Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “bit”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Utah FORGE: Sanvean Technologies Drilling Data from Well 16B(78)-32

Included here is Sanvean Technologies bit sensor data amalgamated with data from National Oilwell Varco's (NOV) BlackBox tool for Reed Hycalog bits used during drilling of Well 16B(78)-32. The dataset contains information collected at the bit while drilling including rate of penetration (ROP), top drive torque, and bit box temperature. The data was recorded at the bit box and top sub of the motor. RPM was measured by onboard gyro recording continuously in each sensor, and shock levels were also recorded on X, Y and Z axis. This data was merged with EDR in time format and saved in file sets (the zipped files) then output into CSV files. Please note: fields in the CSV files, such as the date field, may need to be formatted to display properly. There is an additional zipped folder in each dataset that is password protected. Sanvean GameChanger Viewer software must be used to view this password protected data. Information on how to use and download this free software is also included here.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Mitigation for Removal of Building 01-103 in the Area 1 Subdock, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

Building 01-103, the Drill Bit Repair Building was originally recorded as SHPO Resource No. B18848 in 2020 during an architectural survey of the Area 1 Subdock (Collins et al. 2022). It was recommended individually eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criteria A and C and contributing to the significance of the Area 1 Subdock Historic District. The SHPO concurred with these determinations in a letter dated April 29, 2022 (Reed 2022). The Drill Bit Repair Building retains all seven aspects of integrity. The location, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association have not changed since its original construction. The design was modified slightly in 1996 with the addition of a removable and non-destructive chain-link fence. Nearby buildings 01-101 and 01-102 were removed (Collins and Menocal 2020) but the other buildings and storage yards remain. Therefore, the integrity of setting has been changed, but not to the degree that the building no longer conveys its significance (see Figures 4 and 5 for comparison). Building 01-103 was constructed in 1985 to coincide with the relocation of the Area 3 Subdock to Area 1. The design for the new Subdock provided a centralized cluster of buildings surrounded by two large storage yards. The buildings included administrative and engineering office space, warehouses, a radiograph building, and Building 01-103 as the drill bit maintenance and repair building, among others. The Drill Bit Repair Building was critical to the success of underground nuclear testing and is eligible under Criterion A for its contribution to broad patterns of history by maintaining specially designed equipment for underground nuclear testing at the NNSS. It is also eligible under Criterion C as it is the only recorded example of a facility built specifically for the maintenance of big-hole drill bits on the NNSS. As it retains both significance and integrity, it remains individually eligible under Criteria A and C. In addition to its individual significance, the Drill Bit Repair Building also contributes to the significance of the Area 1 Subdock Historic District as a representative of a big-hole drilling support facility necessary for underground nuclear testing. The building and the equipment therein were designed specifically for testing at the NNSS, where much of the early technology and methods for big-hole drilling were developed. Its removal will result in not only the demolition of a contributing element but also a change in the physical features of the district’s setting that contribute to its historic significance. The change in setting will diminish the district’s integrity. However, the district still contains numerous examples of other buildings constructed for the purpose of supporting big-hole drilling and remains eligible under Criteria A and C.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

The role of breakup and coalescence in fine-scale bubble-induced turbulence. II. Kinematics

This second part of our research explores the kinematic aspect of fine-scale bubble-induced turbulence (BIT) to (i) present the effect of bubble breakup and coalescence and (ii) compare it against the universal kinematic fine-scale turbulence characteristics reported in the literature. To this end, we simulate a dilute bubbly system of 0.5% void fraction using two distinct numerical simulations. In the volume-of-fluid (VoF) simulation, bubbles undergo breakup and coalescence. In the immersed boundary method (IBM) simulation, however, they act as rigid spheres. We also perform a simulation of classical homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT). The first important outcome of this study is that BIT is radically different from HIT in terms of its kinematic fine-scale characteristics. In the vorticity-dominating regions, BIT exhibits a weak vortex stretching. This weak vortex stretching is due to (a) the intermediate strain-rate eigenvalues skewed weakly to positive and (b) the extensive strain-rate eigenvector aligning perpendicular to the vorticity vector. The BIT has, on average, not only a weak enstrophy production but also a weak strain production in strain-dominating regions. The weak strain production is due to (a) the presence of vortex stretching in highly strained fluid elements and (b) the absolute magnitude of compressive strain-rate eigenvalue being as close to the extensive strain-rate eigenvalue. Thus, none of the kinematic fine-scale HIT characteristics is noted for BIT. The second important conclusion is that bubble breakup and coalescence play little to no influence on the kinematics of fine-scale BIT as VoF and IBM simulations produce similar results.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Experimental Limit on Nonlinear State-Dependent Terms in Quantum Theory

Linear time evolution is one of the fundamental postulates of quantum theory. Past theoretical attempts to introduce nonlinearity into quantum evolution have violated causality. However, a recent theory has introduced nonlinear state-dependent terms in quantum field theory, preserving causality [D. E. Kaplan and S. Rajendran, Phys. Rev. D 105, 055002 (2022)]. We report the results of an experiment that searches for such terms. Our approach, inspired by the Everett many-worlds interpretation of quantum theory, correlates a binary macroscopic classical voltage with the outcome of a projective measurement of a quantum bit, prepared in a coherent superposition state. Measurement results are recorded in a bit string, which is used to control a voltage switch. Presence of a nonzero voltage reading in cases of no applied voltage is the experimental signature of a nonlinear state-dependent shift of the electromagnetic field operator. We implement blinded measurement and data analysis with three control bit strings. Control of systematic effects is realized by producing one of the control bit strings with a classical random-bit generator. The other two bit strings are generated by measurements performed on a superconducting qubit in an IBM Quantum processor and on a N 15 nuclear spin in a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Our measurements find no evidence for electromagnetic quantum state-dependent nonlinearity. We set a bound on the parameter that quantifies this nonlinearity | ε γ | < 4.7 × 10 - 11 , at 90% confidence level.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

2024 Geothermal Rising Conference Poster

As part of a U.S. DOE Geothermal Technologies Office funding opportunity, Geysers Power Company, LLC, an indirect subsidiary of Calpine Corporation, partnered with Sandia National Labs, EGI at the University of Utah, and Texas A&M University to demonstrate increased drilling performance at The Geysers Geothermal Field. The performance target in the drilling demonstrations is at least a 25% improvement in rates of penetration with increased time on bottom for each bit. The planned drilling demonstrations are being conducted as part of an existing drilling campaign intended to enhance reservoir utilization. A major goal of the project is to assess the effectiveness of implementing mechanical specific energy (MSE) and drilling dysfunction diagnosis and remediation in these challenging environments, as well as alternate bit technologies. The first demonstration well has been completed, with a total of 15 PDC bit runs in the 17.5”, 12.25” and 8.5” sections. Initial analysis shows ROP gains in all three hole sections, especially in the 17.5” and 12.25” sections, compared with conventional roller cone bit runs in the demonstration well and offset wells. However in the 8.5” hole, wear and damage to the PDC bits resulted in relatively short bit runs. Analysis is underway to take advantage of the positive results and remediate the challenges.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1971

A comparison of orthogonal transformations for digital speech processing.

Discrete forms of the Fourier, Hadamard, and Karhunen-Loeve transforms are examined for their capacity to reduce the bit rate necessary to transmit speech signals. To rate their effectiveness in accomplishing this goal the quantizing error (or noise) resulting for each transformation method at various bit rates is computed and compared with that for conventional companded PCM processing. Based on this comparison, it is found that Karhunen-Loeve provides a reduction in bit rate of 13.5 kbits/s, Fourier 10 kbits/s, and Hadamard 7.5 kbits/s as compared with the bit rate required for companded PCM. These bit-rate reductions are shown to be somewhat independent of the transmission bit rate.

Campanella, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Serial data correlator/code translator

A system for analyzing asynchronous signals containing bits of information for ensuring the validity of said signals, by sampling each bit of information a plurality of times, and feeding the sampled pieces of bits of information into a sequence controlled is described. The sequence controller has a plurality of maps or programs through which the sampled pieces of bits are stepped so as to identify the particular bit of information and determine the validity and phase of the bit. The step in which the sequence controller is clocked is controlled by a storage register. A data decoder decodes the information fed out of the storage register and feeds such information to shift registers for storage.

Morgan, L. E.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Comparison of the information content of data from the LANDSAT 4 Thematic Mapper and the multispectral scanner

Evaluation of information contained in data from the visible and near-IR channels of LANDSAT 4 TM and MSS for five agricultural scenes shows that the TM provides a significant advance in information gathering capability as expressed in terms of bits per pixel or bits per unit area. The six reflective channels of the TM acquire 18 bits of information per pixel out of a possible 48 bits, while the four MSS channels acquire 10 bits of information per pixel out of a possible 28 bits. Thus the TM and MSS are equally efficient in gathering information (18/48 to approximately 10/28), contrary to the expected tendency toward lower efficiency as spatial resolution is improved and spectral channels are added to an observing system. The TM thermal IR data appear to be of interest mainly for mapping water bodies, which do not change temperature during the day, for assessing surface moisture, and for monitoring thermal features associated with human activity.

Price, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Performance Simulation for Unit-memory Convolutional Codes with Byte-oriented Viterbi Decoding Algorithm

A software package developed to simulate the performance of the byte-oriented Viterbi decoding algorithm for unit-memory (UM) codes on both 3-bit and 4-bit quantized AWGN channels is described. The simulation is shown to require negligible memory and less time than that for the RTMBEP algorith, although they both provide similar performance in terms of symbol-error probability. This makes it possible to compute the symbol-error probability of large codes and to determine the signal-to-noise ratio required to achieve a bit error rate (BER) of 0.000001 for corresponding concatenated systems. A (7, 10/48) UM code, 10-bit Reed-Solomon code combination achieves the required BER at 1.08 dB for a 3-bit quantized channel and at 0.91 dB for a 4-bit quantized channel.

Vo, Q. D.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Neighborhood comparison operator

Digital values in a moving window are compared by an operator having nine comparators connected to line buffers for receiving a succession of central pixels together with eight neighborhood pixels. A single bit of program control determines whether the neighborhood pixels are to be compared with the central pixel or a threshold value. The central pixel is always compared with the threshold. The omparator output plus 2 bits indicating odd-even pixel/line information about the central pixel addresses a lookup table to provide 14 bits of information, including 2 bits which control a selector to pass either the central pixel value, the other 12 bits of table information, or the bit-wise logical OR of all nine pixels through circuit that implements a very wide OR gate.

Gennery, D. B.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Method and apparatus for operating on companded PCM voice data

The method and apparatus constructed in accordance with this invention permits a plurality of parties to speak to each other on a conference line with a minimum of interference. The apparatus digitizes audio signals. Each of the parties has an audio transmitter and receiver provided for transmitting and receiving audio signals. The audio signals are converted to a PCM companded eight-bit parallel signal followed by a conversion to a serial signal for transmitting to a remote location and then reconverting each of the companded signals to a first-eight-bit parallel signal. The eight-bit parallel signal is fed to one input of a pre-programmed ROM. This eight-bit signal provides one-half of a sixteen-bit address of a lookup ROM. The other half of the sixteen-bit ROM address is supplied by another suscriber over an identical circuit.

Byrne, F.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Monolithic GaAs digitizer for space-based laser pulse spreading effect

A 6-bit 1-GHz digitizer was designed to analyze the 1-ns pulse spreading effects in a space based altimeter. The digitizer consisted of four 4-bit flash A/D converters and a 6-bit encoder. Also, the converter utilized four 4-bit converters and a 4-to-6 bit encoder to achieve 6 bit resolution at the 1 GHz sample rate. The design was unique because it utilized only the inverters and NOR gates for the converters and encoder, hence it could be fabricated using the existing state-of-the-art GaAs processing techniques. This GHz digitizer has many commercial applications. It could be applicable to: (1) digital microwave transmission system for the telecommunication industries, (2) pulse monitoring in high kinetic chemical reactions, (3) transient signals in the medical field, and (4) microwave signals in astronomy.

Lao, Bennig↗
NASA NTRS1994

Modulation and synchronization technique for MF-TDMA system

This report addresses modulation and synchronization techniques for a multi-frequency time division multiple access (MF-TDMA) system with onboard baseband processing. The types of synchronization techniques analyzed are asynchronous (conventional) TDMA, preambleless asynchronous TDMA, bit synchronous timing with a preamble, and preambleless bit synchronous timing. Among these alternatives, preambleless bit synchronous timing simplifies onboard multicarrier demultiplexer/demodulator designs (about 2:1 reduction in mass and power), requires smaller onboard buffers (10:1 to approximately 3:1 reduction in size), and provides better frame efficiency as well as lower onboard processing delay. Analysis and computer simulation illustrate that this technique can support a bit rate of up to 10 Mbit/s (or higher) with proper selection of design parameters. High bit rate transmission may require Doppler compensation and multiple phase error measurements. The recommended modulation technique for bit synchronous timing is coherent QPSK with differential encoding for the uplink and coherent QPSK for the downlink.

Faris, Faris↗
NASA NTRS1987

Neighborhood comparison operator

Digital values in a moving window are compared by an operator having nine comparators (18) connected to line buffers (16) for receiving a succession of central pixels together with eight neighborhood pixels. A single bit of program control determines whether the neighborhood pixels are to be compared with the central pixel or a threshold value. The central pixel is always compared with the threshold. The comparator output, plus 2 bits indicating odd-even pixel/line information about the central pixel, addresses a lookup table (20) to provide 14 bits of information, including 2 bits which control a selector (22) to pass either the central pixel value, the other 12 bits of table information, or the bit-wise logic OR of all neighboring pixels.

Gennery, Donald B.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Alignment system for encoders

An improved encoder alignment system is disclosed which provides an indication of the extent of misalignment and a measure of the rate at which the misalignment may be changing. The invention is adapted for use with a conventional encoder which provides a digital coarse word having at least significant bit and a digital fine word having a least significant bit and a most significant bit. The invention generates the exclusive or of the least significant bit of the coarse digital signal and the least significant bit of the fine digital signal to provide a first signal. The invention then generates the exclusive or of the first signal and the complement of the most significant bit of the fine digital signal to provide an output signal which represents the misalignment of the encoder.

Villani, Daniel D.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Ultrasonic/Sonic Impacting Penetrators

Ultrasonic/sonic impacting penetrators (USIPs) are recent additions to the series of apparatuses based on ultrasonic/sonic drill corers (USDCs). A USIP enables a rod probe to penetrate packed soil or another substance of similar consistency, without need to apply a large axial force that could result in buckling of the probe or in damage to some buried objects. USIPs were conceived for use in probing and analyzing soil to depths of tens of centimeters in the vicinity of buried barrels containing toxic waste, without causing rupture of the barrels. USIPs could also be used for other purposes, including, for example, searching for pipes, barrels, or other hard objects buried in soil; and detecting land mines. USDCs and other apparatuses based on USDCs have been described in numerous previous NASA Tech Briefs articles. The ones reported previously were designed, variously, for boring into, and/or acquiring samples of, rock or other hard, brittle materials of geological interest. To recapitulate: A USDC can be characterized as a lightweight, low-power, piezoelectrically driven jackhammer in which ultrasonic and sonic vibrations are generated and coupled to a tool bit. As shown in the figure, a basic USDC includes a piezoelectric stack, a backing and a horn connected to the stack, a free mass (free in the sense that it can slide axially a short distance between the horn and the shoulder of tool bit), and a tool bit, i.e., probe for USIP. The piezoelectric stack is driven at the resonance frequency of the stack/horn/backing assembly to create ultrasonic vibrations that are mechanically amplified by the horn. To prevent fracture during operation, the piezoelectric stack is held in compression by a bolt. The bouncing of the free mass between the horn and the tool bit at sonic frequencies generates hammering actions to the bit that are more effective for drilling than is the microhammering action of ultrasonic vibrations in ordinary ultrasonic drills. The hammering actions are so effective that the axial force needed to make the tool bit advance into the material of interest is much smaller than in ordinary twist drilling, ultrasonic drilling, or ordinary steady pushing.

Bao, Xiaoqi↗
NASA NTRS2008

Fault-Tolerant Coding for State Machines

Two reliable fault-tolerant coding schemes have been proposed for state machines that are used in field-programmable gate arrays and application-specific integrated circuits to implement sequential logic functions. The schemes apply to strings of bits in state registers, which are typically implemented in practice as assemblies of flip-flop circuits. If a single-event upset (SEU, a radiation-induced change in the bit in one flip-flop) occurs in a state register, the state machine that contains the register could go into an erroneous state or could hang, by which is meant that the machine could remain in undefined states indefinitely. The proposed fault-tolerant coding schemes are intended to prevent the state machine from going into an erroneous or hang state when an SEU occurs. To ensure reliability of the state machine, the coding scheme for bits in the state register must satisfy the following criteria: 1. All possible states are defined. 2. An SEU brings the state machine to a known state. 3. There is no possibility of a hang state. 4. No false state is entered. 5. An SEU exerts no effect on the state machine. Fault-tolerant coding schemes that have been commonly used include binary encoding and "one-hot" encoding. Binary encoding is the simplest state machine encoding and satisfies criteria 1 through 3 if all possible states are defined. Binary encoding is a binary count of the state machine number in sequence; the table represents an eight-state example. In one-hot encoding, N bits are used to represent N states: All except one of the bits in a string are 0, and the position of the 1 in the string represents the state. With proper circuit design, one-hot encoding can satisfy criteria 1 through 4. Unfortunately, the requirement to use N bits to represent N states makes one-hot coding inefficient.

Naegle, Stephanie Taft↗
NASA NTRS2010

Ultrasonic rotary-hammer drill

A mechanism for drilling or coring by a combination of sonic hammering and rotation. The drill includes a hammering section with a set of preload weights mounted atop a hammering actuator and an axial passage through the hammering section. In addition, a rotary section includes a motor coupled to a drive shaft that traverses the axial passage through the hammering section. A drill bit is coupled to the drive shaft for drilling by a combination of sonic hammering and rotation. The drill bit includes a fluted shaft leading to a distal crown cutter with teeth. The bit penetrates sampled media by repeated hammering action. In addition, the bit is rotated. As it rotates the fluted bit carries powdered cuttings helically upward along the side of the bit to the surface.

Bar-Cohen, Yoseph↗