On observations of lunar magnetic storms.
Lunar magnetic storm observations for separating solar event and earth environment effects in geomagnetic storms
MAGNETIC STORM↗
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The development of geomagnetic storms without a preceding enhancement of the solar plasma pressure.
Geomagnetic storm development without preceding enhancement of solar plasma pressure, giving typical Sq storm examples
SOLAR PLASMA↗
The development of geomagnetic and auroral storms.
Main phase of geomagnetic storms and magnetic and auroral substorms development by analyzing individual geomagnetic storms
AURORAL ACTIVITY↗
(abstract) The Distant Tail Behavior During High Speed Solar Wind Streams and Magnetic Storms
We have examined the ISEE-3 distant tail data during three intense magnetic storms and have identified the tail response to high speed solar wind streams, interplanetary magnetic clouds, and near-Earth storms.
solar wind magnetic fields magnetic storms↗
Are the Leonid Meteor Storms Coming?
On Nov. 17, 1996 an extraordinary Leonid meteor storm (144,000 per hour) was witnessed by observers in central and western United States. With an orbital period of 33 years, the next return to perihelion will be Feb. 28, 1998. Because the distribution of the particles flying in formation with the parent comet is poorly known, no secure predictions can be made for Leonid meteor storms in the coming years.
Comets Astronomy Leonid Meteor Storms Leo↗
Global Ionospheric TEC Variations During January 10, 1997 Storm
The ionospheric storm evolution process was monitored during the January 10, 1997 magnetic cloud event, through measurements of the inonospheric total electron content (TEC) from 150 GPS stations. The first significant response of the inonospheric TEC to the geomagnetic storm was at 0300 UT as an auroral/subauroral enhancement around the Alaskan evening sector.
Global Ionospheric TEC ionospheric storm magnetic ↗
Interplanetary Causes of Very Intense Magnetic Storms
In this paper we examine the causes of largest magnetic storms at Earth (as measured by Dst). Possible interplanetary mechanisms for the creation of very intense magnetic storms are discussed.
shock events↗
Distant Tail Behavior During High Speed Solar Wind Streams and Magnetic Storms
We have examined the ISEE 3 distant tail data during three intense magnetic storms and have identified the tail response to high-speed solar wind streams, interplanetary magnetic clouds, and near-Earth storms.
magnetic storms↗
Ionospheric Behavior During the First Few Hours of Intense Geomagnetic Storms
The behavior of the ionosphere during the first few hours of intense geomagnetic storms is presented. The topics include: 1) TEC Modification; 2) JASON TEC (1336 km altitude); 3) Multiple Storms; 4) CHAMP (greater than 400 km) November 20, 2003; 5) November 20, 1PM LT, Ground; 6) Role of Modeling; and 7) Composition-related increase.
GPS↗
Understanding the Relationships Between Lightning, Cloud Microphysics, and Airborne Radar-derived Storm Structure During Hurricane Karl (2010)
This study explores relationships between lightning, cloud microphysics, and tropical cyclone (TC) storm structure in Hurricane Karl (16 September 2010) using data collected by the NASA DC-8 and Global Hawk (GH) aircraft during NASA's Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) experiment. The research capitalizes on the unique opportunity provided by GRIP to synthesize multiple datasets from two aircraft and analyze the microphysical and kinematic properties of an electrified TC. Five coordinated flight legs through Karl by the DC-8 and GH are investigated, focusing on the inner-core region (within 50km of the storm center) where the lightning was concentrated and the aircraft were well coordinated. GRIP datasets are used to compare properties of electrified and nonelectrified inner-core regions that are related to the noninductive charging mechanism, which is widely accepted to explain the observed electric fields within thunderstorms. Three common characteristics of Karl's electrified regions are identified: 1) strong updrafts of 10-20ms21, 2) deep mixed-phase layers indicated by reflectivities.30 dBZ extending several kilometers above the freezing level, and 3) microphysical environments consisting of graupel, very small ice particles, and the inferred presence of supercooled water. These characteristics describe an environment favorable for in situ noninductive charging and, hence, TC electrification. The electrified regions in Karl's inner core are attributable to a microphysical environment that was conducive to electrification because of occasional, strong convective updrafts in the eyewall.
Cloud mircophysics↗
Possible relationship between the storm-time whistler cutoff and the magnetospheric ring current.
Storm time whistler cut-off related to magnetospheric ring current during magnetic storm, noting formation of high energy high density plasma
Bauer, S. J.↗
Behavior of the topside ionosphere during a great magnetic storm.
Magnetic storm effects on topside ionosphere electron density distribution during different phases of storm, noting enhancement and depletion of ionization
Bauer, S. J.↗
Geomagnetic storms at ATS 1
Geomagnetic storms at ATS 1 in 1967, discussing storm-time disturbance field and associated pulsations
Coleman, P. J., Jr.↗
Lunar Surface Closeup Stereoscopic Photography on the Ocean of Storms (Apollo 12 Landing Site)
To obtain information about in-place lunar rocks and soil, a closeup stereoscopic camera capable of photographing small scale surface features was used at the Apollo 12 landing site on the Ocean of Storms. Fifteen stereoscopic photograph pairs were obtained. The stereoscopic pairs were of excellent quality and showed the in-place lunar material in detail. The photographs were analyzed and the results compared with the results of the Apollo 12 core sample analysis and other investigations. Significant information about the physical composition and genesis of the lunar soil at the Apollo 12 landing site was obtained. The cohesive soil on the Ocean of Storms probably results from repetitive bombardment of basalt flows by meteorites over long periods of time.
Heiken, G.↗
The triggering of polar magnetic substorms by storm sudden commencements
Possible relationships are examined between the latitude of a discontinuity in the interplanetary magnetic field for a period prior to sudden storm commencements and the probability of sudden storm commencement-triggered negative bays.
Burch, J. L.↗
Calculated and observed features of stable auroral red arcs during three geomagnetic storms.
Satellite electron temperature and density data are used to calculate the structure of several stable auroral red arcs (SAR arcs) according to the thermal conduction model of the arc. The calculated lambda 6300 emission rates are compared with ground-based photometric observations taken at the same time and in the vicinity of the satellite crossings of the arcs. The SAR arcs analyzed include a range of lambda 6300 intensities, geographical locations, and times during the associated geomagnetic storm. In addition, satellite data were obtained at different altitudes over and within the SAR-arc region. Enhanced electron temperatures within or on the equatorward edge of an electron-density depression are common features of all the SAR arcs examined. There is general agreement between the calculated and observed lambda 6300 emission features for SAR arcs observed during the geomagnetic storm periods of Oct. 29 to Nov. 2, 1968, May 14-15, 1969, and Mar. 8-9, 1970. For these SAR arcs, thermal conduction from the magnetosphere alone is sufficient to excite the lambda 6300 emission to its observed intensity.
Roble, R. G.↗
Neutral composition variation above 400 kilometers during a magnetic storm.
Examination of data from the neutral atmospheric composition experiment launched aboard Ogo 6, June 5, 1969, for the period from Sept. 27 through Oct. 3, 1969. Several magnetic storms occurred during this time, and the response of the neutral atmosphere to the energy deposition causing these storms was studied. The data indicate that the major portion of the energy is deposited at high latitudes, causing enhancements in N2 densities corresponding to Jacchia (1970) temperature increases on the order of 400 to 500 K. The time difference between atmospheric response and magnetic activity appears to be very short at high latitudes. The O/N2 ratio variations suggest dynamic processes that cause a circulation in the atmosphere that is upward at the pole with subsidence at the equator.
Taeusch, D. R.↗
On explaining magnetic storm phenomena in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.
Changes in ion and neutral compositions and in neutral, ion, and electron temperatures during the main phase of a magnetic storm are studied by solving a system of basic ionospheric and atmospheric differential equations. It is shown that a decrease in the atomic-to-molecular concentration ratio in the lower thermosphere may help explain several phenomena observed during a magnetic storm. These phenomena include decreases in the columnar electron content and increases in neutral temperature.
Stubbe, P.↗