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Results for “LIPID”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1990

Altered carbohydrate, lipid, and xenobiotic metabolism by liver from rats flown on Cosmos 1887

To determine the possible biochemical effects of prolonged weightlessness on liver function, samples of liver from rats that had flown aboard Cosmos 1887 were analyzed for protein, glycogen, and lipids as well as the activities of a number of key enzymes involved in metabolism of these compounds and xenobiotics. Among the parameters measured, the major differences were elevations in the glycogen content and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activities for the rats flown on Cosmos 1887 and decreases in the amount of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the activities of aniline hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase, cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes. These results support the earlier finding of differences in these parameters and suggest that altered hepatic function could be important during spaceflight and/or the postflight recovery period.

NASA Experiment Number COS 1887-4↗
NASA NTRS2023

T-Cell Shenanigans: The Impact of MHC Pathway & Lipid Metabolism Genes on T-Cell Differentiation in the Thymus

Astronaut health and proper immune function are key to the success and sustainability of long term missions in space. While previous studies have observed adaptive immune dysfunction such as diminished WBC counts and cytokine production during spaceflight, the underlying mechanisms behind why immune function worsens are poorly understood. Using transcriptomic data analyzed from mouse thymus tissues available from the GLDS-421 experiment on the Rodent Research-9 mission, we used the GeneLab standardized RNA-Seq pipeline and identified four genes that were largely dysregulated (p<0.05): lipid metabolic genes Hpgd and Pgr and cell cycle regulator genes Cenpe and Kif11. We analyzed how these genes regulate the MHC-TCR interaction, and used this understanding to propose a novel mechanism for alterations to T-cell differentiation. In our experimental methodology, we propose to use 36 transgenic CD4-CD8 mice and 12 wild-type mice from the Jackson Lab to create a microgravity-simulating hindlimb unloading model and test our hypothesis. By silencing the aforementioned genes using custom siRNA based primers, we will use flow cytometry and RNA-Seq to quantify Treg counts in comparison to naive CD4+ cells, Alamar Blue assay for observing the metabolic activity in T-cells, and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to observe the general immune response in terms of T-cell differentiation. We hope this methodology will improve our knowledge of MHC-TCR interaction, contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases such as lupus, and improve the success rate of newer cancer treatments such as CAR-T cell therapy.

GL4HS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Assessing Impact of Reactor Scaling on Carbohydrate and Lipid Yields from Saline and Fresh Water Algae

Effective deconstruction of algal biomass is a major challenge associated with algal biofuels/bioproduct production. Improving biomass conversion requires understanding how reaction parameters affect the scale-up of bench scale processes to move to cost-effective conversion. Pretreatment of both aquatic and terrestrial feedstocks, using similar reaction conditions, identical feedstock and pretreatment chemistries have reported wide ranges in total sugar yields. This has been attributed to differences in reactor size or scale, type of operation (batch vs continuous), method of heating, reactor geometry and solids loading (w/w). These factors can impact both mass and heat transfer affecting both yield and reaction kinetics. To understand how total sugar yields in algal biomass are affected by different dilute acid pretreatment configurations we evaluated total sugar and lipid release at three reactor scales ranging from 4 ml to 300 ml, operated under mixed and non-mixed regimes.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Bis-polymer lipid-peptide conjugates and nanoparticles thereof

The present invention provides bis-polymer lipid-peptide conjugates containing a hydrophobic block and headgroup containing a helical peptide and two polymer blocks. The conjugates can self-assemble to form helix bundle subunits, which in turn assemble to provide micellar nanocarriers for drug cargos and other agents. Particles containing the conjugates and methods for forming the particles are also disclosed.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Lipid biosynthesis and abiotic stress resilience in photosynthetic organisms

This application describes consortium between fungi and algae, where the algae are incorporated within hyphae of the fungi. The fungi, the algae, or both can be modified to express heterologous lipid synthesizing enzymes. Incorporation of algae into fungi facilitates harvesting of the algae and products produced by the consortia. Such consortia are robust. For example, the fungi and algae can symbiotically provide nutrients to each other and are tolerant of environmental stresses.

Bonito, Gregory↗
DOE OSTI2023

Methods of producing lipid-derived compounds and host cells thereof

The present disclosure relates to genetically engineered host cells and methods of producing a lipid-derived compound by employing such host cells. In particular embodiments, the host cell includes a first mutant gene encoding a cytoplasmic tRNA thiolation protein. Optionally, the host cell can include other mutant genes for decreasing fatty alcohol catabolism, decreasing re-importation of secreted fatty alcohol, or displaying other useful characteristics, as described herein.

Coradetti, Samuel↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pseudomonas sp. Strain 273 Incorporates Organofluorine into the Lipid Bilayer during Growth with Fluorinated Alkanes

Anthropogenic organofluorine compounds are recalcitrant, globally distributed, and a human health concern. Although rare, natural processes synthesize fluorinated compounds, and some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to metabolize organofluorine compounds. Pseudomonas sp. strain 273 grows with 1-fluorodecane (FD) and 1,10-difluorodecane (DFD) as carbon sources, but inorganic fluoride release was not stoichiometric. Metabolome studies revealed that this bacterium produces fluorinated anabolites and phospholipids. Mass spectrometric fatty acid profiling detected fluorinated long-chain (i.e., C 12 –C 19 ) fatty acids in strain 273 cells grown with FD or DFD, and lipidomic profiling determined that 7.5 ± 0.2 and 82.0 ± 1.0% of the total phospholipids in strain 273 grown with FD or DFD, respectively, were fluorinated. The detection of the fluorinated metabolites and macromolecules represents a heretofore unrecognized sink for organofluorine, an observation with consequences for the environmental fate and transport of fluorinated aliphatic compounds.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Atomistic simulations for investigation of substrate and salt effects on lipid in-source fragmentation in secondary ion mass spectrometry: A follow-up study

In-source fragmentation (ISF) poses a significant challenge in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). These fragment ions increase the spectral complexity and can lead to incorrect annotation of fragments as intact species. The presence of salt that is ubiquitous in biological samples can influence the fragmentation and ionization of analytes in a significant manner, but their influences on SIMS have not been well characterized. To elucidate the effect of substrates and salt on ISF in SIMS, we have employed experimental SIMS in combination with atomistic simulations of a sphingolipid on a gold surface with various NaCl concentrations as a model system. Our results revealed that a combination of bond dissociation energy and binding energy between N-palmitoyl-sphingomyelin and a gold surface is a good predictor of fragment ion intensities in the absence of salt. However, ion-fragment interactions play a significant role in determining fragment yields in the presence of salt. Additionally, the charge distribution on fragment species may be a major contributor to the varying effects of salt on fragmentation. This study demonstrates that atomistic modeling can help predict ionization potential when salts are present, providing insights for more accurate interpretations of complex biological spectra.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Regulation of Thylakoid Lipid Biosynthesis in Plants (Final Technical Report)

The conversion of sunlight into chemical energy by photosynthesis drives life on earth as it provides food and feed, as well as industrial feed stocks for specialized chemicals and biofuels. Photosynthesis is a function of the photosynthetic membrane that forms the thylakoids inside plant chloroplasts. Thylakoid membranes harbor the protein complexes necessary for photosynthetic electron transport and ATP synthesis. These complexes are embedded into a specialized glycerolipid matrix. Two decades of research on the biochemistry of the glycerolipids of the photosynthetic membrane, their transport and remodeling in response to environmental cues and the underlying regulatory processes has provided novel fundamental insights into how photosynthetic membranes are assembled and protected in plant chloroplasts. An overview of the key findings is provided.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Nanoscopic lipid domains determined by microscopy and neutron scattering

Biological membranes are highly complex supramolecular assemblies, which play central roles in biology. However, their complexity makes them challenging to study their nanoscale structures. To overcome this challenge, model membranes assembled using reduced sets of membrane-associated biomolecules have been found to be both excellent and tractable proxies for biological membranes. Due to their relative simplicity, they have been studied using a range of biophysical characterization techniques. Here, in this review article, we will briefly detail the use of fluorescence and electron microscopies, and X-ray and neutron scattering techniques used over the past few decades to study the nanostructure of biological membranes.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Statistically Driven Metabolite and Lipid Profiling of Patients from the Undiagnosed Diseases Network

Advancements in molecular separations coupled with mass spectrometry have enabled large-scale metabolome analyses for clinical cohorts. A population of interest for metabolome profiling are patients with rare disease for which abnormal metabolic signatures may yield clues into the genetic bases, as well as mechanistic drivers of the disease and possible treatment options. We undertook the metabolome profiling of a large cohort of patients with mysterious conditions characterized through the Un-diagnosed Diseases Network (UDN). Due to the size and enrollment procedures, collection of the metabolomes for UDN pa-tients took place over three years. We describe the study design to adjust for measurements collected over a long time-scale and how this enabled statistical analyses to summarize the metabolome of individual patients. We demonstrate the removal of time-based batch effects, overall statistical characteristics of the UDN population, and two case-studies of interest that demonstrate the utility of metabolome profiling for rare diseases.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗