Seasonal metabolic responses of deer mice /peromyscus/ to temperature and altitude.
Effects of temperature and altitude on seasonal metabolic responses in deer mice, peromyscus maniculatus, native high altitude
METABOLISM↗
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Radiation measurements and doses at SST altitudes
Radiation components and dose equivalents due to galactic and solar cosmic rays in the high atmosphere, especially at SST altitudes, are presented. The dose equivalent rate for the flight personnel flying 500 hours per year in cruise altitudes of 60,000-65,000 feet (18-19.5 km) in high magnetic latitudes is about 0.75-1.0 rem per year averaged over the solar cycle, or about 15-20 percent of the maximum permissible dose rate.
Foelsche, T.↗
High altitude color photography as a tool for regional analysis: As demonstrated for southeastern Florida
High altitude color and color infrared photography of the tri-county region of southeast Florida made it feasible to evaluate its potential for quantifying the dimensions of regional change. Attention was focused upon three main aspects of change in the region, which in fact overlap. These were; (1) the transformation of the southeast Florida wetlands; (2) the expansion of agriculture; and (3) the growth of the urbanized area. The development analyzed covered the period of thirteen years from 1956 to 1969. Results using this new 18 km photography were superior because of the degree of resolution, the combined power of color and color infrared interpretation, and the large area covered by each frame. The greatest advantage of high altitude imagery is the time-saving element, since it is possible to delineate and identify major geographic patterns over thousands of sq km very rapidly.
Eyre, L. A.↗
The use of high altitude remote sensing in determining existing vegetation and monitoring ecological stress
High altitude color and multispectral black and white photography was used to survey existing vegetation and soil conditions on the Empire Ranch where large scale development will soon begin. Utilizing stereo pairs of the high altitude color photography, four vegetation classifications were discernable as a function of topography and foliage characteristics. In contrast to the undeveloped Ranch, the same photography was used to detect environmental changes in the Tucson metropolitan area as a result of rapid urbanization. The most prevalent change related to development is the removal of vegetation in high density areas to allow for housing starts. Erosion then occurs where vegetation has been removed.
Foster, K.↗
Theoretical and measured electron-density distributions for the ram vehicle at high altitudes.
Application of a viscous shock-layer analysis to the calculation of nonequilibrium-flow species distributions in the plasma layer of a blunt-nosed vehicle at high altitudes. The theoretical electron-density results obtained are in good agreement with those measured in flight for a hemisphere-9 deg cone entry vehicle. The flight measurements were obtained using electrostatic probes that protruded well into the shock layer. In addition, the theoretically obtained heavy-particle translational temperatures appear to agree fairly well with the electron temperatures that were measured in the flight experiments using voltage-swept thin-wire electrostatic probes. The influence of the reaction rate coefficients on the calculated electron densities has been assessed and shown to be within the uncertainty in the flight data. The theoretical results demonstrate the importance of including in the chemical model the positive ions N2(+), O2(+), N(+), and O(+), in addition to NO(+), for the high altitudes and velocities considered.
Kang, S.-W.↗
The effect of chronic erythrocytic polycythemia and high altitude upon plasma and blood volumes.
Comparison of two kinds of physiological chronic erythrocytic polycythemias in order to differentiate the specific effect of erythrocytic polycythemia from the general effects of high altitude upon the plasma volume. The two kinds were produced hormonally in female chickens, at sea level, or by protracted high-altitude exposures. It appears that the vascular system of the body may account for an increase in red blood cell mass either by reduction in plasma volume, or by no change in plasma volume, resulting in differential changes in total blood volumes.
Burton, R. R.↗
The altitude of the scattering layer near the mesopause over the summer poles
The variation in radiance and altitude with time and latitude is reported for the dense scattering layers observed over the summer poles by the OGO 6 airglow photometer. The average altitude was 84.3 km with a tendency for higher values on the night side than on the day side of the polar cap. The average radiance increased by a factor of 5 between day 163 and day 180, 1969, but decreased thereafter.
Donahue, T. M.↗
Design assurance test of the Thiokol Te-M-521-5 apogee kick motor tested in the spin mode at simulated altitude conditions
One Thiokol Chemical Corporation TE-M-521-5 solid-propellant apogee rocket motor was successfully fired at an average simulated altitude of about 108,000 ft while spinning at 46 rpm. The general program objectives were to verify compliance of motor performance with the manufacturer's specifications. Specific primary objectives were to determine vacuum ballistic performance of the motor after prefire vibration conditioning and temperature conditioning at 40F, altitude ignition characteristics, motor structural integrity, and motor temperature-time history during and after motor operation. Additional objectives were to measure the lateral (nonaxial) thrust component during motor operation and to measure radiation heat flux in the vicinity of the nozzle exit plane.
Cimino, A. A.↗
Observability of high altitude atmospheric scattering layers
The observability of high altitude aerosol and atmospheric scattering layers by a satellite-mounted optical detector was considered. In particular the detectability of a 50 km layer with a wide-angle receiver was investigated. It was found that a layer possessing an optical depth greater than approximately 0.0002 at 3000 A (i.e. strong enough to affect BUV measurements of ozone) should be detectable with such an instrument provided that the system can be constructed so as to be sensitive to a signal of only 0.0001 of the sunlight directly incident on the instrument. However it was concluded that a narrow field-of-view satellite-mounted telescope used to scan the earth's horizon has a more general applicability for the detection of high altitude aerosol layers.
Cunnold, D. M.↗
Normal probabilities for Cape Kennedy wind components: Monthly reference periods for all flight azimuths. Altitudes 0 to 70 kilometers
This document replaces Cape Kennedy empirical wind component statistics which are presently being used for aerospace engineering applications that require component wind probabilities for various flight azimuths and selected altitudes. The normal (Gaussian) distribution is presented as an adequate statistical model to represent component winds at Cape Kennedy. Head-, tail-, and crosswind components are tabulated for all flight azimuths for altitudes from 0 to 70 km by monthly reference periods. Wind components are given for 11 selected percentiles ranging from 0.135 percent to 99,865 percent for each month. Results of statistical goodness-of-fit tests are presented to verify the use of the Gaussian distribution as an adequate model to represent component winds at Cape Kennedy, Florida.
Falls, L. W.↗
A two-satellite microwave occultation system for determining pressure altitude references.
A two-satellite microwave occultation system is described that will fix as an absolute function of altitude the pressure-temperature profile generated by a passive infrared sounder. This method would be successful in determining the altitude of the 300-mb pressure level to within 24 m rms, assuming the temperature errors produced by the IR sensor are not greater than 2K rms. Error caused by water vapor in the radio path can be corrected by climatological adjustments (by use of mean water vapor profiles) if accurate water vapor sensors are not available.
Ungar, S. G.↗
The altitude of the scattering layer near the mesopause over the summer poles.
The time and latitude variation in the radiance and altitude of the dense scattering layers observed over the summer poles is reported using OGO 6 airglow photometer data. The average altitude was 84.3 km with a tendency for higher values on the night side than on the day side of the polar cap. The average radiance increased by a factor of 5 between day 163 and day 180 (1969), but decreased thereafter.
Donahue, T. M.↗
Glycolytic intermediates and adenosine phosphates in rat liver at high altitude /3,800 m/.
Liver tissue obtained from adult rats exposed to 3800 m altitude for intervals ranging from 1.5 hr to 63 days was examined by enzymatic analysis. During the first 3 hr of exposure, an immediate decrease in rephosphorylation of high-energy phosphates led to reduced glycogenesis and eventual pileup of AMP, pyruvate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, and glucose. This was accompanied by a reduction of pentose phosphate pathway activity. After 3 to 6 hr, a secondary adjustment of substrate concentrations occurred along with the apparent facilitation of phosphofructokinase. This secondary adjustment appears to increase anaerobic production of ATP and represents a significant intracellular contribution to the acclimatization process at high altitude.
Cipriano, L. F.↗
Users guide to high altitude imagery of Michigan
A guide to the high altitude imagery of Michigan outlines the areas of the state covered by selected recent high altitude aircraft and Earth Resources Technology Satellite flights. The types of remote sensing used are described. Maps of the flight coverage areas are included along with price lists of available imagery.
Source record↗
The characteristics of a possible low altitude electron layer in the Martian atmosphere
The apparent diurnal Martian surface pressure variation, as deduced from radio occultation experiments, is discussed and explained as possibly arising from the effect of a low altitude electron layer. Possible source and loss mechanisms for the low altitude electron layer are presented and discussed. Time-dependent differential equations describing the electron layer are derived and then integrated to investigate the electron distribution resulting from the several processes that might occur in the atmosphere. It is concluded that the source mechanism is the sublimation of alkali atoms from a permanent dust layer (a dust layer of 0.2 micron particles of density 9/cu cm is sufficient), and that the dominant loss process must involve CO2 clustering to the alkali atoms. Using these processes, an electron layer is developed which would explain the apparent diurnal surface pressure.
Wallio, H. A.↗
Molecular attenuation and phase dispersion between 40 and 140-GHz for path models from different altitudes
Radio wave propagation in the 40 to 140 GHz band through the first hundred kilometers of the atmosphere is strongly influenced by the microwave spectrum of oxygen (O2-MS). A unified treatment of molecular attenuation and phase dispersion is formulated. Results of molecular physics are translated into frequency, temperature, pressure, and magnetic field dependencies of a complex refractive index. The intensity distribution of the O2-MS undergoes several changes with increasing altitude. The influence of water vapor is discussed. Examples of computer plots are given as a function of altitude for homogeneous, zenith, and tangential path geometries. Molecular resonances of minor atmospheric gases are discussed briefly.
Liebe, H. J.↗
Electrons at low altitudes: A difficult background problem for soft X-ray astronomy
Quasi-trapped and precipitating electrons have been observed with rocket-borne X-ray astronomy detectors in the altitude range 150 to 500 km. Because the flights occured at low magnetic latitudes the electrons were unexpected. Data from many flights are combined to derive altitude dependence, an average electron spectrum, and variation with solar activity. Development of electron-rejecting collimators is discussed, and laboratory and flight data on these collimators are presented.
Seward, F. D.↗
Derivation of transformation formulas between geocentric and geodetic coordinates for nonzero altitudes
Four formulas, for the nonzero altitude transformation from geodetic coordinates (geodetic latitude and altitude) to geocentric coordinates (geocentric latitude and geocentric distance) and vice versa, are derived. The set of four formulas is expressed in each of the three useful forms: series expansion in powers of the earth's flattening; series expansion in powers of the earth's eccentricity; and Fourier series expansion in terms of the geodetic latitude or the geocentric latitude. The error incurred in these series expansions is of the order of one part in 3 x 10 to the 7th power.
Long, S. A. T.↗