PIV-Validated RANS Turbulence Modeling for Buoyant Supercritical CO 2 Flow
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20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Event-modeled Risk Assessment Using Linked Diagrams
In order to develop a dynamic probabilistic risk assessment capability, a prototype discrete event simulator was created as part of an LDRD that can model dynamic systems and generate probabilistic risk/reliability results. The development consisted of three major parts: 1. Development of a discrete event modeling software library 2. Design of a simulation object model for dynamic modeling 3. Construction of the graphical user interface (GUI) that will allow risk assessment analysts to more easily develop these models We called this new tool EMRALD. A key part of the EMRALD tool has been to develop an object-oriented software model that is flexible enough to support the varied dynamic simulation models (e.g., fails to operate, fails on demand). An object-oriented approach better matches the simulation model to real world objects and makes it more intuitive for the modeler. The interface represents actual physical components, specifically tracking how they interact. EMRALD is a discrete-event simulation tool that is coupled with a state-based diagramming graphical user interface. A key part of the EMRALD tool has been to develop an object-oriented software model that is flexible enough to support the varied dynamic simulation models (e.g., fails to operate, fails on demand). By having a state-based approach, we can integrate different hazards into a single comprehensive model. For example, a single model can include fire, flooding, transient, and seismic initiating events -- each of these events becomes a trigger into the state-based approach that tell the model to make a transition based upon the specific initiator. An object-oriented approach better matches the simulation model to real world objects and makes it more intuitive for the modeler. The interface represents actual physical components, specifically tracking how they interact.
Smith, CurtisLee↗
Desensitizing ignition of energetic materials when exposed to accidental fire
Composite energetic materials combine fuel and oxidizers for high energy density exothermic reactions and are used for ordnance, industrial and localized power generation applications. This study focuses on examining an additive to a mixture of aluminum (Al) and copper oxide (CuO) to decrease ignition sensitivity under accidental fire exposure conditions. Ammonium nitrate (AN) was incorporated into Al+CuO, as a 1:1 replacement for CuO, for varied equivalence ratios and examined for ignition and combustion when exposed to slow and fast heating rate ignition conditions. The goal was to develop an Al+CuO+AN formulation that would perform comparable to Al+CuO when intentionally ignited, but would not ignite in an accidental fire. Experimental results show that Al+CuO+AN with an equivalence ratio (ER) ranging from 4.0–5.5 inerts the reactants when exposed to slow heating conditions, yet ignites with comparative combustion performance to the baseline Al+CuO mixture when exposed to fast heating conditions. These results are consistent with thermochemical simulations of the heat of combustion and adiabatic flame temperature for the respective reactions. In conclusion, this study presents a new approach for tailoring composite energetic materials toward accidental fire safety by exploiting the early stage decomposition kinetics of AN, which are activated only by slow heating ignition conditions.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Laser aberration signatures in expelled electrons from a tenuous gas
We describe a mechanism by which the aberration content of a focused, multiterawatt laser is imprinted upon the forward angular distribution of electrons ionized within and ponderomotively expelled from the focal volume. In our experiments, the laser aberration type and magnitude are controllably varied, and the measured electron distributions are correspondingly modified in a way consistent with predictions from numerical simulations. This imprint mechanism shows potential for enabling the development of accurate focal-spot characterization of intense lasers when fired at full power and is being developed for extension to petawatt laser systems.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DUET - Distribution of Understory using Elliptical Transport: A mechanistic model of leaf litter and herbaceous spatial distribution based on tree canopy structure
Heterogeneity in surface fuels produced by overstory trees and understory vegetation is a major driver of fire behavior and ecosystem dynamics. Previous attempts at predicting tree leaf and needle litter accumulation over time have been constrained in scope to probabilistic models that consider a limited number of key factors influencing tree litter dispersal patterns and decomposition processes. Here we present a mechanistic model for estimating variation in surface fuels called the Distribution of Understory using Elliptical Transport (DUET). DUET uses a pre-generated voxelated canopy array and distributes the leaf litter from the trees in an elliptical shape based on tree species characteristics, wind data, and location-specific features. DUET then calculates grass growth between trees and around the litter patterns and sets moisture levels based on relative humidity. In this study, we use DUET to simulate spatial distributions of leaf litter and illustrate model sensitivity to several parameters, providing inputs for testing fuel spatial heterogeneity impacts on fire behavior using process-based models.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Design and Modeling of an 80 bar Oxy-Combustor for Direct Fired Supercritical CO2 Applications
As supercritical CO2 power cycles for fossil energy power generation continue to generate interest, there are significant issues and unanswered questions regarding injector design, flame stabilization, wall heat transfer, CO emissions, combustion dynamics and other combustion phenomenon. For natural gas, direct-fired cycles with carbon capture it is believed that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling will play an essential role in the combustor design process. To accurately model turbulent reacting flows at these unique conditions, experimental data is needed to validate CFD codes and sub-models and is currently lacking at conditions relevant for these cycles. This paper presents the conceptual design and CFD simulations of an experimental 80 bar oxy-combustion facility and test article currently under construction at NETL. The facility is targeted towards the testing of a single injector, direct-fired sCO2 combustor at the 100 kW thermal output level. While these conditions do not reflect the actual Allam cycle operating conditions (300 bar) they are viewed as a stepping stone in the model validation process at supercritical conditions. Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes as well as Large Eddy Simulation are used to model the turbulent combustion process and aid in the design of the combustor and injector. Process parameters including oxidizer preheat temperature and combustor flowrate are investigated.
21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
Measurement and simulation of small cryogenic neon pellet Ne-I 640 nm photon efficiency during ablation in DIII-D plasma
Small (~1 mm) neon pellet fragments are fired into DIII-D H-mode plasmas, and resulting trajectory-averaged photon efficiencies (neutral neon ionization events for every photon emitted) of S/XB ≈ 85 are estimated for Ne-I 640 nm by dividing the estimated initial pellet fragment mass by the measured number of emitted Ne-I photons. The experiments are modeled by running the Lagrangian particle (LP) fluid/magneto-hydrodynamic pellet code to estimate axial ablation plume neon density profiles and temperature profiles at each pellet position. These solutions are then fed into the PrismSPECT collisional-radiative code, which calculates resulting neon charge states and photon emission rates, giving a profile-average of S/XB ≈ 109. The burnthrough plasma minor radius predicted by LP (ρ ≈ 0.63) is reasonably close to the experimental observation ρ ≈ 0.6. Furthermore, the modeling indicates that local S/XB is not constant along the pellet trajectory but tends to increase with increasing ablation rate. Non-equilibrium kinetics are predicted to be very important, while line trapping is predicted to be relatively unimportant (for Ne-I 640 nm S/XB).
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Analysis of thermal radiation of a gas-particulate-cloud in a pressurized oxy-coal combustor
Pressurized oxy-combustion (POC) aims to reduce carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants. In the POC process, pulverized coal is burned at elevated pressure in an O2-CO2 environment. The elevated pressure and high CO2 and H2O concentrations strongly impact thermal radiation, thereby significantly distinguishing POC system from conventional atmospheric-pressure air-fired and oxy-fuel combustion. Consequently, a thorough understanding of thermal radiation in POC is required to promote the development of novel combustors. The present computational work analyzes thermal radiation of the gaseous and particle phases in the pilot-scale POC combustor in Washington University in St. Louis. Particularly, the radiation characteristics of the gaseous and particulate cloud were estimated by employing the statistical narrow band model and the large-particle model. It is found that thermal radiation of a particulate cloud dominates in the combustor under the conditions of a furnace temperature of 1500 K and no substantial particle loss. Another important result is that the gas-and-particulate cloud can be approximately treated as a graybody under the same conditions. To be more specific, the results of spectral radiation intensity of a gas comprised of 40% (vol) H2O and 60% CO2 show that when the pressure is increased to 15 bar, and the radiation pathlength to 100 cm, the spectral radiation profile of the gas phase approaches that of a blackbody at the respective temperature. In addition, the emissivity of the particulate cloud has been evaluated as a function of the particle concentration and diameter by means of the large particle model. It is shown that the emissivity grows with the particle concentration but decreases with the particle size for the same mass of a particulate cloud. The emissivity of a particulate cloud in oxy- combustion exceeds that in air-fired combustion. This work could be used to validate the assumption of the gray gas model adopted in numerical simulations.
Li, Lei↗
Solidified Organics Testing
The Radiochemical Engineering Development Center currently has plutonium-containing liquid organic waste that must be solidified before final disposal as solid debris waste. The documented safety analysis for the Radiochemical Engineering Development Center limits the amount of plutonium that can be released from solid debris waste forms during a fire scenario, which is less than 10 -4 airborne release fraction. Experimental results for plutonium release fractions from burning various materials has been compiled by the Department of Energy [DOE, 1994]. Combustion of organic liquids gave an average airborne release fraction of 6 × 10 -3 and combustion of surface-contaminated solids (paper, plastic, etc.) gave an average airborne release fraction of 5 × 10 -4 . Burning of 30% tri- n -butyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene gave cerium release fractions of 5.6–7.7 × 10 -3 [Mishima and Schwendiman, 1973]. Earlier testing had evaluated many different grout-based formulations to solidify plutonium-containing organic waste liquids, and the ones used in these tests were shown to produce monolithic, fairly homogeneous solids. Each of the waste forms tested would meet the waste acceptance criteria for disposal at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant as transuranic waste, but there were questions about whether they would meet the plutonium release criteria during a fire. The purpose of the work described here was to quantify the airborne release fraction for cerium, as a surrogate for plutonium, in these proposed waste forms. Cerium is often used as a simulant for plutonium in bench-scale testing, and cerium nitrate hexahydrate [Ce (NO 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O] was added to the organic solutions that were solidified to prepare the surrogate waste forms for these tests. The waste forms were subjected to the designated fire scenario of 600ºC for 1 hour, and any cerium in the off-gas was trapped using a quartz filter followed by a scrubber containing 0.1 M NaOH, which is the same as used by Mishima and Schwendiman, [1973].
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Status on the Component Models Developed in the Modelica Framework: High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis Plant & Gas Turbine Power Plant
This report has been prepared as part of an effort to design and build a modeling and simulation (M&S) framework to assess the economic viability of a nuclear-renewable hybrid energy system (N-R HES). In order to facilitate dynamic M&S of such an integrated system, research groups in multiple national laboratories have been developing various subsystems as dynamic physics-based components using the Modelica programming language. In fiscal year (FY) 2015, Idaho National Laboratory (INL) performed a dynamic analysis of two region-specific N-R HES configurations, including the gas-to-liquid (natural gas to Fischer-Tropsch synthetic fuel) and brackish water reverse osmosis desalination plants as industrial processes. In FY 2016, INL has developed two additional subsystems in the Modelica framework: a high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) plant and a gas turbine power plant (GTPP). HTSE has been proposed as a high priority industrial process to be integrated with a light water reactor (LWR) in an N-R HES. This integrated energy system would be capable of dynamically apportioning thermal and electrical energy (1) to provide responsive generation to the power grid and (2) to produce alternative industrial products (i.e., hydrogen and oxygen) without generating any greenhouse gases. A dynamic performance analysis of the LWR/HTSE integration case was carried out to evaluate the technical feasibility (load-following capability) and safety of such a system operating under highly variable conditions requiring flexible output. To support the dynamic analysis, the detailed dynamic model and control design of the HTSE process, which employs solid oxide electrolysis cells, have been developed to predict the process behavior over a large range of operating conditions. As first-generation N-R HES technology will be based on LWRs, which provide thermal energy at a relatively low temperature, complementary temperature-boosting technology was suggested for integration with the HTSE process that requires higher temperature input. Simulation results involving several case studies show that the suggested control scheme could maintain the controlled variables (including the steam utilization factor, cathode stream inlet composition, and temperatures of the process streams at various locations) within desired limits under various plant operating conditions. The results also indicate that the proposed HTSE plant could provide operational flexibility to participate in energy management at the utility scale by dynamically optimizing the use of excess plant capacity within an N-R HES. A natural-gas fired GTPP has been proposed as a secondary energy supply to be included in an N-R HES. This auxiliary generator could be used to cover rapid dynamics in grid demand that cannot be met by the remainder of the N-R HES. To evaluate the operability and controllability of the proposed process during transients between load (demand) levels, the dynamic model and control design were developed. Special attention was given to the design of feedback controllers to regulate the power frequency, and exhaust gas and turbine firing temperatures. Several case studies were performed to investigate the system responses to the major disturbance (power load demand) in such a control system. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed control strategies was satisfactory under each test when the GTPP experienced high rapid variations in the load.
08 HYDROGEN↗
A Simulator for Neyer Tests of Explosives
Explosives and explosive devices such as detonators are typically tested by applying a range of stimuli such as voltage or mechanical shock, and recording binary “detonated/did not detonate” responses. These are analyzed using maximum likelihood or generalized linear models to provide estimates of quantities such as the all-fire and no-fire points. Given that the true threshold for detonation is unknown a priori , sequential design methods are typically used to optimize the set of test points. One popular method, implemented in commercial software, is Neyer’s algorithm. To support simulation and experimental design, we have developed code in the R programming language to duplicate the functions of the Neyer software. We provide code for the simulator along with a description and examples of usage.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Transient Efficiency, Flexibility, and Reliability Optimization of Coal-Fired Power Plants - Final Report
This program developed an advanced model-based monitoring and model-predictive control algorithms for a coal fired power plant (CFPP), and deployed these algorithms in a real-time platform to demonstrate performance benefits for transient flexibility and plant operation efficiency. More specifically, the objectives were successfully achieved through a combination of (i) developing a high-fidelity transient plant model in Apros, which was used as a high-fidelity plant simulation between $100-50\% TMCR$ where TMCR denotes the turbine maximum continuous rating, i.e., baseload, (ii) developing a very fast physics-based reduced-order model (ROM) of the plant, which ran more than $100\times$ faster than real-time, enabling its use as real-time embedded model for model-based estimation (MBE) and model predictive control (MPC) (iii) implementing a real-time MBE based on ROM using a robust unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to continuously tune the ROM to match the measurements from high-fidelity Apros plant model despite significant plant-model mismatch, and thus, obtain a Digital Twin of the plant (iv) designing and implementing a real-time MPC with dual objectives of transient plant load tracking with high ramp rates and minimizing coal consumption, i.e., improving plant efficiency in the baseload-partload operation range of $100-50\% TMCR$. Each key element above was developed and tested individually, and has been reported in corresponding Topical Reports. Finally, all the individual elements were integrated in an overall closed-loop system, that was successfully tested in desktop Simulink test harness simulations with ROM or high-fidelity model as the plant. Thereafter, the Simulink implementation was used to auto-generate C-code and deploy as real-time Docker microservice containers in Linux, and validate that they can run in real-time in the hardware-in-the loop (HIL) setup and produce the same results as in Simulink. The results of the integrated simulation tests in Simulink as well as the real-time HIL deployment are documented in this final report, showing good load tracking for load ramps at $3-4\%/min$ ramp rates, and achieving up to $5.5\%$ reduction in coal relative to baseline operation at $50\% TMCR$ load. The desktop and HIL simulations show successful performance of the overall model based estimation and control solution and achieve the key objectives of the program for flexible, efficient and reliable operation of subcritical coal fired power plants.
20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
Sensitivity of Regional WRF‐Chem Air Quality and Weather Simulations to Biomass‐Burning Emission Data Sets: A Case Study of the Impact of Canadian Wildfire on the US°
This study focuses on the period from June 26 to 29, 2023, when record‐breaking Canadian wildfires severely impacted air quality in the Midwest United States. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) and four biomass‐burning data sets (Fire Inventory from NCAR version 1, Fire Inventory from NCAR version 2.5, Quick Fire Emissions Data set [QFED], and Regional ABI‐VIIRS Emission), we analyzed aerosol transport from Canada to the US and assessed the model's accuracy in predicting PM 2.5 , O 3 , CO and aerosol weather feedback. Model simulations were compared with ground‐based and remote sensing observations as well as field measurements from the Community Research on Climate and Urban Science (CROCUS) project. Our findings show that the movement of a low‐pressure system from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic, combined with the high‐pressure system over the Atlantic, caused the transport of aerosols from Canadian wildfires to the US. Results show WRF‐Chem significantly underestimated key atmospheric components: aerosol optical depth (AOD) by over 50%, PM 2.5 by 65%–90% and peak O 3 concentrations by 50%–55% across four biomass burning data sets. Additionally, CO and NO 2 concentrations were underpredicted. The substantial underestimation of PM 2.5 led to an overestimation of temperature by up to 3.6 °C primarily due to excessive downward shortwave radiation, which resulted from the underestimation of direct aerosol effects and an increase in sensible heat flux. Among the biomass‐burning data sets, QFED produced the most accurate AOD and PM 2.5 predictions due to improved wildfire emission estimates, leading to a 1.0 to 1.5 °C reduction in temperature overestimation during the daytime. These findings underscore the need for improving wildfire emission estimates for trace gases and aerosols to enhance air quality and weather feedback predictions.
WRF-chem model↗
Scalable Cloning on Large-Scale GPU Platforms with Application to Time-Stepped Simulations on Grids
Cloning is a technique to efficiently simulate a tree of multiple what-if scenarios that are unraveled during the course of a base simulation. However, cloned execution is highly challenging to realize on large, distributed memory computing platforms, due to the dynamic nature of the computational load across clones, and due to the complex dependencies spanning the clone tree. In this paper, we present the conceptual simulation framework, algorithmic foundations, and runtime interface of CloneX, a new system we designed for scalable simulation cloning. It efficiently and dynamically creates whole logical copies of a dynamic tree of simulations across a large parallel system without full physical duplication of computation and memory. The performance of a prototype implementation executed on up to 1,024 graphical processing units of a supercomputing system has been evaluated with three benchmarks—heat diffusion, forest fire, and disease propagation models—delivering a speed up of over two orders of magnitude compared to replicated runs. Finally, the results demonstrate a significantly faster and scalable way to execute many what-if scenario ensembles of large simulations via cloning using the CloneX interface.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Forest regeneration within Earth system models: current process representations and ways forward
Earth system models must predict forest responses to global change in order to simulate future global climate, hydrology, and ecosystem dynamics. These models are increasingly adopting vegetation demographic approaches that explicitly represent tree growth, mortality, and recruitment, enabling advances in the projection of forest vulnerability and resilience, as well as evaluation with field data. To date, simulation of regeneration processes has received far less attention than simulation of processes that affect growth and mortality, in spite of their critical role maintaining forest structure, facilitating turnover in forest composition over space and time, enabling recovery from disturbance, and regulating climate-driven range shifts. Here, our critical review of regeneration process representations within current Earth system vegetation demographic models reveals the need to improve parameter values and algorithms for reproductive allocation, dispersal, seed survival and germination, environmental filtering in the seedling layer, and tree regeneration strategies adapted to wind, fire, and anthropogenic disturbance regimes. These improvements require synthesis of existing data, specific field data-collection protocols, and novel model algorithms compatible with global-scale simulations. Vegetation demographic models offer the opportunity to more fully integrate ecological understanding into Earth system prediction; regeneration processes need to be a critical part of the effort.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Transient Efficiency, Flexibility, and Reliability Optimization of Coal-Fired Power Plants - Final Program Review
This program developed an advanced model-based monitoring and model-predictive control algorithms for a coal fired power plant (CFPP), and deployed these algorithms in a real-time platform to demonstrate performance benefits for transient flexibility and plant operation efficiency. More specifically, the objectives were successfully achieved through a combination of (i) developing a high-fidelity transient plant model in Apros, which was used as a high-fidelity plant simulation between $100-50\% TMCR$ where TMCR denotes the turbine maximum continuous rating, i.e., baseload, (ii) developing a very fast physics-based reduced-order model (ROM) of the plant, which ran more than $100\times$ faster than real-time, enabling its use as real-time embedded model for model-based estimation (MBE) and model predictive control (MPC) (iii) implementing a real-time MBE based on ROM using a robust unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to continuously tune the ROM to match the measurements from high-fidelity Apros plant model despite significant plant-model mismatch, and thus, obtain a Digital Twin of the plant (iv) designing and implementing a real-time MPC with dual objectives of transient plant load tracking with high ramp rates and minimizing coal consumption, i.e., improving plant efficiency in the baseload-partload operation range of $100-50\% TMCR$. Each key element above was developed and tested individually, and has been reported in corresponding Topical Reports. Finally, all the individual elements were integrated in an overall closed-loop system, that was successfully tested in desktop Simulink test harness simulations with ROM or high-fidelity model as the plant. Thereafter, the Simulink implementation was used to auto-generate C-code and deploy as real-time Docker microservice containers in Linux, and validate that they can run in real-time in the hardware-in-the loop (HIL) setup and produce the same results as in Simulink. The results of the integrated simulation tests in Simulink as well as the real-time HIL deployment are documented in this final report, showing good load tracking for load ramps at $3-4\%/min$ ramp rates, and achieving up to $5.5\%$ reduction in coal relative to baseline operation at $50\% TMCR$ load. The desktop and HIL simulations show successful performance of the overall model based estimation and control solution and achieve the key objectives of the program for flexible, efficient and reliable operation of sub-critical coal fired power plants.
20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
Accelerated Carbon and Water Cycles in the Amazon and Congo Basins Revealed From TRENDY Models and Remote Sensing Products
Tropical forests play a vital role in the global carbon cycle and land–atmosphere interactions. Estimating tropical forest carbon–water dynamics is challenging due to observational and modeling uncertainties. This study leverages the “Trends and drivers of the regional scale terrestrial sources and sinks of carbon dioxide” (TRENDY) project models and satellite observations to assess changes (2003–2021) in vegetation carbon, gross primary production (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and net biosphere production (NBP) in the Amazon and Congo. Atmospheric CO 2 , climate variability, and land use and land cover changes constrain these variables between 1700 and 2021 with the overall increasing trends of carbon stock and fluxes. The models overestimate vegetation carbon and GPP, while ET and NBP are consistent with observations. Fire-activated models predict lower values for vegetation carbon and GPP, ET, and NBP, aligning more closely with observations. The higher ET from fire-activated models may result from enhanced soil evaporation due to increased canopy openings. Fire-inactivated models could well estimate the magnitudes of NBP. The high vegetation carbon in nitrogen-enabled models points to simulation uncertainties and imbalance in model numbers regarding the nitrogen cycle. Although the nitrogen cycle enhances water use efficiency in both the Amazon and Congo, the models show a higher sensitivity to the nitrogen cycle in the Congo. This study highlights the challenges in accurately representing tropical biogeochemical cycles and the values of satellite products in model evaluations, underscoring the need for standard modeling protocols that address biogeochemical components (e.g., nutrient cycles) to better resolve process-based representations.
Shi, Mingjie [Pacific Northwest National Laborator↗
Sodium Fire Collaborative Study Progress (CNWG FY 2019)
This report discusses the progress on the collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) and Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) on the sodium fire research in fiscal year 2019. First, the current sodium pool fire model in MELCOR, which is adapted from CONTAIN-LMR code, is discussed. The associated sodium fire input requirements are also presented. A proposed model improvement developed at Sandia is discussed. Finally, the validation study of the sodium pool fire model in MELCOR carried out by a JAEA's staff is described. To validate this model, a JAEA sodium pool fire experiment (F7-1 test) is used. A preliminary calculation is performed using a modified MELCOR model from a previous experiment simulation. The results of the calculation are discussed as well as suggestions for improvement. Finally, recommendations are made for new MELCOR simulations for next fiscal year, 2020.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗