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At least 397 records · Page 22

Line locking and SS 433

The general problem of acceleration by line locking in an optically thin medium is considered. Analytic solutions to the coupled equations of radiation transfer and matter motion are presented. Using these solutions, restrictions on the physical conditions of the accelerated matter are derived. By applying these conditions to SS 433, it is found that if the absorbing ion is light (hydrogen or helium), the matter must be highly clumped, and the acceleration has to begin at approximately 10 to the 12th cm. Line-locking acceleration with a hydrogen-like heavy ion such as iron demands higher than solar ion abundance.

Pekarevich, M.↗

The zonal distribution of hydrogen in the Jovian atmosphere

The Lyman-alpha intensities measured by Voyagers 1 and 2 and by the IUE are used as the bases of deductions for the distribution of atomic hydrogen in the Jovian atmosphere, under the assumption that the sources of the dayside Lyman alpha include resonance scattering of solar Lyman alpha, resonance scattering of the interplanetary Lyman-alpha radiation, and direct excitation by charged particles. The daytime equation of radiative transfer is solved to determine the longitudinal distribution of freely scattering atomic hydrogen that would account for the observed flux. This solution indicates that if the hydrogen bulge is due to localized heating and a consequent increase in scale height, the perturbed region temperature must be about 100 K warmer than that in the normal region. The H distribution derived from the dayside solution is used with the nightside flux to estimate the longitude variation of particle precipitation on the nightside.

Killen, R. M.↗

Saturation and beaming in astrophysical masers

A 'four-stream' model system of equations that are closely analogous to the equations of radiative transfer in a maser spectral line and are amenable to numerical solution are constructed. This model is used to investigate radiative transfer in asymmetric maser clouds. Competition between different beams of radiation for available pump photons is important in both unsaturated and saturated masers. Consequently, the radiation from a typical cloud will be highly beamed, even if the maser is saturated, because the shape of a typical cloud is not symmetric. In addition, it is shown that analysis of maser emission lines formed in expanding envelopes does not reveal the degree of saturation of the maser.

Alcock, C.↗

Brown dwarfs and Jovian planets: A comparison

The recent detection of a subluminous companion to the M dwarf star VB8 has renewed interest in the characteristics of objects spanning the mass range from Jupiter to hydrogen burning stars. Atmospheric and interior models were constructed for objects in this mass regime, up to 30 Jupiter masses, with emphasis on understanding the relationship of brown dwarfs such as the VB8 companion to the better-studied Jovian planets. The atmospheric model solves the equation of radiative transfer assuming frequency dependent molecular opacity sources H2, He, H2O, CO, and CH4 which are important by virtue of the high cosmic abundance of their constituent atoms. Condensation of cosmochemically important materials, iron and silicates, in the atmosphere is possible, and the effect of such grains as opacity sources is assessed. The luminosity of the object is presumed due to degenerate cooling following a collapse phase and possibly deuterium burning and an interior model is constructed using as an outer boundary condition the temperature and pressure level at which the atmosphere becomes convective. The interior model is analogous to Jupiter, with a large liquid metallic-hydrogen core and a thinner molecular-hydrogen envelope. The oxidation state of carbon in the outer envelope of a brown dwarf of similar age to Jupiter is a function of the object's mass. This makes the wavelength dependence of the atmospheric opacity sensitive to the carbon to oxygen ratio, since the abundance of the primary source of molecular opacity, H2O, decreases as more oxygen is tied up as CO.

Lunine, J. I.↗

Modified radiative transfer theory for a two-layer anisotropic random medium

The modified radiative transfer (MRT) equations which describe propagation and scattering of the electromagnetic field intensity in a layered anisotropic random medium are derived from the Bethe-Salpeter equation with the ladder approximation and the Dyson equation with the nonlinear approximation. The extinction matrices and scattering phase matrices for both mean and incoherent field intensities are obtained. Backscattering enhancement is observed due to the spatial coherent effect between upward and downward propagating waves. It also occurs for the half-space case, because of coupling between ordinary and extraordinary waves. The depolarization effect is predicted in the first-order renormalization approximation to the MRT equation.

Lee, J. K.↗

Modifications to the relationship between the magnetic field and weak Zeeman features in the spectra of astrophysical masers

Numerical solutions are presented for the equations of radiative transfer for astrophysical masers in a magnetic field to describe the observed weak circular polarization of H2O and SiO masers. Previously unrecognized intensity-dependent effects are found to produce circular polarization which resembles that of the usual Zeeman effect. Astrophysical H2O, SiO, and perhaps other masers are likely to be radiatively saturated with rates for stimulated emission that are within 1-2 orders of magnitude of the Zeeman frequency. Under these conditions, the circular polarization found here tends to be larger (but can be smaller) and may be of opposite sign from that given by the standard treatment for polarized Zeeman spectra.

Nedoluha, Gerald E.↗

Non-LTE analysis of the Ofpe/WN9 star HDE 269227 (R84)

The paper presents the results of a spectral analysis of the Ofpe/WN9 star HD 269227 (R84), which assumes a spherically expanding atmosphere to find solutions for equations of radiative transfer. The spectra of hydrogen and helium were predicted with a non-LTE model. Six stellar parameters were determined for R84. The shape of the velocity law is empirically found, since it can be probed from the terminal velocity of the wind. The six stellar parameters are further employed in a hydrodynamic model where stellar wind is assumed to be directed by radiation pressure, duplicating the mass-loss rate and the terminal wind velocity. The velocity laws found by computation and analysis are found to agree, supporting the theory of radiation-driven stellar wind. R84 is surmised to be a post-red supergiant which lost half of its initial mass, possibly during the red-supergiant phase. This mass loss is also suggested by its spectroscopic similarity to S Doradus.

Schmutz, Werner↗

Radiative shocks and nonequilibrium chemistry in the early universe - Galaxy and primordial star formation

The nonequilibrium radiative cooling, recombination, and molecule formation behind steady-state shock waves in primordial composition gas is studied. The hydrodynamical conservation equations are solved as well as equations for nonequilibrium ionization, recombination, and molecule formation and the equation of radiative transfer. The shocked gas is found to cool faster than it can recombine; as a result it is able to form an H2 concentration as high as 0.001 or higher via the formation of H(-) and H2(+) intermediaries due to the enhanced nonequilibrium ionization at 10,000 K. With such an H2 concentration, the gas cools by rotational-vibrational line excitation of H2 molecules to well below the canonical final temperature of 10,000 K for a molecule-free gas without metals. It is shown that, as the level of external ionizing and dissociating radiation flux is increased, the formation of and cooling by H2 molecules can be inhibited and delayed.

Shapiro, Paul R.↗

The intergalactic medium - Initial and boundary conditions for galaxy and primeval star formation

New detailed numerical calculations are presented of the evolution of the intergalactic medium (IGM) in a post recombination Friedmann universe, including a solution of the nonequilibrium rate equations for the ionization and recombination of H and He, the energy equation, and the equation of radiative transfer. The implications of this study for the characteristic mass scale and the epoch of gravitational collapse for the average 'first' star-forming clouds are discussed. The star-formation rate and associated metallicity generation implied if the IGM is fully ionized by starlight by redshift greater than 4 as suggested by recent interpretations of the Gunn-Peterson effect are examined. It is shown that the relative strengths of metal lines from a quasar absorption-line Lyman limit system cloud at z = 3 photoionized by the present intergalactic UV radiation background are compatible with the observations, at least for background sources of either AGN-type or star-forming galaxy spectra.

Giroux, Mark L.↗

Radiative shocks and hydrogen molecules in pregalactic gas - The effects of postshock radiation

Previous calculations of radiative shocks in pregalactic gas are generalized and substantially improved. The hydrodynamical conservations are solved, along with the rate equations for nonequilibrium ionization, recombination, and molecule formation, and the equation of radiative transfer, for steady-state shocks in a gas of primordial compositions. This calculation self-consistently includes the effects of the diffuse postshock emission as well as a possible external radiation flux on the postshock flow and the preshock ionization levels. A previous result is confirmed that the shocked gas cools faster than it can recombine and, as a result, is able to form an H2 concentration as high as 0.003 via the formation of H(-) and H2(+) intermediaries due to the enhanced nonequilibrium ionization fraction at 10,000 K. It is shown that, as the level of the external radiation flux is increased, the formation of and cooling by H2 molecules can be inhibited and delayed. The detailed radiation spectra and ionizing photon number fluxes emergent from these shocks are presented.

Kang, Hyesung↗

Magnetic fields and radiative shocks in protogalaxies and the origin of globular clusters

The paper examines the hypothesis that globular clusters formed from gravitational instability in dense sheets of gas produced behind radiative shocks inside protogalaxies, such as those produced by the collision of subgalactic mass fragments partaking of the virial motions within the protogalaxy, in order to determine the differences which result if a magnetic field is present in the preshock medium. The MHD conservation equations are solved along with rate equations for nonequilibrium ionization, recombination, molecular formation and dissociation, and the equations of radiative transfer for steady-state shocks of velocity 300 km/s in a gas of preshock densities of 0.1-1 cu cm, and magnetic field strengths of 0.1-6 micro-G. The magnetic field is found to limit the degree of postshock compression and, thereby, to reduce the level of external radiation flux required to suppress H2 formation and cooling.

Shapiro, Paul R.↗

Rapid time variations and radiative instabilities of astrophysical masers

The time-varying intensities are obtained for astrophysical masers that are radiatively unstable. Numerical integrations of the time-dependent, nonlinear equations of radiative transfer are performed with the usual approximation of a linear maser. At long times after changes in the physical conditions, the intensity of maser radiation reaches an asymptotic behavior and oscillates permanently in these idealized calculations with a period that is related to the length of the maser divided by the speed of light. The intensity varies by more than a factor of 10. These intensities depend upon the same four parameters as we originally found to determine the regime for radiative instabilities based on a stability analysis of the steady state. A detailed comparison is made between the predictions of the stability analysis and the time variations of the intensities. Calculations are performed for interacting pairs as well as isolated, individual masers.

Scappaticci, Gerardo A.↗

Formation of the low-mass solar nebula

We study an accretional stage of the formation and early evolution of the solar nebula with relatively small angular momentum. We investigate the evolution of the disk and its vertical structure, particularly the shock front between disk and infalling material. Calculations start at a moment when a low-mass star-like core surrounded by small embryo disk have been formed at the center of the presolar nebula and the bulk of mass remained in the envelope. The forming solar nebula is approximated as a thin viscous disk surrounded by accreting envelope. The distribution of temperature in the infalling envelope is determined by solving spherically symmetric equations of radiative transfer. As the energy source, we take into account all energy released within the centrifugal radius of the infalling matter. Other aspects of this study are discussed.

Ruzmaikina, T. V.↗

The chromospheric structure of the cool giant star g Herculis

Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) calculations of semiempirical chromospheric models are presented for 30 g Her (M6 III). This star is one of the coolest (T(sub eff) = 3250 K) SRb (semiregular) variable stars and has a mass perhaps as great as 4 solar mass. Chromospheric features we have observed in its spectrum include Mg II h and k; C II) UV0.01, which is sensitive to electron density; Mg I lambda 2852; Ca II H, K, and IRT; Ca I lambda 4227 and lambda 6573; Al II) UV 1; and H alpha. We pay special attention to fitting the C II intersystem lines and the Mg II resonance lines but use all the other features as constraints to some extent. The equations of radiative transfer and statistical equilibrium are solved self-consistently for H I, H(-), H2, He I, C I, C II, Na I, Mg I, Mg II, Al I, Al II, Ca I, and Ca II with the equivalent two-level technique. To simplify these calculations, a one-dimensional hydrostatic, plane-parallel atmosphere is assumed. We investigate 10 separate 'classical' chromospheric models, differing most importantly in total mass column density above the temperature minimum. Synthetic spectra from these models fit some but not all of the observations. These comparisons are discussed in detail. However, we find that no single-component classical model in hydrostatic equilibrium is able to reproduce both the Mg II line profiles and the relative strengths of the CII) lines. In all these models, chromospheric emission features are formed relatively close to the star (approximately less than 0.05 R(sub *). The circumstellar environment has a thick, cool component overlying the Mg II emission region, which is relatively static and very turbulent. Finally, we find that thermalization in the Mg II h and k lines in the coolest giant stars is controlled by continuum absorption from Ca I 4p 4p3 P0 bound-free opacity and not collisional de-excitation as is the case for warmer K giants.

Luttermoser, Donald G.↗

Rapid computation of spectrally integrated non-local thermodynamic equilibrium limb emission

The interpretation of infrared radiance measurements made by satellite-borne limb-scanning broadband radiometers requires accurate and computationally fast techniques with which to evaluate the equation of radiative transfer. This requirement is made even more stringent when analyzing measurements of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) emission from the terrestrial mesosphere and lower thermosphere. In principle, line-by-line calculations which explicitly account for the departure from thermodynamic equilibrium in both the source functions and the transmittances are necessary. In this paper we extend the emissivity growth approximation (EGA) technique developed for local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) limb radiance for the molecular oxygen dayglow (1.27 micrometers and 762 nm), ozone and carbon dioxide in the 9- to 11-micrometer spectral interval, carbon monoxide (4.6 micrometers), nitric oxide (5.3 micrometers), and the carbon dioxide bands (15 micrometers) are presented. Using the non-LTE form of the EGA, the spectrally integrated limb emission is calculated for 35 tangent heights in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (a total of 1200 atmospheric layers) with line-by-line accuracy in approximately 0.35 s of CPU time on readily available desktop computer hardware, while the corresponding line-by-line calculations may require several minutes. The non-LTE EGA technique will allow kinetic temperature and minor constituend retrieval algorithms to readily include non-LTE efects limited only by the a priori knowledge of the departure from LTE in the observed bands.

Mlynczak, Martin G.↗

Instabilities and the transport of polarized astrophysical maser radiation

Time-dependent, radiative instabilities in the creation and transport of polarized astrophysical maser radiation in the presence of a magnetic field are calculated. The instabilities are similar to and occur under the same conditions as those found previously by Scappaticci & Watson for unpolarized maser radiation. The common limits in which the Zeeman splitting is much greater than, and much less than, the spectral line breadths are both considered in the current investigation. The resulting fluctuations in the emergent radiation are potentially relevant for the OH 1665 MHz masers which have been reported to fluctuate on timescales of 1000 s and which tend to be polarized. Instabilities occur and alter the transport of maser radiation only under a quite limited range of conditions. In particular, we find here that the instabilities do not occur for conditions that are appropriate for astrophysical masers with small Zeeman splittings such as the SiO and H2O masers. The time-independent, numerical solutions to the GKK equations of radiative transfer that have been obtained in previous investigations are thus essentially always valid except within a narrow range of conditions relevant for the OH masers.

Wallin, Bradley K.↗

Radiation Heat Transfer Between Diffuse-Gray Surfaces Using Higher Order Finite Elements

This paper presents recent work on developing methods for analyzing radiation heat transfer between diffuse-gray surfaces using p-version finite elements. The work was motivated by a thermal analysis of a High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) wing structure which showed the importance of radiation heat transfer throughout the structure. The analysis also showed that refining the finite element mesh to accurately capture the temperature distribution on the internal structure led to very large meshes with unacceptably long execution times. Traditional methods for calculating surface-to-surface radiation are based on assumptions that are not appropriate for p-version finite elements. Two methods for determining internal radiation heat transfer are developed for one and two-dimensional p-version finite elements. In the first method, higher-order elements are divided into a number of sub-elements. Traditional methods are used to determine radiation heat flux along each sub-element and then mapped back to the parent element. In the second method, the radiation heat transfer equations are numerically integrated over the higher-order element. Comparisons with analytical solutions show that the integration scheme is generally more accurate than the sub-element method. Comparison to results from traditional finite elements shows that significant reduction in the number of elements in the mesh is possible using higher-order (p-version) finite elements.

Gould, Dana C.↗

Thermal Conductivity of Ceramic Thermal Barrier and Environmental Barrier Coating Materials

Thermal barrier and environmental barrier coatings (TBC's and EBC's) have been developed to protect metallic and Si-based ceramic components in gas turbine engines from high temperature attack. Zirconia-yttria based oxides and (Ba,Sr)Al2Si2O8(BSAS)/mullite based silicates have been used as the coating materials. In this study, thermal conductivity values of zirconia-yttria- and BSAS/mullite-based coating materials were determined at high temperatures using a steady-state laser heat flux technique. During the laser conductivity test, the specimen surface was heated by delivering uniformly distributed heat flux from a high power laser. One-dimensional steady-state heating was achieved by using thin disk specimen configuration (25.4 mm diam and 2 to 4 mm thickness) and the appropriate backside air-cooling. The temperature gradient across the specimen thickness was carefully measured by two surface and backside pyrometers. The thermal conductivity values were thus determined as a function of temperature based on the 1-D heat transfer equation. The radiation heat loss and laser absorption corrections of the materials were considered in the conductivity measurements. The effects of specimen porosity and sintering on measured conductivity values were also evaluated.

Zhu, Dong-Ming↗