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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
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NASA NTRS1972

Formation of spectral lines in a planetary atmosphere. II - Spectroscopic evidence for the structure of the visible Venus clouds.

We demonstrate in this article that there is spectroscopic evidence for the structure of the visible Venus cloud layers. From physically realistic models of the lower Venus atmosphere, we have shown that only observations of the phase variations of the CO2 bands in the Venus spectrum can provide the information for a unique identification of the structure of the cloud layers. It is proved that Venus cannot have a single dense cloud layer, but must have two scattering layers; a thin aerosol layer situated in the lower stratosphere, overlying a dense cloud deck. The aerosol plays an important role in the scattering of radiation, so that its identification provides an explanation of the reflecting layer-scattering model controversy for the interpretation of spectra formed in a cloudy planetary atmosphere.

Hunt, G. E.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Fluorescence activated cell sorting.

An instrument has been developed for sorting biological cells. The cells are rendered differentially fluorescent and incorporated into a small liquid stream illuminated by a laser beam. The cells pass sequentially through the beam, and fluorescent light from the cells gives rise to electrical signals. The stream is broken into a series of uniform size drops downstream of the laser. The cell signals are used to give appropriate electrostatic charges to drops containing the cells. The drops then pass between two charged plates and are deflected to appropriate containers. The system has proved capable of providing fractions containing large numbers of viable cells highly enriched in a particular functional type.

Bonner, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1971

A stochastic constrained optimization technique and its application to detector array processing.

A stochastic projected gradient algorithm is proposed which can be used for finding a constrained optimum point for a concave or convex objective function subject to nonlinear constraints which form a connected region even when only a noisy estimate of the objective function is available. For a constraint described by a single linear equation, convergence to the constrained optimum value is proved, and the rate of convergence of the algorithm to the constrained optimum value is determined. The algorithm is applied to the nonlinear problem of obtaining automatically an array of detectors which forms a beam in a desired direction in space in the presence of interfering noise so as to maximize the SNR subject to a constraint on the super-gain ratio.

Winkler, L. P.↗
NASA NTRS1972

On pursuit with curvature constraints.

A theorem is proved extending results of Cockayne on pursuit with curvature constraints. Let two points (pursuer and evader) move in Euclidean 3-space with constant speeds. Provided the pursuer has greater speed and greater normal acceleration, it is shown that pursuit is always successful. The methods used are similar to Cockayne's. The pursuer, by some preliminary maneuvers, sets up a condition where he is leaving the line of sight in the same direction and with the same speed as the evader. It is shown that from this instant, the pursuer can, without violating constraints, keep the line of sight parallel to the original and ultimately collide with the evader.

Rublein, G. T.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Applications of partial orderings to the study of positive definiteness, monotonicity, and convergence of iterative methods for linear systems.

Most of the known results concerning convergence of iterative methods for solving linear systems involve either positive definiteness or monotonicity. In this paper a new concept, called K-semipositivity, is introduced, which provides a link between convergence theory, monotonicity, and positive definiteness. By using this concept, together with partial orderings in Euclidean n-space, several new convergence theorems are proved. Application to Jacobi's methods and the theory of regular splittings shows the usefulness of these new results.

Vandergraft, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1972

The inference of atmospheric ozone using satellite horizon measurements in the 1042 per cm band.

Description of a method for inferring atmospheric ozone information using infrared horizon radiance measurements in the 1042 per cm band. An analysis based on this method proves the feasibility of the horizon experiment for determining ozone information and shows that the ozone partial pressure can be determined in the altitude range from 50 down to 25 km. A comprehensive error study is conducted which considers effects of individual errors as well as the effect of all error sources acting simultaneously. The results show that in the absence of a temperature profile bias error, it should be possible to determine the ozone partial pressure to within an rms value of 15 to 20%. It may be possible to reduce this rms error to 5% by smoothing the solution profile. These results would be seriously degraded by an atmospheric temperature bias error of only 3 K; thus, great care should be taken to minimize this source of error in an experiment. It is probable, in view of recent technological developments, that these errors will be much smaller in future flight experiments and the altitude range will widen to include from about 60 km down to the tropopause region.

Russell, J. M., III↗
NASA NTRS1972

Dynamic response analysis of geometrically non-linear structures subjected to high impact.

Description of an efficient digital computer method for the determination of the propagation of elastic stresses and deformations in certain geometrically nonlinear structures subjected to high impact loading. The finite-element matrix displacement approach utilizing curved quadrilateral shell elements in conjunction with a nodewise predictor-corrector method employing Runge-Kutta extrapolation techniques has been adopted for the present solution. The related computer program written in FORTRAN V for the UNIVAC 1108 computer has proved to be effective for the solution of a range of practical problems including rectangular and cylindrical panels. Numerical results are presented for a relevant structure, the cell container, and the negative electrode of an impact-resistant battery subjected to high impact, simulating its free landing on a planetary surface.

Gupta, K. K.↗
NASA NTRS1972

U-Th-Pb systematics in three Apollo 14 basalts and the problem of initial Pb in lunar rocks.

The isotopic composition of Pb and the elemental concentration of U, Th and Pb were measured on 'total' rock samples 14053, 14073 and 14310 and on mineral separates of 14310 and 14053. These are the first Pb-U isochrons obtained for lunar basalts and indicate a reasonable solution to the previous discrepancy between the different methods of 'absolute' age determination. The resulting U-Pb isochron ages are compatible with the Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages on the same rocks. However, it is not possible to establish a precise time of 'crystallization' from the Pb-U data because of the small angle of intersection between the linear arrays and the concordia curve. These data show that total rock model ages do not in general yield crystallization ages. The data on 14310 and 14053 show that these rocks were formed containing a highly radiogenic initial lead which accounts for the excessively high total rock model ages by the U-Th-Pb method. The data prove that at the time of extrusion of some basalts, unsupported lead with extremely high Pb-207/Pb-206 ratios was added to the lunar surface.

Tera, F.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Relations between Haar and Walsh/Hadamard transforms.

Relations between the Haar and Walsh/Hadamard (W/H) transforms, which are proved, show that for some applications the Haar transform performs as well as, and faster than, the W/H transform. These relations yield a family of orthogonal transforms including the Haar and W/H transforms with a common fast algorithm.

Fino, B. J.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Isolation of carbohydrate-metabolizing, extremely halophilic bacteria.

Four previously unrecognized strains of extremely halophilic bacteria that utilize carbohydrates have been isolated. Gas production proved an unreliable index of carbohydrate metabolism; therefore, carbohydrate utilization was measured by determining acid formation and sugar disappearance during growth. By these procedures, carbohydrate utilization was readily detected. The results suggest that carbohydrate dissimilation by extremely halophilic bacteria may be more common than previously thought and that the apparent rarity of carbohydrate-metabolizing halophiles may be an artifact of the isolation procedures used.

Tomlinson, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Liapunov functions for non-linear difference equation stability analysis.

Liapunov functions to determine the stability of non-linear autonomous difference equations can be developed through the use of auxiliary exact difference equations. For this purpose definitions are introduced for the gradient of an implicit function of a discrete variable, a principal sum, a definite sum and an exact difference equation, and a theorem for exactness of a difference form is proved. Examples illustrate the procedure.

Park, K. E.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Does Io's ionosphere influence Jupiter's radio bursts.

Goldreich and Lynden-Bell's theory of Jupiter's Io-correlated decametric radiation sets a lower limit to Io's conductivity, high enough to carry the current associated with the radiated power. Dermott's analysis of conductivities of rocks and ice shows no such conductivity at Io's temperature. However, we show that if Io has even a small atmosphere, say of methane as suggested by Binder and Cruikshank, or of argon or nitrogen, it will have an ionosphere with adequate conductivity to meet the above criterion. A requirement for higher conductivity was found by Goldreich and Lynden-Bell on the basis of motion of magnetic lines past Io. This requirement appears to us unnecessary in view of experiments which prove that motion of the lines is not the source of the electromotance.

Webster, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1972

The collision singularity in a perturbed n-body problem.

Collision of all bodies in a perturbed n-body problem is analyzed by an extension of the author's results for a perturbed two-body problem (1969). A procedure is set forth to prove that the absolute value of energy in a perturbed n-body system remains bounded until the moment of collision. It is shown that the characteristics of motion in both perturbed problems are basically the same.

Sperling, H. J.↗
NASA NTRS1972

The use of infrared absorption to determine density of liquid hydrogen.

Experimental evaluation of the use of infrared absorption for determining the density of liquid hydrogen, and discussion of the feasibility of an airborne densitometer based on this concept. The results indicate that infrared absorption of liquid hydrogen is highly sensitive to the density of hydrogen, and, under the operating limitations of the equipment and experimental techniques used, the determined values proved to be repeatable to an accuracy of 2.7%. The desiderata and limitations of an in-flight density-determining device are outlined, and some of the feasibility problems are defined.

Unland, H. D.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Bremsstrahlung from cylindrical beta sources.

Refined experimental measurements of the bremsstrahlung number and energy fluxes from thick cylindrical sources of several nuclides are presented, dose rates calculated from experimental energy fluxes are compared with theoretical results based on Wyard's thick-target approximation, and experiments are correlated with both thick- and thin-target bremsstrahlung theory to obtain accurate values of bremsstrahlung yields. The data presented should prove useful for the design of radioisotope power supplies, particularly those used in spacecraft and in biological applications.

Harris, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1972

OFO experimental techniques and preliminary conclusions - Is artificial gravity needed during prolonged weightlessness.

The technique of single unit recording from body systems generating electrical pulses coherent with their basic function (CNS, muscles, sense organs) has been proved feasible during the OFO A orbital flight, an automatic physiological experiment. The results of recording 155 hours of orbital flight of pulses from the nerve fibres of four vestibular gravity sensors in two bull frogs indicate that the vestibular organ adjusts to zero g. As all the other biological changes observed during orbit are due to lack of exercise, it is concluded that artificial gravity might not be necessary during prolonged space missions or on low gravity celestial bodies.

Gualtierotti, T.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Torque on a sphere inside a rotating cylinder.

A circular cylinder of finite dimensions is made to rotate around a sphere fixed in the center of the cylinder. The couple on the sphere is measured over a wide range of rotational speeds for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. For the Newtonian liquids a comparison of the experimental results is made with Collins' (1955) expansion of the couple as a series in even powers of the angular Reynolds number. For non-Newtonian liquids the apparatus proves to be extremely useful for an accurate determination of the zero shear rate viscosity using only a small amount of fluid.

Mena, B.↗