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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23

Pantropical Tree Sapwood Hydraulic Properties, 1991 - 2014

This data package contains sapwood pressure-volume parameters including osmotic potential at full turgot, turgor loss point, bulk elastic modulus, and others, determined by curve fitting to raw isotherm data (paired measurements of water content and water potential). Raw data were digitized from published figures. Data are from natural tropical and subtropical forests or savannas and span rainfall gradients from deciduous dry tropical forests to everwet tropical forests, and come from the following countries: Argentina, Panama, Brazil, Costa Rica, and Madagascar. Included in the attached zip file are four CSV files. sapwood_PV_recal_headers.csv: description of variables in the two files below sapwood_PV_recal_corrected.csv: bias-corrected sapwood PV data (see Methods in the associated reference) sapwood_PV_recal_uncorrected.csv: uncorrected sapwood PV data (see Methods in the associated reference) sapwood_PV_references.csv: citation, bibliographic reference, and DOI for the published references from which data were extracted.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

E-Field_Log Metadata, BR-Ma2: Manaus, 2016 - 2017

This data package contains the Excel file "E-Field_Log_v1-1_BR-Ma2_20190725_20190910175444," which has metadata for sap velocity, leaf temperature, leaf gas exchange, and soil water content data packages. Each data package is listed in the below field "dataset references." All data was collected from the NGEE Tropics site in Manaus, Brazil (BR-Ma2), between 24 May 2016 and 16 March 2017. This dataset replaces the E-Field metadata file of two retired packages, NGT0019 and NGT0040. This metadata file includes site details, species information, equipment used, and more. For more information about the design and use of the E-Field_Log and accompanying metadata files, see Danielle Christianson, Charuleka Varadharajan, Brad Christoffersen, Matteo Detto, Boris Faybishenko, Val Hendrix, Kolby Jardine, Robinson Negron-Juarez, Bruno Gimenez, Gilberto Pastorello, Thomas Powell, Megha Sandesh, Jeffrey Warren, Brett Wolfe, Jeff Chambers, Lara Kueppers, Nate McDowell, Deb Agarwal(2018). FRAMES Metadata Reporting Templates for Ecohydrological Observations, version 1.1. NGEE Tropics Data Collection. Accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.15486/ngt/1419956.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Sapflow raw and translated data, 2015 - 2017, BR-Ma2: Manaus

Raw sapflow data from K34 tower site on a plateau near Manaus, Brazil. These are mostly raw data from the data loggers, except in the case of the ICT sensors where the datalogger output was translated using ICT software. One heat ratio sap flow sensor (SFM1, ICT international) was installed per tree. Tree biophysical characteristics for each tree were used with Sap Flow Tool version 1.4.1 (ICT International/Phyto-IT) to calculate sap velocities from raw data downloaded from the SFM1 sap flow sensors in the field. Attached data files include data, sensor manuals, and detailed methods. Related metadata is contained in referenced dataset. This dataset replaces the sapflow data of two retired packages, http://dx.doi.org/10.15486/ngt/1507764 and http://dx.doi.org/10.15486/ngt/1507767

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Volatile monoterpene ‘fingerprints’ of resinous Protium tree species in the Amazon rainforest, Phytochemistry: Data

This data package contains data used in the publication, "Volatile monoterpene ‘fingerprints’ of resinous Protium tree species in the Amazon rainforest. Phytochemistry. 2019 Apr 1;160:61-70." Data was collected from species within the NGEE Tropics site in Manaus, Brazil. Included are volatile monoterpene compositions of tree trunk resins from 15 tree species among 77 individuals belonging to the genus Protium. We hypothesized that by normalizing the abundances of 28 monoterpenes in each individual, a unique Protium monoterpene ‘fingerprint’ pattern exists for each of the 15 species.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Raw leaf gas exchange data in the Amazon basin, 2014-2016

This data package contains raw leaf gas exchange data used to support the publication "Leaf isoprene and monoterpene emission distribution across hyperdominant tree genera in the Amazon basin," Phytochemistry, in-press. Data was collected from 162 individuals, distributed among 25 botanical families and 113 species, from four sites in the Amazon. The data was collected using a modified portable photosynthesis system for environmental control coupled to a thermal desorption tube for volatile isoprenoid collections. Collected TD tube samples were analysed in Manaus, Brazil, using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The dataset includes both photosynthesis and isoprene/monoterpene emission rates from leaves under standard environmental conditions as well as controlled light response curves. For detailed methods and raw data, refer to the publication and related material cited in Dataset References.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Diurnal observations of basal stem CO2 efflux in three canopy dominant trees in the central Amazon

We explored mechanisms responsible for disturbance-induced shifts in carbon metabolism in forests north of Manaus, Brazil (S2º 38' 17", W60º 09' 25"), using data from a selective logging experiment (BIONTE). BIONTE (the BIOmass and NuTrient Experiment) selective logging treatments were initiated in the mid-1980s and comprised variable removal of commercial tree (not total) species basal area (T1 =32%, T2 = 42%, T3 = 69%), and control plots with no logging (T0). Raw data including tree base diameter (Db), CO2 concentration versus time inside a static stem chamber, and wood density were used to derive stem respiration rates (Rw), wood production rates (Pw), and wood carbon use efficiency (CUE). Changes in tree base diameter (Db; measured at 1.3 m height, or above the buttresses) was used to calculate wood production for individual trees (Pw). Wood density enabled calculation of stem growth rate in the same units as stem respiration (mmol C m-2 s-1). Four trees were randomly selected from five tree growth rate classes for each treatment block, for a total of 20 trees per treatment block, or 80 trees total from the BIONTE plots. Each of the 80 trees selected for the Rw study were outfitted with dendrometer bands (da Silva et al. 2002). Stem respiration was measured using the method described in Chambers et al. (2004). Briefly, an infra-red gas analyzer (LiCor 820) was operated as a closed dynamic chamber with a flow rate of 1.0 L min-1. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) semi-cylindrical chambers (250–400 mL) were secured to the tree stem near the dendrometer bands using nylon straps. The measurement interval spanned 1–2 min, and the CO2 flux from the stem of each tree was quantified using the enclosed stem area and slope of the stem CO2 concentration versus time.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

AmeriFlux BR-CST Caatinga Serra Talhada

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site BR-CST Caatinga Serra Talhada. Site Description - This tower is located in a seasonal tropical dry forest (caatinga) in the semi-arid region of Brazil. There is no wood extraction for at least 50 years, and because it is an open area, there is cattle grazing during the wet season.

Antonino, Antonio↗

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F BR-CST Caatinga Serra Talhada

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site BR-CST Caatinga Serra Talhada. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site BR-CST Caatinga Serra Talhada produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This tower is located in a seasonal tropical dry forest (caatinga) in the semi-arid region of Brazil. There is no wood extraction for at least 50 years, and because it is an open area, there is cattle grazing during the wet season.

Antonino, Antonio↗

AmeriFlux BR-SM1 Cachoeira do Sul Rice Paddy

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site BR-SM1 Cachoeira do Sul Rice Paddy. Site Description - The site is a flooded rice paddy located in the Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (latitude: -30.27°; longitude: -53.14°; altitude 40.5 m). The total cultivation area is approximately 1000 ha, subdivided into 100 mx100m plots. Flooded rice paddies have been used in this area since the 1980s and are a part of a wide lowland area susceptible to flooding by a stream (Pedro Paulo Stream). Channels and artificial reservoirs provide the water used.

Roberti, Debora Regina [Universidade Federal de Sa↗

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F BR-SM1 Cachoeira do Sul Rice Paddy

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site BR-SM1 Cachoeira do Sul Rice Paddy. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site BR-SM1 Cachoeira do Sul Rice Paddy produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - The site is a flooded rice paddy located in the Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (latitude: -30.27°; longitude: -53.14°; altitude 40.5 m). The total cultivation area is approximately 1000 ha, subdivided into 100 mx100m plots. Flooded rice paddies have been used in this area since the 1980s and are a part of a wide lowland area susceptible to flooding by a stream (Pedro Paulo Stream). Channels and artificial reservoirs provide the water used.

Roberti, Debora Regina [Universidade Federal de Sa↗

Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GOAMAZON). Particulate Matter and Gases Final Campaign Summary

Because of their proven adverse effects on human health and vegetation, and also considering their influence over the local and regional climate, inhalable fine particles (PM2.5) and NO 2 , SO 2 , and O 3 have been collected at the ARM site located in Manacapuru, Amazon, Brazil, as a part of the GoAmazon 2014/5 project. PM2.5 samples were analyzed through gravimetry, black carbon transmittance, elemental composition by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence, and ionic concentration (cations) by ion chromatography. NO 2 and SO 2 samples were analyzed by ion chromatography, whereas O3 samples were analyzed through ultraviolet-vis spectrophotometry. Sampling of both particulate and gaseous pollutants took place during the two intensive operation periods (IOP1 from February to March 2014, and IOP2 from August to October 2014). Results are interpreted both separately and as a whole with the specific goal of identifying compounds that could affect the population’s health and/or could act as cloud condensation nuclei. Chemical analysis supports the elucidation of the possible origins, transport mechanisms, health effects, and main effects of the assessed pollutants in those environments

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon 2014/15. Nanoparticle Size Distribution (NPSD) Field Campaign Report

Aerosol nucleation and initial growth were investigated during the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) 2014/15 campaign. Aerosol sampling occurred during the wet and dry seasons of 2014, and took place at the T3 measurement site, downwind of the city of Manaus, Brazil. Characterization of the aerosol size distribution from 10 to 500 nm was accomplished through the deployment of a conventional Scanning Mobility Particle Spectrometer (SMPS) and a fine condensation particle counter (> 10 nm). In order to directly measure aerosol nucleation and initial growth, a Nano SMPS (1.5-20 nm) was also deployed, consisting of a condensation particle counter-based electrical mobility spectrometer that was modified for the detection of sub-3 nm aerosol. Measurements of the aerosol size distribution from 1.5 nm to 10 nm were obtained during the first observational period, and from 3 nm to 15 nm during the second observational period. Routine, stable measurement in this size range was complicated due to persistent water condensation in the Nano SMPS and diffusional transport losses

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

GoAmazon 2014/15 Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS) Field Campaign Report

The Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS) deployment to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility T3 site in Manacapuru, Brazil, was motivated by two main scientific objectives of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) 2014/15 field campaign. 1) Study the interactions between anthropogenic and biogenic emissions by determining important molecular species in ambient nanoparticles. To address this, TDCIMS data will be combined with coincident measurements such as gas-phase sulfuric acid to determine the contribution of sulfuric acid condensation to nucleation and growth. We can then compare that result to TDCIMS-derived nanoparticle composition to determine the fraction of growth that can be attributed to the uptake of organic compounds. The molecular composition of sampled particles will also be used to attribute specific chemical species and mechanisms to growth, such as the condensation of low-volatility species or the oligomerization of α-dicarbonyl compounds. 2) Determine the source of new ambient nanoparticles in the Amazon. The hypothesis prior to measurements was that potassium salts formed from the evaporation of primary particles emitted by fungal spores can provide a unique and important pathway for new particle production in the Amazon basin. To explore this hypothesis, the TDCIMS recorded the mass spectra of sampled ambient particles using a protonated water cluster Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (CIMS). Laboratory tests performed using potassium salts show that the TDCIMS can detect potassium with high sensitivity with this technique.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) 2014/15. Semi-Volatile Thermal Desorption Aerosol Gas Chromatograph (SVTAG) Field Campaign Report

In areas where biogenic emissions are oxidized in the presence of anthropogenic pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and black carbon, it has become increasingly apparent that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is substantially enhanced. Research is urgently needed to elucidate fundamental processes of natural and anthropogenically influenced VOC oxidation and the contribution of these processes to SOA formation. GoAmazon 2014/15 afforded study of the chemical transformations in the region downwind of Manaus, Brazil, where local biogenic VOC emissions are high, and their chemical oxidation can be studied both inside and outside of the urban plume to differentiate the role of anthropogenic influence on secondary aerosol formation during oxidation of these natural VOC emissions. To understand the connection between primary biogenic VOC emissions and their secondary products that form aerosols, we made time-resolved molecular level measurements by deploying a Semi-Volatile Thermal Desorption Aerosol Gas Chromatograph (SV-TAG) and a sequential filter sampler during two intensive operational periods (IOPs) of the GoAmazon 2014/15 field campaign. The SV-TAG measured semi-volatile organic compounds in both the gas and particle phases and the sequential filter sampler collected aerosols on quartz fiber filters in four-hour increments used for offline analysis. SV-TAG employed novel online derivatization that provided chemical speciation of highly oxygenated or functionalized compounds that comprise a substantial fraction of secondary organic aerosols, yet are poorly characterized. It also provided partitioning of these compounds between the vapor and particle phases at sufficient time resolution to define the importance of competing atmospheric processes. These measurements were supported by offline analysis of the filters using two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HR-TOF-MS) using both electron impact (EI) and soft vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) ionization with derivatization. Speciated chemical data from SV-TAG and filter measurements were used to elucidate the relative importance of potential oxidation pathways by providing detailed information on the product distribution from atmospheric reactions and the quantification of known tracers for various oxidation pathways. Together, these techniques provided unequivocal molecular identification of a wide range of atmospheric organic compounds spanning the volatile, semi-volatile, and non-volatile phases. This level of chemical characterization provided insight into the chemical and physical processes that control the atmospheric oxidation of biogenic VOC and subsequent formation of SOA.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

GoAmazon 2014/15 Particle Sampling Field Campaign Report

As a part of the GoAmazon 2014/15 field deployments, samples of atmospheric particles were collected at the T3 field site (3° 12' 46.70" S, 60° 35' 53.0, Manacapuru, Brazil) established in the Amazonian region. The site was located downwind from Manaus and therefore, experienced clean conditions when winds were from northwest and polluted conditions when winds were from Manaus. During the second intensive operational period of GoAmazon 2014/15 (09/06/2014-10/02/2014), multiple samples of particles were collected using a cascade Multi-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (MOUDI-110). Size-resolved samples by MOUDI (0.056-0.1, 0.1-0.18, 0.18-0.32, 0.32-0.56, 0.56-1.0, 1.0-1.8 μm) were collected for 6-12 hours. A variety of substrates, compatible with different spectro-microscopy methods of analysis, were arranged on the impactor stages. Collected aerosol samples are now stored pending laboratory analysis using multi-modal methods of chemical imaging. Our approach is to analyze only the samples of specific interest. We use the field campaign records and data on meteorology, as well as in situ measurements of gases and aerosols, to select the subset of samples for the in-depth laboratory analysis for selected episodes where changes in chemical composition of particles can be correlated with other data recorded at the site. Hence, we do not expect to perform detailed measurements on all samples—rather, only those samples with the greatest potential to provide scientific insight into aerosol chemistry.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon: Sounding Enhancement Field Campaign Report

The goal of this campaign was to provide higher temporal sampling of the vertical structure of the atmosphere during the two intensive observational periods (IOPs) of the GoAmazon 2014/15 campaign. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility’s first ARM Mobile Facility (AMF1) baseline launches for 2014 and 2015 was 4 sondes/day at 2 am, 8 am, 2 pm, and 8 pm local time (LT) (6, 12, 18 and 0 Coordinated Universal Time [UTC]). However, rapid changes in boundary layer and free tropospheric temperature, humidity, and wind profiles happen throughout the diurnal cycle over Manaus, Brazil's complex forest canopy with resulting responses in aerosol, cloud, and precipitation characteristics. This campaign increased sampling to 5 sondes/day for the 2014 wet and dry season IOPs by adding a launch at 11 am (15 UTC) to capture rapid changes in boundary layer properties and convective cloud growth during that time. The extra launch also corresponded to the time of day the ARM Gulfstream (G-1) and German HALO aircraft most often flew, thus providing useful measurements of the large-scale environment during the flights. In addition, the extra launch will significantly add to the quality of AMF1 instrument retrievals and variational analysis forcing data set during the IOPs.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon 2014/15: Hydroxyl Radical (OH) Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (CIMS) Field Campaign Report

The University of California, Irvine, science team (Dr. Saewung Kim, Dr. Roger Seco, Dr. Alex Guenther, and Dr. Jim Smith) deployed a chemical ionization mass spectrometer system for hydroxyl radical (OH) and sulfuric acid quantifications. As part of the GoAmazon 2014/15 field campaign. Hydroxyl radical determines tropospheric oxidation capacity and had been expected to be very low in the pristine rain forest region such as the Brazilian Amazon because of the presence of significant levels of highly reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds and very low levels of NO, which is an OH recycling agent. However, several recent in situ OH observations provided by a laser-induced fluorescence system reported unaccountably high OH concentrations. To address this discrepancy, a series of laboratory and theoretical studies has postulated chemical reaction mechanisms of isoprene that may regenerate OH in photo-oxidation processes. Along with these efforts, potential artifacts on the laser induced fluorescence system from isoprene and its oxidation products also have been explored. Therefore, the first chemical ionization mass spectrometer observations at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility’s T3 site in Manacapuru, Brazil, are expected to provide a critical experimental constraint to address uncertainty in constraining oxidation capacity over pristine rain forest environments. In addition, we deployed a National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer to characterize atmospheric volatile organic compound levels, especially isoprene and its oxidation products, which are critical input parameters for box modeling to simulate OH with different isoprene photo-oxidation schemes. As there has been no report on noticeable new particle formation events, our first in situ sulfuric acid observations in the Amazon rain forest were expected to constrain the reasons behind such observations. The planned field observations during Intensive Observational Periods I and II, post-field campaign calibrations, and preliminary data reports have been completed. We presented preliminary data analysis results at the 2014 American Geophysical Union Fall meeting and the GOAmazon Science Meeting in Boston (May 2015). We are in the process of submitting two more abstracts to the 2015 American Geophysical Union fall meeting while we are preparing two manuscripts to be submitted to (tentatively) the GOAmazon special issue of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Emerging Technologies and Techniques for Wide Area Radiological Survey and Remediation

Technologies to survey and decontaminate wide-area contamination and process the subsequent radioactive waste have been developed and implemented following the Chernobyl nuclear power plant release and the breach of a radiological source resulting in contamination in Goiania, Brazil. These civilian examples of radioactive material releases provided some of the first examples of urban radiological remediation. Many emerging technologies have recently been developed and demonstrated in Japan following the release of radioactive cesium isotopes (Cs-134 and Cs-137) from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant in 2011. Information on technologies reported by several Japanese government agencies, such as the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and the National Institute for Environmental Science (NIES), together with academic institutions and industry are summarized and compared to recently developed, deployed and available technologies in the United States. The technologies and techniques presented in this report may be deployed in response to a wide area contamination event in the United States. In some cases, additional research and testing is needed to adequately validate the technology effectiveness over wide areas. Survey techniques can be deployed on the ground or from the air, allowing a range of coverage rates and sensitivities. Survey technologies also include those useful in measuring decontamination progress and mapping contamination. Decontamination technologies and techniques range from non-destructive (e.g., high pressure washing) and minimally destructive (plowing), to fully destructive (surface removal or demolition). Waste minimization techniques can greatly impact the long-term environmental consequences and cost following remediation efforts. Recommendations on technical improvements to address technology gaps are presented together with observations on remediation in Japan.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗