First-Principles-Based Computational Study on Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms of U on Mo(110) Surface Solvated in an Eutectic LiCl-KCl Molten Salt
In nuclear engineering and industry electrochemical methods have been intensively employed in pyro-processing technology to recycle used nuclear fuels for substantial alleviation of the concern with the safe treatment of high-level radioactive nuclear wastes. Pyro-processing is based on sequential electrochemical reactions at high temperature (typically above 700 K at ambient pressure) to enhance the efficiency for decoupling nuclear fuels from unfavorable fission fragments. Using a molten salt in electrorefining process, at which actinides can be selectively deposited in solid cathode from ionic states, gives several advantages over an aqueous solution: higher thermal conductivity (it is liquid phase at high temperature, molten salt plays a role as medium at high temperature over 773 K in electrochemical reaction, lower kinetic barrier in ionic diffusion mobility and better stability against undesired side reactions with radioactive materials. Therefore, the volume of high-level nuclear wastes to be, otherwise, disposed into secured sites is dramatically reduced. Most of all it conforms to nuclear non-proliferation treaty. Electrochemical reactions in a molten salt medium are, however, much more complicated than in aqueous solution rendering the accurate understanding of thermodynamic and kinetic properties formidably challenging. It is represented by extensive researches in experiments and computations to identify underlying mechanisms on how U and other fission fragments behave in the electrorefining system. Regardless of the researches there is a general agreement that the initial stage of the nucleation and growth process of the U deposit is critical for determining the properties of final product and the electrorefining efficiency. In spite of the focused studies it still remains unclear. Theoretical and computational researches have been often carried out with various empirical parameter for interatomic potential energy, which are unknown variables until numerical fits to experimental measurements or just assumption is made. Thus, empirical simulations sometimes predicted outcomes are inconsistent depending on materials of interest with experimental measurements. This may be largely because the accuracy of an empirical interatomic potential energy models critically depends on the input parameters and thus, can be limited in transferability of the results. Furthermore, it may be devoid of fundamental physics or chemistry. This situation requires special caution when an electrorefining system is studied to recycle spent nuclear fuels because of the extreme difficulty in reliable acquisition of thermodynamic and kinetic data from direct experimental measurements. In this presentation, we extensively utilized first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ab-initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulations to figure out underlying mechanisms of the initial stage of nucleation and growth behaviors of U on Mo(110) surface in a eutectic LiCl-KCl molten salt at T = 773 K. To rigorously investigate the effect of the molten salt electrolyte we compared the results with those calculated under vacuum condition.