The effects of cooling on delay-time limits in IC's
The effect of cooling as a fundamental limit to delay times in IC's was considered. It appears that the delay time should be decreased at cryogenic temperatures.
Grondin, R. O.↗
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Microwave and X-ray observations of delayed brightenings at sites remote from the primary flare locations
Five examples of solar flares observed with the 17-GHz interferometer at Nobeyama in which a secondary microwave burst occurred at a distance of 100,000 km to 1,000,000 km from the primary flare site are presented. The secondary microwave burst in all five cases had a similar time profile to the primary burst with a delay of 2 to 25 s. The velocity of a triggering agent inferred from this delay and spatial separation is 10,000 km to 100,000 km/s. The intensity of the secondary burst was a factor of 3 to 25 smaller than that of the primary burst in all events except for one case in which it was a factor of 2 larger. The polarization degree of the secondary burst at 17 GHz was 35 percent, significantly higher than the average value for typical impulsive bursts. Two of the events were accompanied by meterwave type III/V bursts located high in the corona between the primary and secondary sites. For two of the other events, X-ray images of the secondary source were obtained with the hard-X-ray imaging spectrometer on the Solar Maximum Mission. These observations strongly suggest that the distant microwave bursts were produced by electrons with energies of 10 keV to 100 keV which were channeled along a huge loop from the main flare site to the remote location.
Nakajima, H.↗
VLBI collimation-tower technique for time-delay studies of a large ground-station communications antenna
A need for an accurate but inexpensive method for measuring and evaluating time delays of large ground antennas for VLBI applications motivated the development of the collimation tower technique. Supporting analytical work which was performed primarily to verify time delay measurement results obtained for a large antenna when the transmitter was at a collimation distance of 1/25 of the usual far field criterion is discussed. Comparisons of theoretical and experimental results are also given.
Otoshi, T. Y.↗
A new instrument for the determination of radio path delay due to atmospheric water vapor
A new water-vapor radiometer is being developed to determine atmospheric path-delay corrections for geodynamics applications. The radiometer has microwave channels at 20.7, 22.2, and 31.4 GHz, and includes new features which should promote radiometric precision while at the same time reduce instrument complexity. The instrument will be compact, portable, and will possess a self-diagnostic capability to ensure reliability. The performance objective is the determination of the line-of-sight path delay through the atmosphere due to water vapor with a one-sigma error less than 0.5 cm at the zenith.
Janssen, M. A.↗
Test structures for propagation delay measurements on high-speed integrated circuits
The accuracy of high-speed wafer-level measurements on digital IC's is limited by the probe interface. This limitation strongly encourages the use of built-in on-chip test hardware to reduce the number of critical off-chip high-speed interfaces. A novel synchronous propagation delay test structure is described which will provide accurate parametric data under typical automatic test conditions. Built-in test features added to complex combinational circuits are shown which are useful for delay measurement and which reduce the total number of high-speed I/O connections while still providing acceptable fault coverage in many cases.
Long, S. I.↗
Reduction of the effects of the communication delays in scientific algorithms on message passing MIMD architectures
The efficient implementation of algorithms on multiprocessor machines requires that the effects of communication delays be minimized. The effects of these delays on the performance of a model problem on a hypercube multiprocessor architecture is investigated and methods are developed for increasing algorithm efficiency. The model problem under investigation is the solution by red-black Successive Over Relaxation YOUN71 of the heat equation; most of the techniques described here also apply equally well to the solution of elliptic partial differential equations by red-black or multicolor SOR methods. Methods for reducing communication traffic and overhead on a multiprocessor are identified and results of testing these methods on the Intel iPSC Hypercube reported. Methods for partitioning a problem's domain across processors, for reducing communication traffic during a global convergence check, for reducing the number of global convergence checks employed during an iteration, and for concurrently iterating on multiple time-steps in a time-dependent problem. Empirical results show that use of these models can markedly reduce a numewrical problem's execution time.
Saltz, J. H.↗
Spontaneous ignition delay characteristics of hydrocarbon fuel-air mixtures
The influence of pressure on the autoignition characteristics of homogeneous mixtures of hydrocarbon fuels in air is examined. Autoignition delay times are measured for propane, ethylene, methane, and acetylene in a continuous flow apparatus featuring a multi-point fuel injector. Results are presented for mixture temperatures from 670K to 1020K, pressures from 1 to 10 atmospheres, equivalence ratios from 0.2 to 0.7, and velocities from 5 to 30 m/s. Delay time is related to pressure, temperature, and fuel concentration by global reaction theory. The results show variations in global activation energy from 25 to 38 kcal/kg-mol, pressure exponents from 0.66 to 1.21, and fuel concentration exponents from 0.19 to 0.75 for the fuels studied. These results are generally in good agreement with previous studies carried out under similar conditions.
Lefebvre, A. H.↗
Ignition delay times of benzene and toluene with oxygen in argon mixtures
The ignition delay times of benzene and toluene with oxygen diluted in argon were investigated over a wide range of conditions. For benzene the concentration ranges were 0.42 to 1.69 percent fuel and 3.78 to 20.3 percent oxygen. The temperature range was 1212 to 1748 K and the reflected shock pressures were 1.7 to 7.89 atm. Statistical evaluation of the benzene experiments provided an overall equation which is given. For toluene the concentration ranges were 0.5 to 1.5 percent fuel and 4.48 to 13.45 percent oxygen. The temperature range was 1339 to 1797 K and the reflected shock pressures were 1.95 to 8.85 atm. The overall ignition delay equation for toluene after a statistical evaluation is also given. Detailed experimental information is provided.
Burcat, A.↗
Emission, absorption and group delay of microwaves in the atmosphere in relation to water vapour content over the Indian subcontinent
The advent of satellite communication for global coverage has apparently indicated a renewed interest in the studies of radio wave propagation through the atmosphere, in the VHF, UHF and microwave bands. The extensive measurements of atmosphere constituents, dynamics and radio meterological parameters during the Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP) have opened up further the possibilities of studying tropospheric radio wave propagation parameters, relevant to Earth/space link design. The three basic parameters of significance to radio propagation are thermal emission, absorption and group delay of the atmosphere, all of which are controlled largely by the water vapor content in the atmosphere, particular at microwave bands. As good emitters are also good absorbers, the atmospheric emission as well as the absorption attains a maximum at the frequency of 22.235 GHz, which is the peak of the water vapor line. The group delay is practically independent of frequency in the VHF, UHF and microwave bands. However, all three parameters exhibit a similar seasonal dependence originating presumably from the seasonal dependence of the water vapor content. Some of the interesting results obtained from analyses of radiosonde data over the Indian subcontinent collected by the India Meteorological Department is presented.
Sen, A. K.↗
Microwave component time delays for the 70-meter antennas
The X-band feed assemblies in the 64 meter antennas were redesigned to accommodate the upgrading to 70 meters and the associated surface reshaping. To maintain time delay data logs, new calculations were made of the microwave component delays for the XRO Mod IV X-band (8.4 to 8.45 GHz) feed assembly that was installed at DSS-63, and will soon be implemented at DSS-43 and DSS-14.
Hartop, R.↗
System Measures Logic-Gate Delays
Many gates on chip tested automatically. Automatic testing system measures signal-propagation delays of experimental integrated-circuit array of logic gates. Includes controlling computer, counter/time, and feedback-controlled timing-waveform generator. Multiplexer included on integrated-circuit chip with logic-gate array to be tested. Delays measured by system serve as valuable data for design of fast logic and memory chips.
Blaes, Brent R.↗
Energy dependent delay measurements of quasi-periodic oscillations in low-mass X-ray binaries
Results of Monte Carlo simulations of the Comptonization of photons in a finite spherical Comptonizing cloud are presented. The energy dependence of the arrival times of the Comptonized photons is very different for different input photon spectra. If the delays observed in the high-frequency QPO of Cyg X-2 and GX5-1 are the result of Comptonization, multichannel time-delay measurements may constrain the energy of the input photons and thus provide important information on the accretion process in low-mass X-ray binaries.
Wijers, R. A. M. J.↗
Throughput and packet delay analysis for the H-network - CSMA/CD with adaptive and nonadaptive backoff protocols
The structure of a high-data-rate (about 7 Mbytes/sec) local area network named the H-Network is described which is used to provide point to point analysis and broadcast communication in a multiprocessor environment, the Homogeneous Multiprocessor (Dimopoulos, 1983). The throughput and packet delay characteristics for the H-Network operating under CSMA/CD are presented, using adaptive and nonadaptive backoff protocols. The network is found to perform quite well, with an average utilization factor of over 60 percent and a maximum packet delay of less than 500 microsec for the case of 10 competing stations.
Dimopoulos, Nikitas J.↗
Delayed Shutters For Dual-Beam Molecular Epitaxy
System of shutters for dual-molecular-beam epitaxy apparatus delays start of one beam with respect to another. Used in pulsed-beam equipment for deposition of low-dislocation layers of InAs on GaAs substrates, system delays application of arsenic beam with respect to indium beam to assure proper stoichiometric proportions on newly forming InAs surface. Reflectance high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) instrument used to monitor condition of evolving surface of deposit. RHEED signal used to time pulsing of molecular beams in way that minimizes density of defects and holds lattice constant of InAs to that of GaAs substrate.
Grunthaner, Frank J.↗
Microwave time delays for the dual L-C-band feed system
A new dual-frequency feed system at Goldstone is designed to receive the Phobos spacecraft signal at L-band (1668 + or - 40 MHz) and transmit to the spacecraft at C-band (5008.75 + or - 5.00 MHz) simultaneously. Hence, calculations of the time delay from the C-band range calibration coupler to the phase center of the L-C dual feed and back to the L-band range calibration coupler are required to correct the range measurements. Time delays of the elements in the dual-frequency feed system are obtained mostly from computer calculations and partly from experimental measurements. The method used and results obtained are described.
Chen, J.↗
Microwave time delays for the X/S-band feed system at X-band
The X-band time delays for the X/S feed system of the 34-meter high efficiency antenna are required to refine current X-band downlink (8450 plus or minus 50 MHz) calibrations and prepare for the Magellan uplink (7190 plus or minus 45 MHz). The time delays of elements in the X-band feed system are obtained mostly via computer calculation and partly via measurement. The methods used and results obtained are presented. There is good agreement with theory.
Chen, J.↗
A delayed action oscillator for ENSO
A simple nonlinear model is proposed for the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Its key feature is the inclusion of oceanic wave transit effects through a negative, delayed feedback. A linear stability analysis and numerical results are presented, showing that the period of the oscillation is typically several times the delay. It is suggested that such an effect can account for the long time scale of ENSO.
Suarez, Max J.↗
Bilateral control of teleoperators with time delay
The authors present a novel control law for teleoperators which overcomes the instability caused by time delay. By using passivity and scattering theory, a criterion is developed which shows why existing bilateral control systems are unstable for certain environments, and why the proposed bilateral control law is stable for any environment and any time delay. The control law was implemented on a single-axis force-reflecting hand controller, and preliminary results are shown.
Anderson, Robert J.↗