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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

Pyrometer for measurement of surface temperature distribution on a rotating turbine blade

A conceptual optical method and some test results are presented for measuring the surface temperature distribution on one of the rotating turbine blades with a surface resolution of 0.05 cm spot diameter at a tip speed of 400 m/sec. The blade is scanned line-by-line by a fixed optical system. During each line-scan, the detector analog output signal is converted to two hundred consecutive digital values that are temporarily stored in a high speed buffer memory, and then transferred at a slower rate to a computer for processing. The signal-to-noise ratio of the silicon avalanche detector is large enough to obtain an accuracy of one percent at 1050 K blade temperature. By averaging 25 scans of the same line the same accuracy can be obtained at 900 K.

Buchele, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1972

TF-34 turbofan quiet engine study

A study of high bypass turbofan engines in heavily sound-suppressed nacelles based on the TF-34 engine. The four-engine noise objective was 95 PNdb at four locations typical of takeoff and landing. Three engines were studied; these had fan pressure ratios, bypass ratios, and fan tip speeds respectively of 1.48/6.5/404 m/sec (1327 ft/sec), 1.25/13/305 (1000), 1.25/13/366(1200). The bypass 13 engines had a variable pitch fan, direct- and gear-driven. Noise suppressive treatment was identified which met 95 PNdb objective except for sideline liftoff at 6.5 bypass, full power, which was 2 PNdb noisier; at 90% power, 95 PNdb was achieved.

Edkins, D. P.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Investigation of the stability of the tip vortex generated by hovering propellers and rotors.

The objective of this experimental and theoretical investigation was to determine what factors and mechanisms are involved in vortex interaction and instability and how these phenomena manifest themselves. To answer these questions, the schlieren method of flow visualization was used to observe the wakes generated by two- and four-bladed model propellers and rotors. A concurrent free-wake analysis was conducted for comparative purposes. Schlieren pictures showing wake asymmetry, interaction, and instability are presented. Various factors and mechanisms believed to be responsible for these are discussed along with the effects produced by the number of blades, collective pitch, and tip speed. Free-wake calculations that qualitatively confirm those factors responsible for wake asymmetry and interaction are also presented.

Tangler, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1972

A prediction model for lift-fan simulator performance

The performance characteristics of a model VTOL lift-fan simulator installed in a two-dimensional wing are presented. The lift-fan simulator consisted of a 15-inch diameter fan driven by a turbine contained in the fan hub. The performance of the lift-fan simulator was measured in two ways: (1) the calculated momentum thrust of the fan and turbine (total thrust loading), and (2) the axial-force measured on a load cell force balance (axial-force loading). Tests were conducted over a wide range of crossflow velocities, corrected tip speeds, and wing angle of attack. A prediction modeling technique was developed to help in analyzing the performance characteristics of lift-fan simulators. A multiple linear regression analysis technique is presented which calculates prediction model equations for the dependent variables.

Yuska, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Some observed effects of part-span dampers on rotating blade row performance near design point

Detailed measured radial distributions of flow parameters for eight rotors with part-span dampers are used to study the effects of dampers on rotor performance and flow parameters at near design operation. All rotors had a blade tip diameter of about 20 in. and operated at a blade tip speed of about 1400 ft/sec. Several examples demonstrate that, when the local loss variations in the damper flow region are included in an aerodynamic design or analysis procedure, the computed spanwise distributions of flow parameters compare closely with measured distributions.

Esgar, G. M.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Effect of rotor design tip seed on aerodynamic performance of a model VTOL lift fan under static and crossflow conditions

Results are presented for a wind tunnel investigation of three single VTOL lift fan stages designed for the same overall total pressure ratio at different rotor tip speeds. The stages were tested in a model lift fan installed in a wing pod. The three stages had essentially the same aerodynamic performance along the operating line. However, differences in stage thrust characteristics were obtained when a variation in back pressure was imposed on the stages by cross-flow effects and thrust-vectoring louvers.

Stockman, N. O.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Single stage evaluation of highly loaded high Mach number compressor stages. 6: Data and performance of cantilevered stator

A compressor stage with a rotor tip speed of 1600 ft/sec was tested to evaluate its performance with a cantilevered stator and a rotating inner shroud beneath the stator. Both the rotor blades and the stator vanes were composed of multiple circular arc airfoil sections. Comparison of data taken during this test of the cantilevered stator and previous tests with the same compressor and airfoil geometry in a shroud stator configuration showed only slight differences in stage performance with no significant effect on overall efficiency. However, the severity of the stator wake near the rotating hub was decreased at all flows including the near surge condition. Stall and wise open discharge corrected weight flows were the same as for the shrouded stator configuration.

Merrow, A. S.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Noise from turbomachinery

A review is made of turbomachinery noise from turbofan engines as typified by fan noise. The mechanisms and theories of fan noise are reviewed and concepts for its reduction, including acoustic suppression are discussed. Correlations of the overall noise data from several full-scale fans tested at NASA-Lewis Research Center are presented as indicative of the current state-of-the-art. Estimates are presented to show economics versus reduced noise for two quieted experimental engines, one with subsonic and one with supersonic fan tip speed. Finally, some concepts that may have the potential to reduce fan noise are indicated.

Feiler, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Noise comparisons from full-scale fan tests at NASA Lewis Research Center

The overall aero and acoutic design features of eight 6-foot-diameter, single stage fans tested in an outdoor acoustic facility are described. A correlation of the acoustic results for subsonic tip-speed fans showed the total sound power was proportional to the mechanical power imparted to the fan and the specific work performed on the air to within + or - 2 dB. The correlation was relatively insensitive to fan design variables over a broad range of operating conditions. Maximum perceived noise levels were generally proportional to the sound power levels with both noise levels exhibiting a relatively unique increase with fan pressure ratio when normalized by the delivered thrust.

Heidmann, M. F.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Pyrometer for measurement of surface temperature distribution on a rotating turbine blade.

A conceptual optical method and some test results are presented for measuring the surface temperature distribution on one of the rotating turbine blades with a surface resolution of 0.05 cm spot diameter at a tip speed of 400 m/sec. The blade is scanned line-by-line by a fixed optical system. During each line-scan, the detector analog output signal is converted to 200 consecutive digital values that are temporarily stored in a high-speed buffer memory and then transferred at a slower rate to a computer for processing. The signal-to-noise ratio of the silicon avalanche detector is large enough to obtain an accuracy of 1% at 1050 K blade temperature. By averaging 25 scans of the same line the same accuracy can be obtained at 900 K.

Buchele, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Noise from turbomachinery.

This paper reviews turbomachinery noise from turbofan engines as typified by fan noise. The mechanisms and theories of fan noise are reviewed and concepts for its reduction, including acoustic suppresion are discussed. Correlations of the overall noise data from several full-scale fans tested at NASA-Lewis Research Center are presented as indicative of the current state-of-the-art. Estimates are presented to show economics versus reduced noise for two quieted experimental engines, one with subsonic and one with supersonic fan tip speed. Finally, some concepts that may have the potential to reduce fan noise are indicated.

Feiler, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Noise comparisons from full-scale fan tests at NASA Lewis Research Center.

The overall aero and acoustic design features of eight 6-foot-diameter, single-stage fans tested in an outdoor acoustic facility are described. A correlation of the acoustic results for subsonic tip-speed fans showed the total sound power to be proportional to the mechanical power imparted to the fan and the specific work performed on the air to within plus or minus 2 dB. The correlation was relatively insensitive to fan design variables over a broad range of operating conditions. Maximum perceived noise levels were generally proportional to the sound power levels with both noise levels exhibiting a relatively unique increase with fan pressure ratio when normalized by the delivered thrust. The spectra of broadband noise attributed to the fan exhibited a bimodal characteristic for most of the fans. A predominant mode centered near the blade-passage tone and another at 8 to 16 times the tone frequency.

Heidmann, M. F.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Impact resistance of composite fan blades

The resistance of current-design Pratt and Whitney Aircraft low aspect ratio advanced fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composite fan blades to foreign object damage (FOD) at STOL operating conditions was investigated. Five graphite/epoxy and five boron/epoxy wide chord fan blades with nickel plated stainless steel leading edge sheath protection were fabricated and impact tested. The fan blades were individually tested in a vacuum whirlpit under FOD environments. The FOD environments were typical of those encountered in service operations. The impact objects were ice balls, gravel, stralings and gelatin simulated birds. Results of the damage sustained from each FOD impact are presented for both the graphite boron reinforced blades. Tests showed that the present design composite fan blades, with wrap around leading edge protection have inadequate FOD impact resistance at 244 m/sec (800 ft/sec) tip speed, a possible STOL operating condition.

Premont, E. J.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Impact resistance of spar-shell composite fan blades

Composite spar-shell fan blades for a 1.83 meter (6 feet) diameter fan stage were fabricated and tested in a whirling arm facility to evaluate foreign object damage (FOD) resistance. The blades were made by adhesively bonding boron-epoxy shells on titanium spars and then adhesively bonding an Inconel 625 sheath on the leading edge. The rotating blades were individually tested at a tip speed of 800 feet per second. Impacting media used were gravel, rivets, bolt, nut, ice balls, simulated birds, and a real bird. Incidence angles were typical of those which might be experienced by STOL aircraft. The tests showed that blades of the design tested in this program have satisfactory impact resistance to small objects such as gravel, rivets, nuts, bolts, and two inch diameter ice balls. The blades suffered nominal damage when impacted with one-pound birds (9 to 10 ounce slice size). However, the shell was removed from the spar for a larger slice size.

Graff, J.↗
NASA NTRS1973

The effect of aerodynamic parameters on power output of windmills

Aerodynamic results for a study on windpower generation are reported. Windmill power output is presented in terms that are commonly used in rotary wing analysis, namely, power output as a function of drag developed by the windmill. Effect of tip speed ratio, solidity, twist, wind angle, blade setting and airfoil characteristics are given.

Wiesner, W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Impact resistance of current design composite fan blades tested under short-haul operating conditions

Boron/epoxy and graphite/epoxy composite blades were impacted in a rotating whirligig facility with conditions closely simulating those which might be experienced by a STOL engine impacted with various foreign objects. The tip speed of the rotating blades was 800 feet per second. The blades were impacted with simulated birds, real birds, ice balls, and gravel. The results of composite blade impact tests were compared with a titanium blade tested under similar conditions. Neither composite material indicated a clear superiority over the other. Blades made from both composite materials showed more damage than the titanium blades.

Steinhagen, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Performance of a 1.15-pressure-ratio axial-flow fan stage with a blade tip solidity of 0.5

The overall and blade-element performance of a low-solidity, low-pressure-ratio, low-tip-speed fan stage is presented over the stable operating range at rotative speeds from 90 to 120 percent of design speed. At design speed a stage peak efficiency of 0.836 was obtained at a weight flow of 30.27 kilograms per second and a pressure ratio of 1.111. The pressure ratio was less than design pressure ratio, and the design energy input into the rotor was not achieved. A mismatch of the rotor and stator blade elements resulted due to the lower than design pressure ratio of the rotor.

Osborn, W. M.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Acoustic and aerodynamic testing of a scale model variable pitch fan

A fully reversible pitch scale model fan with variable pitch rotor blades was tested to determine its aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics. The single-stage fan has a design tip speed of 1160 ft/sec (353.568 m/sec) at a bypass pressure ratio of 1.5. Three operating lines were investigated. Test results show that the blade pitch for minimum noise also resulted in the highest efficiency for all three operating lines at all thrust levels. The minimum perceived noise on a 200-ft (60.96 m) sideline was obtained with the nominal nozzle. At 44% of takeoff thrust, the PNL reduction between blade pitch and minimum noise blade pitch is 1.8 PNdB for the nominal nozzle and decreases with increasing thrust. The small nozzle (6% undersized) has the highest efficiency at all part thrust conditions for the minimum noise blade pitch setting; although, the noise is about 1.0 PNdB higher for the small nozzle at the minimum noise blade pitch position.

Jutras, R. R.↗