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At least 397 records · Page 22

Analysis of Ice Nucleating Aerosol Measurements during SUCCESS: April, May 1996

This section describes our research activities during year three of this effort. In the second year, preliminary archive data sets were submitted to the SUCCESS archive. After additional analyses, final versions were prepared and submitted. These are included on the SUCCESS CD-ROM data editions that were recently released by NASA Ames. Over the range of temperature and supersaturation conditions of our measurements (15 to -40 C, and from ice saturation to approximately 15% water supersaturation), IN concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 to approximately 500 per liter, being generally greater at colder temperatures and higher supersaturations. To estimate the potential of aircraft exhaust as a source of IN, we examined data from six days of the field project when the DC-8 was following closely behind other humidity conditions of our measurements. In April 1997, a microphysical workshop was convened at NCAR to select cases for in depth analyses and to address questions about the consistency of cloud ice crystal measurements (size distributions and mass concentrations) and aerosol size distributions. We attended this meeting and contributed to the discussions. A particular concern was identified in the CN measurements. On the DC-8, CN measurements were obtained by four different investigator groups, using commercially available instrumentation. The DC-8 SUCCESS CN data showed long periods where the measurements were in substantial agreement, but there were also periods with large discrepancies. Several possible factors were identified that could help explain these discrepancies, including minimum detectable particle size, response at reduced pressures, and location of sample inlet on the aircraft.

Rogers, D. C.↗

Modeling Aerosol Nucleation

The goal of this work has been to understand how nitric acid condenses on cirrus ice cloud particles by analyzing data obtained during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) research mission based out of Kiruna, Sweden. Ms. Gamblin simultaneously analyzed gas phase nitric acid data along with particulate NO, data, particulate, vapor and gas-phase water data from several different instruments, particle size data, which included surface area and volume measurements, ozone concentration data as well as temperature, pressure and GPS coordinates of the sampled air parcel. All parameters where held constant with only one allowed to vary in order to determine what controls the extent to which nitric acid will condensation on ice. In addition, this data was compared to theoretical values of nitric acid condensation on ice based upon recent laboratory data. Comparison of these two data sets shows the field data does not agree with what is expected in the laboratory at comparable temperatures and nitric acid pressures. The most significant difference is that surface coverages in the atmosphere were found to be elevated relative to surface coverages measured in the laboratory. The results of this study were accepted for publication by Geophysical Research Letters.

Toon, Owen B.↗

A Study of the Relationship Between Anthropogenic Sulfate and Cloud Drop Nucleation

The characteristics of the cloud drop size distribution near cloud base are initially determined by the aerosol particles that serve as CCN and by the local updraft velocity. Chemical reactions of the emitted gaseous sulfur compounds due to human activities will alter, through gas-to-particle conversion, the aerosol size distribution, total number, and its chemical composition. Recently, Boucher and Rodhe and Jones et.al have each developed parameterizations relating cloud drop concentration to sulfate mass or aerosol number concentration, respectively, and used them to develop estimates of the indirect forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols. THese parameterizations made use of measure relationships in continental and maritime clouds. However, these relationships are inherently noisy, yielding more than a factor of 2 variation in cloud drop concentration for a given aerosol number (or for a given sulfate mass) concentration. The large spatial and temporal variabilities in the concentration, chemical characteristics, and size distribution of aerosols have made it difficult to develop such a parameterization from data. In this paper, our focus is to develop a means for relating the predicted anthropogenic sulfate mass to cloud drop number concentration over the range of expected conditions associated with continental and marine aerosol. We start with an assumed pre-existing particle size distribution and develop an approximation of the altered distribution after addition of anthropogenic sulfate. We thereby develop a conservative estimate of the possible change in cloud drop number concentration due to anthropogenic sulfate.

Chuang, Catherine C.↗

Nucleation of the Widmanstatten Pattern in Iron Meteorites

The Widmanstatten pattern develops at low temperatures during the evolution of the asteroids. We have studied the origin of the Widmanstatten pattern in order to obtain metallographic cooling rates in the temperature range (approx. 700 to 300 deg C). This paper summarizes our recent evaluation of the various mechanisms for the formation of the Widmanstatten pattern. All chemical groups of the iron meteorites are considered. We also propose a new mechanism for the formation of the Widmanstatten pattern in the low P metal phase of iron, stony-iron and stony meteorites. The results of this evaluation enables us to more accurately determine metallographic cooling rates particularly when incorporated with other recent advances in Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni (P saturated) phase diagrams and interdiffusion coefficients.

Yang, J.↗

Studies of Nucleation and Growth, Specific Heat and Viscosity of Undercooled Melts of Quasicrystals and Polytetrehedral-Phase-Forming Alloys

By investigating the properties of quasicrystals and quasicrystal-forming liquid alloys, we may determine the role of ordering of the liquid phase in the formation of quasicrystals, leading to a better fundamental understanding of both the quasicrystal and the liquid. A quasicrystal is solid characterized by a symmetric but non-periodic arrangement of atoms, usually in the form of an icosahedron (12 atoms, 20 triangular faces). It is theorized that the short-range order in liquids takes this same form. The degree of ordering depends on the temperature of the liquid, and affects many of the liquid s properties, including specific heat, viscosity, and electrical resistivity. The MSFC role in this project includes solidification studies, phase diagram determination, and thermophysical property measurements on the liquid quasicrystal-forming alloys, all by electrostatic levitation (ESL). The viscosity of liquid quasicrystal-forming alloys is measured by the oscillating drop method, both in the stable and undercooled liquid state. The specific heat of solid, undercooled liquid, and stable liquid are measured by the radiative cooling rate of the droplets.

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