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At least 397 records · Page 22

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NASA NTRS1977

Olivine separates from Murchison and Cold Bokkeveld - Particle tracks and noble gases

Olivine separates from Murchison and Cold Bokkeveld were analyzed for particle tracks and noble gases. The matrix remaining after olivine separation was also analyzed for noble gases. The olivines from both meteorites have comparable fractions of solar-flare-irradiated grains, but the highest track densities in Murchison are an order of magnitude greater than those in Cold Bokkeveld. Solar Ne content in Murchison olivines follows this trend, being at least an order of magnitude higher than that in Cold Bokkeveld. Track gradients in Cold Bokkeveld olivines are flatter than those in Murchison or recently exposed lunar crystals. Relative to the matrix, olivine separates in both meteorites have small enrichments at the heavy and light Xe isotopes and smaller Ar-36/Ar-38 ratios. These noble-gas effects may be related to a chromite impurity in the olivine separates.

Macdougall, J. D.↗

NASA NTRS1978

A detailed study of attached and separated compression corner flowfields in high Reynolds number supersonic flow

An experimental study has been carried out to detail the interaction of a compressible turbulent boundary layer with shock waves of varying strengths. The interaction was produced by two-dimensional compression corners of 8, 16, 20, and 24 deg angles. The incoming boundary layer had an edge Mach number of 2.85 and a Reynolds number of 1.7 million based on overall thickness. Detailed mean-flow and surface measurements are presented for the four corner angles. The 8 deg corner flow was found to be fully attached, while the 16 deg case was near incipient separation. Both the 20 deg and 24 deg corners produced significant flow separation regions. In the discussion of these results, emphasis is placed on the development of flowfield properties from attached to separated conditions. Comparisons made with a computational solution of the Navier-Stokes equations show good agreement when the corner flow is not separated.

Settles, G. S.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Visualization of the separation and subsequent transition near the leading edge of airfoils

A visual study was performed using the low speed smoke wind tunnels with the objective of obtaining a better understanding of the structure of leading edge separation bubbles on airfoils. The location of separation, transition and reattachment for a cylindrical nose constant-thickness airfoil model were obtained from smoke photographs and surface oil flow techniques. These data, together with static pressure distributions along the leading edge and upper surface of the model, produced the influence of Reynolds number, angle of attack, and trailing edge flap angle on the size and characteristics of the bubble. Additional visual insight into the unsteady nature of the separation bubble was provided by high speed 16 mm movies. The 8 mm color movies taken of the surface oil flow supported the findings of the high speed movies and clearly showed the formation of a scalloped spanwise separation line at the higher Reynolds number.

Arena, A. V.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Control of volume resistivity in inorganic organic separators

Control of resistivity in NASA inorganic-organic separators is achieved by incorporating small percentages of high surface area, fine particle silica with other ingredients in the separator coating. The volume resistivity is predictable from the surface area of filler particles in the coating. The approach is applied to two polymer- plasticizer -filler coating systems, where the filler content of each is below the generally acknowledged critical pigment volume concentration of the coating. Application of these coating systems to 0.0254 cm thick (10-mil) fuel cell grade asbestos sheet produces inexpensive, flexible, microporous separators that perform as well as the original inorganic-organic concept, the Astropower separator.

Sheibley, D. W.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Separation of core noise and jet noise

A method of identification and measurement of core noise and jet noise separately has been developed based on cross-correlation of signals from microphones located at widely separated angles in the far field of a jet. The different coherent properties of core noise and jet noise are used in this method to achieve this separation. Experimental data obtained in a small scale facility is analyzed to demonstrate that this method can be used successfully to separate the mean square pressures of core noise and jet noise.

Parthasarathy, S. P.↗

NASA NTRS1980

A dry-surface coating method for visualization of separation

A relatively simple and reasonably accurate dry-surface coating method for visualization of the separation line on a bluff body was devised and successfully tested. This technique is based on the color reaction of a dry film containing a pH indicator with an appropriate gas released in the body wake. The dry-surface coating method is effective at any Reynolds number and for both incident laminar and turbulent flows. It further supplies a colorful permanent of consistently good photographic quality of the separation line. The effectiveness and accuracy of this technique were tested in visualizing the separation angle on a circular cylinder in both laminar and turbulent crossflows at subcritical Reynolds numbers. Separation angles revealed by the visualization were within + or - 4 percent of their counterparts deduced from the mean wall pressure distribution.

Sadeh, W. Z.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Control of volume resistivity in inorganic-organic separators

Control of resistivity in NASA inorganic-organic separators is achieved by incorporating small percentages of high surface area, fine-particle silica with other ingredients in the separator coating. The volume resistivity appears to be predictable from coating composition, that is, from the surface area of filler particles in the coating. The approach has been applied to two polymer-'plasticizer'-filler coating systems, where the filler content of each is below the generally acknowledged critical pigment volume concentration of the coating. Application of these coating systems to 0.0254 cm thick (10 mil) fuel-cell grade asbestos sheet produces inexpensive, flexible, microporous separators that perform at least as well as the original inorganic-organic concept, the Astropower separator.

Sheibley, D. W.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Analysis of the tensile stress-strain behavior of elastomers at constant strain rates. I - Criteria for separability of the time and strain effects

A theoretical analysis of the tensile stress-strain relation of elastomers at constant strain rate is presented which shows that the time and the stress effect are separable if the experimental time scale coincides with a segment of the relaxation modulus that can be described by a single power law. It is also shown that time-strain separability is valid if the strain function is linearly proportional to the Cauchy strain, and that when time-strain separability holds, two strain-dependent quantities can be obtained experimentally. In the case where time and strain effect are not separable, superposition can be achieved only by using temperature and strain-dependent shift factors.

Hong, S. D.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Development of battery separator composites

Improved inorganic-organic separators developed by NASA were commercially prepared. A single-ply asbestos substrate was developed, as well as alternative substrates based on cellulose and on polypropylene fibers. The single-ply asbestos was bound with butyl rubber and was functionally superior to the formerly used polyphenylene oxide saturated sheet. Commercially prepared separators exhibited better measured separator properties than the NASA standard. Cycle life in Ni/Zn and Ag/Zn cells was related to substrate, decreasing in the order; asbestos cellulose paper nonwoven polypropylene. The cycle life of solvent-coated separators was better than aqueous in Ni/Zn cells, while aqueous coatings were better in Ag/Zn cells.

Schmidt, George F.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Some observations of separated flow on finite wings

Wind tunnel test results for aspects of flow over airfoils exhibiting single and multiple trailing edge stall 'mushroom' cells are reported. Rectangular wings with aspect ratios of 4.0 and 9.0 were tested at Reynolds numbers of 480,000 and 257,000, respectively. Surface flow patterns were visualized by means of a fluorescent oil flow technique, separated flow was observed with a tuft wand and a water probe, spanwise flow was studied with hot-wire anemometry, smoke flow and an Ar laser illuminated the centerplane flow, and photographs were made of the oil flow patterns. Swirl patterns on partially and fully stalled wings suggested vortex flow attachments in those regions, and a saddle point on the fully stalled AR=4.0 wing indicated a secondary vortex flow at the forward region of the separation bubble. The separation wake decayed downstream, while the tip vortex interacted with the separation bubble on the fully stalled wing. Three mushroom cells were observed on the AR=9.0 wing.

Winkelmann, A. E.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Experimental measurements of unsteady turbulent boundary layers near separation

Investigations conducted to document the behavior of turbulent boundary layers on flat surfaces that separate due to adverse pressure gradients are reported. Laser and hot wire anemometers measured turbulence and flow structure of a steady free stream separating turbulent boundary layer produced on the flow of a wind tunnel section. The effects of sinusoidal and unsteadiness of the free stream velocity on this separating turbulent boundary layer at a reduced frequency were determined. A friction gage and a thermal tuft were developed and used to measure the surface skin friction and the near wall fraction of time the flow moves downstream for several cases. Abstracts are provided of several articles which discuss the effects of the periodic free stream unsteadiness on the structure or separating turbulent boundary layers.

Simpson, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Tharsis volcanoes - Separation distances, relative ages, sizes, morphologies, and depths of burial

Network analysis indicates the separation distances of the Tharsis volcanoes to be 700 to 900 km; this is considered to be the thickness of the Tharsis thermal lithosphere or 'tectosphere' which has thickened with time. Although as a whole the Tharsis volcanoes exhibit a random distribution, preferential alignments emerge when the history of the region is divided into separate periods. The preferential alignments mimic those of fractures in the surrounding terrain. Photogeologic and morphometric data indicate that the volcanoes fall into four distinct classes: montes, tholi, paterae, and a class whose sole representative is Alba Patera. The volcanoes have been buried by lava up to about 4 km in thickness. The sizes of the volcanoes directly correlate with their separation distances from their nearest neighbors. It is concluded that the greater the lithosphere thickness, the larger will be the volcano and the greater its separation distance from its nearest neighbor.

Whitford-Stark, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1983

The structure of a separating turbulent boundary layer. V Frequency effects on periodic unsteady free-stream flows

The results of experimental trials to obtain measurements of the effects of frequency on the sinusoidal variations in the free stream velocity over a separating turbulent boundary layer are reported. An oscillation frequency of 0.596 Hz was examined, in conjunction with a free stream velocity of 10.18 m/sec. Hot-wire anemometers measured the velocity upstream of the separation and the phase-averaged skin friction, while the velocities in the detached flow zone and the downstream velocity were assayed with a laser anemometer. Large amplitude and phase variations developed at the beginning of separation, producing hysteresis in the relationships between flow parameters. Increases in the free stream velocity decreased the detached shear layer thickness, while in the deceleration segment of the cycle the separated shear layer grew thicker. The results are in a frequency range that are significant for axial compressor blades and helicopter blades.

Simpson, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Analysis of airfoil transitional separation bubbles

A previously developed local inviscid-viscous interaction technique for the analysis of airfoil transitional separation bubbles, ALESEP (Airfoil Leading Edge Separation) has been modified to utilize a more accurate windward finite difference procedure in the reversed flow region, and a natural transition/turbulence model has been incorporated for the prediction of transition within the separation bubble. Numerous calculations and experimental comparisons are presented to demonstrate the effects of the windward differencing scheme and the natural transition/turbulence model. Grid sensitivity and convergence capabilities of this inviscid-viscous interaction technique are briefly addressed. A major contribution of this report is that with the use of windward differencing, a second, counter-rotating eddy has been found to exist in the wall layer of the primary separation bubble.

Davis, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Experimental studies of the separated flow over a NASA GA(W)-1 airfoil

The separated flow over the 17-percent-thick blunt-trailing-edge NASA GA(W)-1 airfoil is investigated experimentally at angles of attack 10.3-18.4 deg and velocities up to 92 m/sec in the 1.09 x 0.76 x 1.22-m working section of a closed-circuit wind tunnel, with typical Reynolds numbers of the order 4 x 10 to the 6th. The results are presented graphically and characterized. Separated-flow velocity profiles and skin-friction distributions are obtained, and the boundary-layer integral properties are shown to be in good agreement with the separation criteria of Sandborn and Kline (1961). The chordwise development of the mean velocity is reduced to a universal curve, and some similarity is found in the outer-region velocity profiles downstream of the separation.

Mehta, J. M.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Analysis of airfoil transitional separation bubbles

A previously developed local inviscid-viscous interaction technique for the analysis of airfoil transitional separation bubbles, ALESEP (Airfoil Leading Edge Separation), has been modified to utilize a more accurate windward finite difference procedure in the reversed flow region, and a natural transition turbulence model has been incorporated for the prediction of transition within the separation bubble. Numerous calculations and experimental comparisons are presented to demonstrate the effects of the windward differencing scheme and the natural transition turbulence model. Grid sensitivity and convergence capabilities of this inviscid-viscous interaction technique are briefly addressed. A major conclusion of this paper is that a second, counter-rotating eddy has been found to exist in the wall layer of the primary separation bubble with the use of windward differencing.

Davis, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Acoustic particle separation

A method is described which uses acoustic energy to separate particles of different sizes, densities, or the like. The method includes applying acoustic energy resonant to a chamber containing a liquid of gaseous medium to set up a standing wave pattern that includes a force potential well wherein particles within the well are urged towards the center, or position of minimum force potential. A group of particles to be separated is placed in the chamber, while a non-acoustic force such as gravity is applied, so that the particles separate with the larger or denser particles moving away from the center of the well to a position near its edge and progressively smaller lighter particles moving progressively closer to the center of the well. Particles are removed from different positions within the well, so that particles are separated according to the positions they occupy in the well.

Barmatz, M. B.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Effect of a buried-wire gage on the separation bubble Numerical study

A numerically simulated buried-wire separation gage is investigated with emphasis on its effect on the separation bubble. The conjugated problem of a supersonic, time-dependent, two-dimensional flowfield above a conductive solid wall with an embedded heat source is solved using implicit finite difference algorithms. Steady-state and transient cases were computed for different locations of the heat source within the bubble. Results show that by using a steady heat source, the flow direction near the wall can be detected, without distorting the flowfield, only if the source is located in regions where the bubble is thick (i.e., not too close to the separation). The flow direction near separation can be detected by using a temperature pulse at the solid/fluid interface with insignificant distortion of the flowfield.

Degani, D.↗