood species with a few scattered conifers. Site has been managed (thinned) in the past. It has a high biodiversity with 573 tree and plant species, 102 bird species, 23 mamal species and 22 reptile and amphibian species (SWALSREP Report, 1999). The dominant tree species is white oak (Quercus alba), with other scattered broadleaf Carolinian species including sugar and red maple (Acer saccharum, A. rubrum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), black and red oak (Q. velutina, Q. rubra) and white ash (Fraxinus americana) . There are also scattered conifers, mostly white and red pine (Pinus strobes, P. resinosa), comprising about 5% of the trees. Average tree height is 25.7 m with a stand density of 504 ± 18 trees per hectare. Average tree diameter at breast height is 22.3 cm and basal area is 0.06 m2 or approximately 29 square meters per hectare.

Arain, M. Altaf↗

DOE OSTI2023

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-TP1 Ontario - Turkey Point 2002 Plantation White Pine

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-TP1 Ontario - Turkey Point 2002 Plantation White Pine. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-TP1 Ontario - Turkey Point 2002 Plantation White Pine produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Plantation established in 2002 on a former sandy agricultural field, which was abandoned three years prior to planting

Arain, M. Altaf↗

DOE OSTI2023

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-Pnp Lake Mendota, Picnic Point Site

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-Pnp Lake Mendota, Picnic Point Site. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-Pnp Lake Mendota, Picnic Point Site produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - The site is located on the shoreline of Lake Mendota on the rooftop of UW-Madison's Center for Limnology.

Desai, Ankur↗