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At least 397 records · Page 22

Probing the Electronic and Opto-Electronic Properties of Multilayer MoS 2 Field-Effect Transistors at Low Temperatures

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) are being investigated vigorously for their promising applications in optoelectronics. Despite the high optical response reported in the literature, most of them are studied at room temperature. To extend the application of these materials in a photodetector, particularly at a low temperature, detailed understanding of the photo response behavior of these materials at low temperatures is crucial. Here we present a systematic investigation of temperature-dependent electronic and optoelectronic properties of few-layers MoS 2 FETs, synthesized using the mechanical exfoliation of bulk MoS 2 crystal, on the Si/SiO 2 substrate. Our MoS 2 FET show a room-temperature field-effect mobility μ FE ~40 cm 2 ·V -1 ·s -1 , which increases with decreasing temperature, stabilizing at 80 cm 2 ·V -1 ·s -1 below 100 K. The temperature-dependent (50 K < T < 300 K) photoconductivity measurements were investigated using a continuous laser source λ = 658 nm (E = 1.88 eV) over a broad range of effective illuminating laser intensity, P eff (0.02 μW < P eff < 0.6 μW). Photoconductivity measurements indicate a fractional power dependence of the steady-state photocurrent. The room-temperature photoresponsivity (R) obtained in these samples was found to be ~2 AW -1 , and it increases as a function of decreasing temperature, reaching a maximum at T = 75 K. The optoelectronic properties of MoS 2 at a low temperature give an insight into photocurrent generation mechanisms, which will help in altering/improving the performance of TMD-based devices for various applications.

2D materials↗

Giant room temperature anomalous Hall effect and tunable topology in a ferromagnetic topological semimetal Co 2 MnAl

Weyl semimetals exhibit unusual surface states and anomalous transport phenomena. It is hard to manipulate the band structure topology of specific Weyl materials. Topological transport phenomena usually appear at very low temperatures, which sets challenges for applications. In this work, we demonstrate the band topology modification via a weak magnetic field in a ferromagnetic Weyl semimetal candidate, Co 2 MnAl, at room temperature. We observe a tunable, giant anomalous Hall effect (AHE) induced by the transition involving Weyl points and nodal rings. The AHE conductivity is as large as that of a 3D quantum AHE, with the Hall angle (Θ H ) reaching a record value (tan Θ H = 0.21) at the room temperature among magnetic conductors. Furthermore, we propose a material recipe to generate large AHE by gaping nodal rings without requiring Weyl points. Our work reveals an intrinsically magnetic platform to explore the interplay between magnetic dynamics and topological physics for developing spintronic devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Development of Temperature Compensation Tools for SPNDs Operating in High Temperature Environments

Two rhodium-based self-powered neutron detectors (Rh-SPNDs) were irradiated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reactor as a follow-on experiment to the heated irradiation previously conducted at the Neutron Radiography facility at Idaho National Laboratory. The experiment was conducted over the temperature ranges of 600-850°C to further examine the effects of temperature on the Rh-SPNDs. Four tests of varying temperature and power were performed. The tests identified two types of temperature effects consistent with historical evaluations. One effect is a prompt proportionality to temperature at steady-state reactor power due to the decrease in Rh-SPND insulation resistance. The other effect is a delayed effect generated from displacement currents generated by changing the space charge within the insulator as a function of temperature. The result of this experiment demonstrates a characterizable responses to temperature that is feasible for developing a temperature compensation tool for SPND operating in high temperatures. The characteristics identified in this experiment will be integrated within the delayed-response compensation techniques for FY23 evaluation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Temperature and dopant concentration effects on proton light quenching in rare-earth inorganic scintillators [Slides]

Rare-earth inorganic scintillators have characteristics that offer optimal detection qualities for space applications as long a quenching is considered; Incident proton and electron response was measured in four different rare-earth inorganic scintillators of interest; We observed: A temperature effect on quenching for GAGG type detectors. A dopant concentration/decay time effect on quenching for GAGG detectors; Extracting the Birks’ factor for future detectors will improve the analysis of data.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

VISSTPX2DRECTG16V4MINNIS (c1)

Satellite-based retrievals of cloud and radiation properties are available in this value-added product provided by Bill Smith’s group at NASA/Langley using the VISST (Visible Infrared Solar-Infrared Split Window Technique) algorithm. This product contains VISST-derived pixel-level products from the GOES-16 satellite, rectilinear projection 2-D array.

broadband LW flux↗

Brittle-ductile transitions in a metallic glass

Recent computational and laboratory experiments have shown that brittle-ductile transitions in the notch toughnesses of metallic glasses such as Vitreloy 1 are strongly sensitive to the initial effective disorder (or “fictive”) temperature. Glasses with lower effective temperatures are weak and brittle; those with higher effective temperatures are strong and ductile. The analysis of this phenomenon presented here examines the onset of fracture at the tip of a notch as predicted by the shear-transformation-zone theory of spatially varying plastic deformation. The central ingredient of this analysis is an approximation for the dynamics of the plastic zone formed by stress concentration at the notch tip. As a result, this zone first shields the tip but then, with increasing stress, expands suddenly, producing a discontinuous transition between brittle and ductile failure in satisfactory agreement with the numerical and experimental observations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Kinetics and transport of hydrogen in graphite at high temperature and the effects of oxidation, irradiation and isotopics

The kinetics of uptake and desorption impact the performance of graphite as a vector for tritium in high-temperature fission reactors and in the blanket of fusion reactors. Graphite components in these reactors are exposed to temperatures > 500 °C and H 2 partial pressures of few Pa and desorption temperatures are limited to < 1600 °C; limited data is available at these conditions. Here we review the mechanisms for uptake in, transport and desorption of hydrogen from graphite at high temperature, compiling data on uptake rates, diffusion coefficients and activation energies and providing a discussion of the impact of irradiation, pre-oxidation and isotope. At FHR conditions, trapping impacts uptake rates, leading to a reduction in apparent diffusivity by 35 to 80% compared to higher partial-pressure uptake. Timelines for desorption are not clearly defined; extrapolating from available data, at 1150 °C desorbing 80% of tritium uptaken at FHR conditions may take from 100 to 10,000 h.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Low-temperature spin Seebeck effect in nonmagnetic vanadium dioxide

The spin Seebeck effect (SSE) is sensitive to thermally driven magnetic excitations in magnetic insulators. Vanadium dioxide in its insulating low-temperature phase is expected to lack magnetic degrees of freedom, as vanadium atoms are thought to form singlets upon dimerization of the vanadium chains. Instead, we find a paramagnetic SSE response in V⁢O 2 films that grows as the temperature decreases below 50 K. The field and temperature-dependent SSE voltage is qualitatively consistent with a general model of paramagnetic SSE response and inconsistent with triplet spin transport. Quantitative estimates find a spin Seebeck coefficient comparable in magnitude to that observed in strongly magnetic materials. Finally, the microscopic nature of the magnetic excitations in V⁢O 2 requires further examination.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Vertical effective stress and temperature as controls of quartz cementation in sandstones: Evidence from North Sea Fulmar and Gulf of Mexico Wilcox sandstones

Here we present quantitative petrographic data, high spatial resolution oxygen isotope analyses of quartz cement, basin modelling and a kinetic model for quartz precipitation for two Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox Group sandstones from Texas and two Jurassic Fulmar Formation sandstones from the Central North Sea. At each location, one sandstone has been buried to ca. 145 °C and one to ca. 185 °C. A key difference between the Wilcox and Fulmar burial histories is that the Wilcox sandstones are currently at higher vertical effective stresses and, from basin modelling studies, have been subjected to generally higher vertical effective stresses through their burial history. The amounts of quartz cement in the Wilcox sandstones are between 12 and 18%, and between 2 and 6% in the Fulmar sandstones. High-spatial-resolution oxygen isotope data obtained from the quartz cements suggest temperature ranges for quartz precipitation from 60 to 80 °C to values approaching maximum burial temperature. Factors such as grain coatings or the timing of petroleum emplacement cannot explain the differences in the amounts of quartz cement. Petrographic data show that most of the silica for quartz cement can be derived from intergranular pressure dissolution. Although the sample set is small, we interpret the results to suggest that the differences in quartz cementation in Fulmar and Wilcox sandstones can be explained better by differences in their vertical effective stress history than their temperature history; in this case, the supply of silica rather than the precipitation of quartz becomes an important control on the rate and extent of cementation.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Effects of processing temperature on the corrosion and tribocorrosion resistance of perhydropolysilazane-derived coatings on AISI 304 steel

Ensuring a highly corrosion and erosion resistant surface is critical to the reliability and structural integrity of steel canisters for long-term nuclear waste storage in corrosive environments. In this work, perhydropolysilazane (PHPS)-derived coating has been successfully applied to enhance the pitting and tribocorrosion resistance of 304 stainless steels in 0.6 M NaCl solution. Two types of coatings were synthesized on the stainless steel substrate by crosslinking PHPS at room temperature or 600 °C, resulting in different mechanical and corrosion performance. Further, Raman spectra revealed that Si-O bonds were generated in the coating crosslinked at room temperature after corrosion, while absent in that pyrolyzed at 600 °C. In tribocorrosion tests, both coatings were protective to the steel substrate, with the protective effect being more pronounced in the 600 °C pyrolyzed coating. Overall, the PHPS-derived coating synthesized at 600 °C exhibited better protection for steel in wear and corrosion coexisting environments than those synthesized at room temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Comparing the Effectiveness of Low Temperature Bake in EP and BCP Cavities

Electropolishing (EP) and buffered chemical polishing (BCP) are conventional surface preparation techniques for superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities. Both EP and BCP treated SRF cavities display high field Q-slope (HFQS) which degrades performance at high gradients. While high gradient performance in EP cavities can be improved by introducing oxygen via a low temperature bake (LTB) of 120^{°}C by 48 hours, LTB does not consistently remove HFQS in BCP cavities. There is no consensus as to why LTB is not effective on BCP prepared cavities. We examine quench in EP, BCP, EP+LTB, and BCP+LTB treated 1.3 GHz single-cell Nb cavities by studying the heating behavior with field using a temperature mapping system. Cavity performance is correlated to characterizations of surface impurity profile obtained via time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry studies. We observe a difference in near surface hydrogen concentration following BCP compared to EP that may suggest that the causes of quench in EP and BCP cavities are different.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Room-temperature terahertz anomalous Hall effect in Weyl antiferromagnet Mn 3 Sn thin films

Antiferromagnetic spin motion at terahertz (THz) frequencies attracts growing interests for fast spintronics, however, their smaller responses to external field inhibit device application. Recently the noncollinear antiferromagnet Mn 3 Sn, a Weyl semimetal candidate, was reported to show large anomalous Hall effect (AHE) at room temperature comparable to ferromagnets. Dynamical aspect of such large responses is an important issue to be clarified for future THz data processing. Here the THz anomalous Hall conductivity in Mn 3 Sn thin films is investigated by polarization-resolved spectroscopy. Large anomalous Hall conductivity Re σxyð Þ ω 20 Ω1cm1 at THz frequencies is clearly observed as polarization rotation. A peculiar temperature dependence corresponding to the breaking/recovery of symmetry in the spin texture is also discussed. Observation of the THz AHE at room temperature demonstrates the ultrafast readout for the antiferromagnetic spintronics using Mn3Sn, and will also open new avenue for studying nonequilibrium dynamics in Weyl antiferromagnets.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Editors’ Choice—Natural Convection Boundary Layer Thickness at Elevated Chloride Concentrations and Temperatures and the Effects on a Galvanic Couple

The natural convection boundary layer ( δ n c ) and its influence on cathodic current in a galvanic couple under varying electrolytes as a function of concentration (1 − 5.3 M NaCl) and temperature (25 °C−45 °C) were understood. Polarization scans were obtained under quiescent conditions and at defined boundary layer thicknesses using a rotating disk electrode on platinum and stainless steel 304L (SS304L); these were combined to determine δ n c . With increasing chloride concentration and temperature, δ n c decreased. Increased mass transport (Sherwood number) results in a decrease in δ n c , providing a means to predict this important boundary. Using Finite Element Modeling, the cathodic current was calculated for an aluminum alloy/SS304L galvanic couple as a function of water layer ( WL ) thickness and cathode length. Electrolyte domains were delineated, describing (i) dominance of ohmic resistance over mass transport under thin WL , (ii) the transition from thin film to bulk conditions at δ n c , and (iii) dominance of mass transport under thick WL . With increasing chloride concentration, cathodic current decreased due to decreases in mass transport. With increasing temperature, increased cathodic current was related to increases in mass transport and solution conductivity. This study has implications for sample sizing and corrosion prediction under changing environments.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Temperature and processing effects on lithium ion conductivity of solution‐deposited lithium zirconium phosphate (LiZr 2 P 3 O 12 ) thin films

Abstract Lithium zirconium phosphate (LiZr 2 P 3 O 12 ) thin films have been prepared on platinized silicon substrates via a chemical solution deposition approach with processing temperatures between 700°C and 775°C. Films that were subject to a single high‐temperature anneal were found to crystallize at temperatures above 725°C. Crystallization was observed in films annealed after each deposited layer at 700°C and above. In both cases, grain size was found to increase with annealing temperature. Ion conductivity was found to increase with annealing temperature in singly annealed films. In per‐layer annealed films ion conductivity was found to initially increase then decrease with increasing annealing temperature. A maximum ion conductivity of 1.6 × 10 −6 S/cm was observed for the singly annealed 775°C condition, while a maximum ion conductivity of 5.8 × 10 −7 S/cm was observed for the 725°C per‐layer annealed condition. These results are consistent with an increasing influence of cross‐plane, internal interface resistance and vapor phase carrier loss in the per‐layer annealed samples. This work demonstrates that post‐deposition processing methods can strongly affect the ion conducting properties of LiZr 2 P 3 O 12 thin films.

Brummel, Ian A.↗

Spin Seebeck effect at low temperatures in the nominally paramagnetic insulating state of vanadium dioxide

The low temperature monoclinic, insulating phase of vanadium dioxide is ordinarily considered nonmagnetic, with dimerized vanadium atoms forming spin singlets, though paramagnetic response is seen at low temperatures. Here, we find a nonlocal spin Seebeck signal in VO 2 films that appears below 30 K and that increases with a decrease in temperature. The spin Seebeck response has a nonhysteretic dependence on the in-plane external magnetic field. This paramagnetic spin Seebeck response is discussed in terms of prior findings on paramagnetic spin Seebeck effects and expected magnetic excitations of the monoclinic ground state.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Study of effect of PWR cold leg temperature gradient on reactor core condition

Effects of temperature and flow gradients in Westinghouse designed three-loop Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) cold legs, the piping between the main coolant pump and the reactor vessel, were evaluated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code STAR CCM+ and coupled neutronic and thermal-hydraulic (T/H) code system VERA. In the parametric study, several symmetric and asymmetric temperature gradients that were significantly larger than those observed from plant measurements were applied to the cold leg inlets for comparison with the base case without any temperature gradient. A CFD model using the STAR-CCM+ code was developed for a portion of the RCS region between the Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP) and the core inlet based on previously validated modeling approach. The CFD simulation results were processed for the temperature and flow rate distributions at the core inlet as input to the VERA calculations. The VERA code system consists of COBRA-TF (CTF) for thermal-hydraulics, MPACT for reactor physics and neutron transport, and ORIGEN for isotopic depletion. The VERA model was for depletion calculations of a high-burnup loading pattern with the reactor core in pin-by-pin and subchannel resolution. The results of the study indicate that the postulated temperature gradients within the PWR cold legs do not result in any significant changes in the core inlet temperature distributions and the core power distributions during the reactor operation. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Interactive effects of precipitation, temperature, and grazing pressure on the net ecosystem carbon balance of grazing lands across the continental United States

Grazing lands cover approximately one-third of the contiguous United States, support much of the nation's beef production, and are an important component of the U.S. terrestrial carbon budget. In this study, we quantified net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB), the net status of grazing lands as a carbon sink (C-sink) or source (C-source) and a key determinant of soil health and productivity. Our primary objective was to synthesize multiple years of annual NECB across heterogeneous grazing lands across the continental U.S and evaluate annual NECB against physical drivers (mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), vegetation, and moisture condition) and management practices (grazing pressure index (GPI) and fertilization history). We hypothesized that (1) NECB is higher in mesic and fertilized grasslands; (2) NECB increases with MAP and MAT but decreases with GPI; and (3) interactive effects exist among MAP, MAT, and GPI. Using carbon fluxes measured by eddy covariance towers and methane emissions including both enteric methane and manure derived from stocking rates across seven USDA Long-term Agroecosystem Research Network sites, we found: (1) grazing lands were a C-sink or carbon neutral at most sites; (2) vegetation type, moisture conditions, or fertilization had no significant effect on NECB; (3) NECB increased with MAP and MAT, but decreased with a higher GPI; and (4) MAT had a significant positive effect on NECB when MAP exceeded 750 mm (greater water availability). The effect of GPI on NECB was significantly negative when MAP was below 1000 mm, significantly negative when MAT < 12 °C and significantly positive when MAT > 16 °C. Thus, most grazing lands in our study acted as C-sinks unless water deficit, low temperature, or heavy grazing were interactively present. Understanding how climate and management influence NECB of grazing lands is key to maintaining resilient agroecosystems that secure beef production and sustain rural prosperity.

LTAR↗

Simplified Model and Approach to Transform Infrared Surface Temperature to Film Effectiveness in a Conjugate Heat Transfer Experiment

In the pursuit of more efficient gas turbines, film cooling is a critical technology. This article describes a simplified engineering model based on a one-dimensional thermal resistance network. The model is used to relate film-cooling effectiveness and heat transfer augmentation to local overall cooling effectiveness in a conjugate flat plate experiment. Here, this article presents experimental proof-of-concept data to demonstrate the potential for this model. In contrast to previous approaches, neither the wall heat flux nor the adiabatic wall temperature is required to estimate the local film-cooling performance parameters. The model predicts surface temperatures that are within the experimental uncertainties over the range for which the model is trained and to within five percent when the model is extrapolated to higher coolant channel Reynolds numbers. This article is relevant to conjugate test rigs that can measure the hot-surface temperature distribution with and without film cooling. This information may also be relevant to designers as a method to approximate surface temperatures or used as an approximate heat transfer model for optimization studies.

advanced turbines↗